Sunda Strait Research Articles

Admiral Matelieff’s Singapore and Johor (1606–1616) ed. by Peter Borschberg

Reviewed by: Admiral Matelieff’s Singapore and Johor (1606–1616) ed. by Peter Borschberg Dhiravat Na Pombejra Admiral Matelieff’s Singapore and Johor (1606–1616) Peter Borschberg (ed.) Singapore: NUS Press, 2016. ISBN: 978-981-4722-18-6. 260pp. This attractive paperback, with a generous number of beautiful and apposite illustrations, is designed for use by students as well as advanced researchers. It contains a long introduction of over 80 pages by the editor, Peter Borschberg, lucidly outlining the issues covered by the contents of the book. This is followed by a selection of documents and document extracts around and about the voyage of Admiral Cornelis Matelieff (or Matelief) de Jonge to Johor or, as the title insists, ‘Singapore and Johor’. Many of the texts come from the former working papers of Hugo Grotius. At the end of the book are a glossary and list of place names, both extremely useful tools in helping the reader make sense of the documents. Peter Borschberg has assembled a collection of rarely studied sources, notably Matelieff’s ‘memorials’ concerning the Singapore-Johor region and the state of Dutch trade in the East Indies. This is a continuation of his scholarly, detailed and often revelatory studies on the area’s geo-political and historical significance [End Page 144] during the early seventeenth century. Borschberg has previously published a monograph on the Singapore and Melaka Straits region, as well as edited the writings of the Flemish trader Jacques de Coutre, some of which concerns the Singapore-Johor-Melaka area.1 Two of the longest documents in this volume are the excerpts from Admiral Matelieff’s Journal of his voyage to Asia (1605–1608), and excerpt from Matelieff’s Memorial of June 1607, both of which contain astute observations on Johor, on the conclusion of the Dutch–Johor treaties of May and September 1606 as well as other related matters. Other fascinating documents include the letters written by King Ala’udin of Johor and Raja Bongsu to Prince Maurits (the stadhouder or Stadholder of the Dutch Republic). Although translated from the original Malay into Dutch (and now into English), they still reflect a Malay perception of diplomacy and international relations. The study of diplomatic correspondence between Asian potentates and European rulers or governors-general continues to be essential to a deeper understanding of how the rulers of indigenous states dealt with Western diplomatic and commercial norms. The archives of the Dutch United East India Company (VOC) are especially rich in this genre of correspondence, for instance the diplomatic letters from Asian rulers to the Governors-General and Council in Batavia included in the daily journals of Batavia Castle (Daghregister Batavia).2 A key issue analysed in this volume (and the analysis may be found both in Borschberg’s own introduction and the sources themselves) is the VOC’s search for a suitable spot to serve as a ‘rendezvous’ or ‘central warehouse’ for its ships, cargoes and merchants in Southeast Asia. The Matelieff documents reveal that around 1606 Jayakerta (the future Batavia) was far from being the only possible candidate as the VOC’s headquarters in the Indies. The Singapore-Johor area, especially the site of present-day Singapore, was also seriously considered, as were Aceh, Melaka (then still in Portuguese hands), Palembang, Banten, and even Pulau Condor and the Spice Islands. That the Dutch eventually opted for a location near the Sunda Straits (rather than Singapore or Melaka Straits) was because of a perception (espoused by Matelieff) that those seas were navigable all year round, unaffected by monsoons. Such an advantage would enable Dutch vessels to travel without costly delays. Other factors which weakened Johor’s case were the apparent instability of Johorese court politics and the lure of Malukan spices. Though the book’s major emphasis is on Dutch perceptions and decision-making, the Malay element is never neglected by Borschberg. Indeed, he manfully grapples with the complex nomenclature as well as the convoluted intrigues of the leading personalities at the Johor court. However much focus is concentrated on the figure of Matelieff and, to a lesser extent, on his fellow-admiral Pieter Willemsz Verhoeff, the royal house and orang kaya of Johor also feature...

The Maritime Routes Between China and the Indian Ocean During the Second to Ninth Centuriesc.e.

AbstractThe interpretation of history is often a complex task. All too often, sources are misinterpreted because of historians’ preconceptions. This article takes issue with one such misinterpretation, the anachronistic view that the Strait of Melaka has been the principal sea route connecting the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea throughout most of recorded history. Beginning at a period when an overland journey across the Malay Peninsula was an essential link in the routes connecting South, Southeast and East Asia, it is suggested that the first entirely maritime itinerary to be used regularly passed through the Sunda Strait. Changes in itineraries affected the fortunes of the states of Southeast Asia, particularly of Funan and Srivijaya.

LAJU EKSPLOITASI SUMBER DAYA IKAN YANG TERTANGKAP PUKAT CINCIN DI SELAT SUNDA (Exploitation Rate of Fisheries Resources which Caught by Purse seine in Sunda Strait)

ABSTRACTSunda Strait is waters which have great fishery potential in Indonesia. Catches of the Sunda Strait were landed in Pandeglang Regency, one of which is in the Coastal Fishing Port (PPP) Labuan. Purse seine is fishing gear with the highest production in Sunda Strait. Species targets of purse seine are Fringescale sardinella, Mackerel, Short mackerel, Indian mackerel, Kawakawa, and Indian scad. The high price of the fish lead purse seine operation continuously. Increasing purse seine operation can lead to the scarcity fishery resources. Therefore, a study about fish exploitation rate is needed to know the utilization status. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the exploitation rate of multispesies fisheries which caught by purse seine in Sunda Strait based on catch data landed data in PPP Labuan. This study used the ELEFAN I methods and Pauly formula. The result showed that the exploitation rate of fish resources for female and male fringescale sardinella are 0,79 and 0,70; Island mackerel are 0,78 and 0,60; short mackerel are 0,85 and 0,88; Indian mackerel are 0,80 and 0,83; kawakawa are 0,95 and 0,90; Indian scad are 0,75 and 0,62. Nowadays, all fish which caught by purse seine in the Sunda Strait has been indicated to over-exploitation.Keywords: exploitation rate, pelagic fish, purse seine, Sunda strait------ABSTRAKSelat Sunda merupakan perairan yang memiliki potensi perikanan yang cukup besar di Indonesia. Hasil tangkapan ikan dari Selat Sunda didaratkan di Kabupaten Pandeglang, salah satunya adalah di Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai (PPP) Labuan. Pukat cincin merupakan alat tangkap dengan produksi paling banyak di Selat Sunda. Spesies yang merupakan target tangkapan pukat cincin yaitu tembang, kembung, kembung perempuan, kembung laki-laki, tongkol, dan layang. Harga jual ikan yang tinggi menyebabkan pengoperasian pukat cincin terus ditingkatkan. Pengoperasian pukat cincin yang terus meningkat dapat menyebabkan kelangkaan terhadap sumber daya perikanan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan kajian mengenai laju eksploitasi sumber daya ikan agar diketahui status pemanfaatannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi laju eksploitasi multispesies yang tertangkap pukat cincin di Selat Sunda berdasarkan data tangkapan yang didaratkan di PPP Labuan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan metode ELEFAN I dan rumus Pauly. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa laju eksploitasi sumber daya ikan berturut-turut betina dan jantan spesies tembang sebesar 0,79 dan 0,70; kembung 0,78 dan 0,60; kembung laki-laki 0,85 dan 0,88; kembung perempuan 0,80 dan 0,83; tongkol 0,95 dan 0,90; layang 0,75 dan 0,62. Saat ini kondisi semua ikan hasil tangkapan dominan pukat cincin di Selat Sunda telah mengalami tangkap lebih.Kata kunci: ikan pelagis, pukat cincin, laju eksploitasi, Selat Sunda

The Mentawai forearc sliver off Sumatra: A model for a strike-slip duplex at a regional scale

At the Sumatran oblique convergent margin the Mentawai Fault and Sumatran Fault zones accommodate most of the trench parallel component of strain. These faults bound the Mentawai forearc sliver that extends from the Sunda Strait to the Nicobar Islands. Based on multi-channel reflection seismic data, swath bathymetry and high resolution sub-bottom profiling we identified a set of wrench faults obliquely connecting the two major fault zones. These wrench faults separate at least four horses of a regional strike-slip duplex forming the forearc sliver. Each horse comprises an individual basin of the forearc with differing subsidence and sedimentary history. Duplex formation started in Mid/Late Miocene southwest of the Sunda Strait. Initiation of new horses propagated northwards along the Sumatran margin over 2000km until Early Pliocene. These results directly link strike-slip tectonics to forearc evolution and may serve as a model for basin evolution in other oblique subduction settings.

STATUS STOK GENUS Rastrelliger spp. SEBAGAI DASAR PENGELOLAAN PERIKANAN (STUDI KASUS PERAIRAN SELAT SUNDA)

The Rastrelliger spp. is one of the important commodities of the Sunda Strait. This research aimsto analyze the stock status of Rastrelliger spp. Including R. faughni, R. kanagurta and R. brachysoma in Sunda Strait that landed at the Fishery Harbor (PPP) Labuan, Banten. The sampling was conducted in April-August 2015. The data was collected using Random stratified sampling based on the fish size, small, medium and large. The length of the sample was measured and classified into male and female. The data were analyzed using FISAT II ELEFAN I software to present the stock with growth, recruitment, surplus production model, and mortality and rate of exploitation parameters. The results show that R. faughni has L∞ values for females and males respectively of 264.00 mm and 288.69 mm, 293.09 mm and 330.24 mm R. kanagurta and R. brachysoma 272.04 mm and 286.42. Growth Performs Index (GPI) on R. faughni of 4.2758, R. kanagurta of 4.1673, and on R. brachysoma of 4.2076. The growth coefficient of female and male R. faughni was 0.22 and 0.16, R. kanagurta of 0.24 and 0.10, and R. brachysoma 0.20 and 0.13. The level of recruitment of each varies but overall undergoes two peaks during the recruitment period. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) for the Rastrelliger spp. 1,919.02 tons and FMSY (Effort MSY) for 16,766 trips. Furthermore, the mortality rate of arrest (F) R. faughni amounted to 14.53, R. kanagurta 9.43, and R. brachysoma 1.74. The estimation of stock status has never been detached from the exploitation rate. The rate of exploitation for R. faughni, and that is equal to 0.98, R. kanagurta of 0.98, and R. brachysoma 0.85. Judging from the rate of exploitation can be expected the three fish of the Rastrelliger spp. In the Sunda Strait has been over exploited because it has exceeded the limits of optimum exploitation rate.

Satellite estimate of freshwater exchange between the Indonesian Seas and the Indian Ocean via the Sunda Strait

AbstractThe straits in Indonesia allow for low‐latitude exchange of water between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Collectively known as the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), this exchange is thought to occur primarily via the Makassar Strait and downstream via Lombok Strait, Ombai Strait, and Timor Passage. The Sunda Strait, between the islands of Sumatra and Java, is a very narrow ( ) and shallow ( ) gap, but it connects the Java Sea directly to the Indian Ocean. Flow through this strait is presumed to be small, given the size of the passage; however, recent observations from the Aquarius satellite indicate periods of significant freshwater transport, suggesting the Sunda Strait may play a more important role in Pacific to Indian Ocean exchange. The nature of this exchange is short‐duration (several days) bursts of freshwater injected into the eastern Indian Ocean superimposed on a mean seasonal cycle. The mean volume transport is small averaging about 0.1 Sv toward the Indian Ocean, but the freshwater transport is nonnegligible (estimated at 5.8 mSv). Transport through the strait is hydraulically controlled and directly correlates to the along‐strait pressure difference. The episodic low‐salinity plumes observed by Aquarius do not, however, appear to be forced by this same mechanism but are instead controlled by convergence of flow at the exit of the Strait in the Indian Ocean. Numerical model results show the fate of this freshwater plume varies with season and is either advected to the northwest along the coast of Sumatra or southerly into the ITF pathway.

Development of Coastal Radar Network at Sunda Strait

In this paper, d evelopment on a coastal surveillance Radar network , which is called ISRA (Indonesian Sea Radar), is presented. This Radar network was developed for surveillance at the Sunda Strait . The radar network monitors the sea traffics and activities at the Sunda Strait, which an international shipping route. There were three Radars installed for this network. All these Radars in this research use FM-CW (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave) technology. This FM-CW has an advantage of low power consumption, low cost of operational, longer life time and high reliability. Another important feature of this Radar is the LPI (Low Probability of Intercept) capability, where the signal transmission of this Radar cannot be easily detected by a Radar detector (electronic support measure) so that this Radar can be used for a covert operation. Detected targets by Radars are shown on the display and on the web based display for the Radar network. These three Radars on the remote sites can be monitored and controlled via an internet connection from the control room in our Bandung office, which is 300 KMs away. The results of this research and development show the Indonesian capability to build a complex system such as a chain of coastal surveillance Radar network. The knowledge obtained from this research will be used to develop more advanced Radars for different applications.

Evaluating the Parameter Influence in the Event of a Ship Collision based on the Finite Element Approach

The main objective of this paper is to review and examine the effects of the selected collision parameter values on the characteristics of collision energy in several ship collision scenarios. The benchmarking particulars were taken from the ship-to-ship collision case on Sunda Strait in 2014, while the collision process was modeled with non-linear simulations using the finite element (FE) method to determine the predicted damage and internal energy in the collision process. In the first phase, the verified model for the numerical simulation was built based on the benchmarks and other previous findings by researchers. The study of parameters during the collision process was performed in a later stage. The location of the target point in the vertical axis and the effect of the collision angle were the primary main focuses. The characteristics of damage and energy tendencies will be presented. One remarkable findings was that the structure of the car deck showed a better resistance and was more difficult to destroy than the other proposed locations. The angle position between the two objects during the impact process significantly contributed to the damage pattern on the side hull. The final results also indicated that the cross-section of the target point’s location influenced the observed parameters.

The Western Indo-Pacific: India, China, and the Terms of Engagement

An active Chinese strategic presence in the Indian Ocean is no longer merely the stuff of speculation. India and other resident powers need to not only adjust to this reality but also exploit their geographic and diplomatic advantages to encourage China to operate in these waters cooperatively, not unilaterally. India could do this through a combination of further bolstering its own maritime capabilities, sustaining its capacity building for smaller island states, and deepening defense cooperation with such partners as the United States, Australia, Japan, France, and Indonesia. These steps could be augmented by the reinforcement of regional diplomatic institutions and visible efforts to engage China in security cooperation and dialogue, such as on transnational issues like search and rescue or noncombatant evacuations.This analysis begins with an assessment of China's expanding interests and presence in the Indian Ocean, followed by a summary of India's perspectives and responses. It concludes with some broad recommendations regarding the right mix of capabilities, posture, and partnerships for India to manage the impact of an inevitable Chinese role in its maritime neighborhood.China's Growing Presence in the Indian OceanSince early 2009, China has maintained a naval force to counter piracy in and near the Gulf of Aden. Chinese forces have also been deployed for noncombatant evacuations, notably in Yemen. Warships and submarines are becoming increasingly frequent visitors to Indian Ocean waters, making use of dual-use port infrastructure in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and elsewhere. In addition, China is openly establishing a permanent military facility in Djibouti, and talk of a future network of access points or even overseas bases-a taboo idea just a decade ago-is becoming uncontroversial and commonplace in Chinese strategic circles. Unilateral combat exercises and, as recently as May 2016, counterpiracy exercises have occurred in the eastern Indian Ocean near Australia's island territories,1 while Chinese naval transits of Indonesia's Sunda Strait are becoming unexceptional.Given all these maritime activities, Xi Jinping's signature international initiative of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, while initially a geoeconomic project, will almost certainly have a security dimension that justifies an Indo-Pacific security footprint for China. The flag will follow infrastructure as well as trade.Much of this should not be a surprise. China has legitimate interests in the Indian Ocean. It is a great power and a trading economy enormously dependent on Indian Ocean sea lanes for its energy imports and container cargo. The predictability and security of this seaborne traffic are correspondingly critical to domestic economic, social, and thus political stability-indeed, to the survival of the Communist Party as the legitimate holder of state power. Accordingly, it would have been astounding if China had indefinitely outsourced the security of these critical sea lines of communication to the navies of strategic competitor the United States and U.S. allies and partners.Credible Chinese analysts such as You Ji (in this roundtable) are notably beginning to identify the contours of a Chinese Indo-Pacific maritime strategy, even if specific Indo-Pacific terminology is still treated with some wariness in China. The Maritime Silk Road, it could be argued, is proving to be the Indo-Pacific with Chinese characteristics.For other states, China's now-permanent presence in the Indian Ocean is cause neither for rejoicing nor despair. It is a fact. The question then becomes how other powers manage this historic shift in ways that protect and advance their own interests, as well as wider regional stability. A reasonable response would seem to be one that respects China's legitimate interests as an Indian Ocean power without harming the interests of others.A related consideration is the logic of engaging China as a provider of security public goods in the Indian Ocean. …

Implementation of Traffic Separation Scheme for Preventing Accidents on the Sunda Strait

Implementation of Traffic Separation Scheme for Preventing Accidents on the Sunda Strait

Interannual variability of the Indonesian Throughflow transport: A revisit based on 30 year expendable bathythermograph data

AbstractBased on 30 year repeated expendable bathythermograph (XBT) deployments between Fremantle, Western Australia, and the Sunda Strait, Indonesia, from 1984 to 2013, interannual variability of geostrophic transport of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and its relationships with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are investigated. The IOD induced coastal Kelvin waves propagate along the Sumatra‐Java coast of Indonesia, and ENSO induced coastal Kelvin waves propagate along the northwest coast of Australia, both influencing interannual variations of the ITF transport. The ITF geostrophic transport is stronger during La Niña phase and weaker during El Niño phase, with the Niño3.4 index leading the ITF variability by 7 months. The Indian Ocean wind variability associated with the IOD to a certain extent offset the Pacific ENSO influences on the ITF geostrophic transport during the developing and mature phases of El Niño and La Niña, due to the covarying IOD variability with ENSO. The ITF geostrophic transport experiences a strengthening trend of about 1 Sv every 10 years over the study period, which is mostly due to a response to the strengthening of the trade winds in the Pacific during the climate change hiatus period. Decadal variations of the temperature‐salinity relationships need to be considered when estimating the geostrophic transport of the ITF using XBT data.

The consequences of opening the Sunda Strait on the hydrography of the eastern tropical Indian Ocean

AbstractThe advection of relatively fresh Java Sea water through the Sunda Strait is presently responsible for the low‐salinity “tongue” in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean with salinities as low as 32‰. The evolution of the hydrologic conditions in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean since the last glacial period, when the Sunda shelf was exposed and any advection via the Sunda Strait was cutoff, and the degree to which these conditions were affected by the Sunda Strait opening are not known. Here we have analyzed two sediment cores (GeoB 10042–1 and GeoB 10043–3) collected from the eastern tropical Indian Ocean off the Sunda Strait that cover the past ~40,000 years. We investigate the magnitude of terrigenous supply, sea surface temperature (SST), and seawater δ18O (δ18Osw) changes related to the sea level‐driven opening of the Sunda Strait. Our new spliced records off the Sunda Strait show that during the last glacial, average SST was cooler and δ18Osw was higher than elsewhere in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. Seawater δ18O decreased ~0.5‰ after the opening of the Sunda Strait at ~10 kyr B.P. accompanied by an SST increase of 1.7°C. We suggest that fresher sea surface conditions have persisted ever since due to a continuous transport of low‐salinity Java Sea water into the eastern tropical Indian Ocean via the Sunda Strait that additionally increased marine productivity through the concomitant increase in terrigenous supply.

Media Dissemination “The Threat of Tsunami Unleashed from the Eruption of Mount Anak Krakatau” Through Documentary Movie

The Eastern side of the Sunda Strait coastal line is an area which faces directly towards the source of the disaster. Mount Krakatau’s explosion causes major eruptions and destructive tsunami waves back in 1883, causing severe damages to the area and a death-count reaching 30,000 people. Learning from past, it is important to convey the understanding of natural hazards to the public. Spreading knowledge of the threat needs to be done by using methods that can easily be accepted, understood and implemented by any kind of communities. This preliminary research compels that the general population does not have sufficient understanding on this natural disaster. They are also oblivious to what procedure should be taken when such a tragedy occur. The research also illustrates that the audio-visual media is the most appropriate and favored method of gaining knowledge by the community. The media is constituted of multiple segments of 3D animations, digital computer animations, and short field-filmed clips, which are then assembled into one single documentary presenting both a virtual-reconstruction of the event whilst giving a variety of information concerning the subject. The content of the documentary will provide information about the Krakatau tsunami, the current condition of Mount Anak Krakatau, the signs leading to a volcanic eruption and a tsunami, and the necessary steps that they will have to follow in response to such threat. This documentary movie will hopefully become an educational tool to expand people's knowledge and awareness at the event of an eruption and a tsunami.

First measurement of the volcanic gas output from Anak Krakatau, Indonesia

Anak Krakatau is the active cone that has built up in the caldera of Krakatau volcano after the 1883 cataclysmic eruption, in the Sunda Strait. Initially submarine, this new cone definitely emerged from the sea in 1930 and since then has progressively grown up through both explosive and effusive eruptions (~ one eruption every 3years). Here we report on the first quantification of volcanic gas output from Anak Krakatau, based on airborn UV measurements of the SO2 flux in 2014, and then discuss its implication in terms of magma degassing budget since 1930. We find that during non-eruptive activity Anak Krakatau passively emits 190±40 tons per day of SO2, which is comparable to the emission rate during lava dome extrusion at Merapi, central Java, but substantially more than those measured on few other Indonesian volcanoes (Tangkubanparahu, Slamet, Bromo and Papandayan). Anak Krakatau thus appears to be an important persistent emitter of volcanic volatiles in the Indonesian arc, even though this very active region still remains weakly documented on that aspect. Combining with available data for the composition of its high-temperature (~700°C) crater gases, Anak Krakatau may release annually 0.07Tg of SO2, 3Tg of H2O, and 0.13moles of 3He. Using published data for the sulfur content of its feeding magma, we estimate that about 1.3km3 of magma may have been degassed during its subaerial growth over the past 85years. The subaerial cone represents only 14% of this volume. Thus, a substantial fraction (1.1km3) of the degassed magma did not extrude and may have accumulated in the plumbing system. This inference is consistent with geophysical and petrologic evidence of the presence of dense magma bodies in the shallow crustal basement of Krakatau volcano.

Forecasting Demand on Mega Infrastructure Projects: Increasing Financial Feasibility

Indonesia is a country with large and dynamic economic activities reflected by an average economic growth reaching 6% per annum. Sunda Street Bridge (SSB) is one of the mega projects offered by the Indonesia government that would spend about US$ 25 billion. In line with the SSB main function as an efficient mean for transporting people and goods between two major islands in Indonesia, potential additional functions have been explored including installation of liquid and gas pipes, fiber optics, industrial area development and renewable energy utilization. This research establishes the approach to forecast demand in the case of conceptual design. The SSB is associated with innovations to determine the functions using value engineering methods. The approach involves forecasting demand with a System Dynamics simulation model that could provide a reliable estimate and generate scenarios to compare the financial feasibility of the project before and after the process involving innovation of project functions. Analysis involving demand forecasting with the System Dynamics Approach has confirmed that the Sunda Strait Bridge development with additional functions would increase the revenues of the overall project up to US$61.59 Million, in order to obtain an increased Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the overall project up to 7.56% with a positive Net Present Value (NPV).

Crabs of the families Palicidae and Crossotonotidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Palicoidea) from the Ogasawara Islands, Japan, with the description of a new species.

Four species of palicoid crabs, Neopalicus jukesii (White, 1847) and Rectopalicus ampullatus Castro, 2000 of the family Palicidae, and Crossotonotus spinipes (De Man, 1888) and a new species of Pleurophricus A. Milne-Edwards, 1873 of the family Crossotonotidae, are recorded from the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Diagnostics for the new species are the protruded bilobed front, six subacute lobate teeth at each lateral margin of the carapace, six rounded lobes at the posterior margin of the carapace, a crested armature of the cheliped carpus, and the strongly depressed ambulatory legs, which readily distinguish it from its two congeners, P. cristatipes A. Milne-Edwards, 1873 known by two males from Australia and the Kai Islands in Indonesia, and P. longirostris (Moosa & Serène, 1981) known by a female from the Sunda Strait, Indonesia.

FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY OF THE SUNDA STRAIT BRIDGE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN USING THE VALUE ENGINEERING METHOD

Sunda Strait Bridge (SSB) is a mega-infrastructure project offered by the Indonesian government, expected to contribute to national economic growth by bridging economic connectivity between two major islands in Indonesia. At first, SSB construction was offered as a US$10 billion project in 2010. Then in 2011 it was revised into a US$25 billion project with additional scope of work, i.e., industrial area development along the site. Yet it was still unattractive to private investors due to a lack of technical and financial feasibility. Thus, the Value Engineering (VE) approach was used to increase and improve the project’s feasibility by generating innovative ideas. Innovation through additional functions for SSB development is comprised of: 1) development of renewable energy-based power plant by using tidal and wind power; 2) integration of oil and gas pipelines; (3) fiber-optic pipelines; 4) tourism development in Sangiang Island accessed by either road bridge or hanging train; and 5) development of industrial area. The life-cycle cost analysis by IRR and NPV approaches confirmed that SSB development with additional functions increased the internal rate of return of the overall project up to 7.26% and had a positive NPV.

Effects of surface current patterns on spatial variations of phytoplankton community and environmental factors in Sunda shelf

Phytoplankton community and environmental factors were investigated in the surface water from eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) to southern South China Sea (SCS) during April–May monsoon transition period both in 2010 and 2011. Our results indicated that the surface current patterns were different in the two cruises. Sea surface salinity (SSS) was lower in Java Sea (JS), but its salinity front obviously moved to the middle of Sunda Strait when surface waters flowed from JS to EIO in May of 2010. Nutrient concentrations were generally higher in Sunda Strait and JS. Silicate concentrations were significantly lower in EIO suggesting a possibility of silicate limitation for the growth of phytoplankton, which were less than 1µmolL−1 in the offshore stations of EIO in May of 2010. Phytoplankton abundance and biodiversity were significant higher in Sunda strait and its adjacent stations, with larger cell-size and higher diatoms proportion. More offshore species were found in Sunda Strait when surface waters flowed from EIO to JS in April of 2011. Nutrient source can be different in Sunda Strait during inflow or outflow of surface waters. The spatial variation of phytoplankton community was greatly determined by Chaetoceros spp., Navicula sp., Pleurosigma affine, Thalassionema frauenfeldii and nano-dinoflagelage. Salinity, nitrate and silicate were the most important environmental factors regulating the variation of phytoplankton community. This study suggests that spatial distribution of phytoplankton and environmental factors are significantly influenced by the surface current patterns and river discharges, and these influences should be greater in dry season.

The ‘Road’ Less Travelled: Commemorating those who lie in Sea Graves

Battlefield tourism is an increasing global phenomenon, often associated with a ‘memory boom’ and a desire for families to trace their own place in national history. It has also been argued, that travel to sites of conflict is one of the ways in which social memory can be created and perpetuated. In Australia for example, travel to the Gallipoli battlefield of the First World War has become a ‘rite of passage’ for younger generations. In this paper, we explore the notion that social memory of Australians at war is associated with a limited number of sites, particularly Gallipoli, Villers-Bretonneux and the Kokoda Track. Part of the reason for this may be that physical access to these sites is relatively easy, given the vast improvements in international travel options, as well as a plethora of media coverage. There are many other sites that equally deserve to hold special significance for Australians but which do not attract the same attention, particularly because they are far harder to visit and even harder to find. Naval ‘grave’ sites are a case in point. This paper traces a family visit to the site of the 1942 sinking of the HMAS Perth and the USS Houston off north-west Java to commemorate the 70th anniversary of ‘The Battle of the Sunda Strait’. Naval war graves present special demands on those few intrepid pilgrims who choose ‘the road less travelled’, none more than the alien environment, the difficulties in identifying the site itself and the effects of the lack of social memory about such sites.

Study of Wind, Tidal Wave and Current Potential in Sunda Strait as an Alternative Energy

The energy from marine environment has not been explored to the fullest, while the needs of energy in Indonesia have increased. Therefore, studying the potential of wind, currents, tides and wave energy might be the solution for building new power plants in Indonesia. This study focused around the area of Sunda Strait and the measurements that are taken from the secondary data of satellite images. From the satellite data processing and references based on energy potential of marine power plants it can be concluded that wave and wind energies are the two energies that are potential to be used.