Sun Tzu Research Articles

Thoreau’s civil disobedience from Concord, Massachusetts: global impact

Major wars or battles, political revolutions, scientific breakthroughs, or profound social changes often constitute substantial historical turning points. The nineteenth century was a period of intense struggle for America, wrestling with its identity and unity, the quest for emancipation, and conflicts with Mexico. Amid these turbulent times, an initially inconspicuous essay, “Civil Disobedience,” penned in 1849 by a then-unknown Henry David Thoreau, proved to be a turning point that eventually changed the world. The essay provided the framework for a conscience-driven protest, which, when applied on a mass scale, gave the world an effective and non-violent method of war. The power of the voice rooted in conscience and courage, an approach sans violence, inspired “successful” movements across cultures, countries, and time. The essay Civil Disobedience laid the foundation for a conscience-driven, non-violent struggle against injustices that changed the course of human history and remains the best hope for fighting injustices in the future. While less recognized in the annals of popular culture than the political machinations of Machiavelli or the strategic doctrines of Sun Tzu, Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience has wielded a far more profound influence. In a world still riven by conflict and injustice, Thoreau’s 1849 essay offered the most impactful turning point in humanity’s struggle against injustice. It remains as compelling as ever, offering a blueprint for confronting tyranny not with arms but with the power of human conscience. It serves as a reminder that revolutionary changes sometimes begin with the quietest voice.

Timur Lenk’s Military Invasion in Anatolia in 1402-1403 AD

<em>This study explains the Timur Lenk’s Military Invasion in Anatolia in 1402 to 1403 AD. Using historical methods, the author uses various written sources. Available sources include books and scientific articles. In this study, the author analyzes the factors of Timur's victory in war, based on the theories of war explained by Sun Tzu. The findings from this research reveal that the situation of the regions in Anatolia, politically experienced changes after the military invasion of Timur Lenk, especially after Timur's victory over the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Sultan Bayazid I in the battle of Ankara on July 20, 1402. The situation of the regions in Anatolia experienced changes, both in terms of government, which was shown by the return to power of the government of small kingdoms in Anatolia, after previously being under the rule of Bayazid I, the struggle for power between Ottoman Turkish princes after the capture of Bayazid I in Samarkand, and the destruction of Izmir in 1403 due to Timur Lenk's politically motivated invasion.</em>

A ameaça da guerra cognitiva na América: desafios e oportunidades para a cooperação interamericana.

This article deals with the threat of cognitive warfare on the American Continent within the scope of hybrid threats. Through bibliographical research and case studies of cognitive warfare against national states, it was possible to outline the characteristics of this phenomenon, its objectives, strategies, and tactics. The accelerated technological evolution, the emergence of social media and the hyperconnectivity of people have shaped that type of war and Sun Tzu's thought of defeating opponents without necessarily facing them in a kinetic way. It is plausible to consider that America is already at war. The great challenge is to define how to preserve democracies without tending towards authoritarianism and restricting freedom of expression; and without succumbing to the change in people's minds. On the other hand, the threat, if well understood, can be transformed into an opportunity to integrate efforts, and establish a cognitive defense of countries and the hemisphere.

China's Expanding Influence in the Asia-Pacific: Strategic Implications for the United States

The United States is increasingly active in the Asia-Pacific region to safeguard its global interests. As China’s economic power grows, it is posing challenges to U.S. hegemony. In response, the U.S. has formed alliances like AUKUS and the QUAD, emphasizing its Asia-Pacific policy to counter China. In contrast, China is expanding its economic influence by investing in infrastructure projects and the BRICS bank. China’s strategic approach, akin to Sun Tzu’s principles, aims to position opponents in situations with no escape. Both countries find themselves in Thucydides’ trap, where conflict seems inevitable. Geoeconomic interests now play a crucial role, shifting the focus away from traditional battlefield warfare due to nuclear deterrence.

Культурно-философские предпосылки концепции «мягкой силы»

This article delves into the cultural-philosophical prerequisites preceding the formation of the “soft power” concept. As a result of the study, the philosophical and cultural-anthropological factors of the emergence of this concept are highlighted. Conceptually, its philosophical origins are intertwined with two primary inquiries: firstly, the influence of the communicator on the recipient (the Maieutics of Socrates, the “Rhetoric” of Aristotle), secondly, the study of individual properties of culture, educational (Plato, Cicero, Confucius), unifying (Sun Tzu), regulatory (N. Machiavelli). Culture, as a full-fledged instrument of the “soft power” influence encompassing all these properties, is analyzed in the works of A. Gramsci. Another significant source shaping the “soft power” concept is the scientific tradition of cultural anthropology as a distinct discipline, which views culture as an essential element of colonial administration (E.B. Tylor, F. Boas, B. Malinowski) and interstate confrontation (R. Benedict). The French School of Social Anthropology has focused on the study of the mechanisms of formation of public opinion (G. Tarde) and methods of influencing the masses (G. Le Bon). In conclusion, the concept of “soft power” emerges as a product of diverse intellectual traditions, blending philosophical inquiries, cultural analyses, and anthropological insights. By elucidating its cultural and philosophical foundations, this article provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the complexities of modern power dynamics and international relations.

Irregular warfare must combine good medicine, with both good tactics and good strategies: Position paper by the French Special Operations Forces Medical Command.

Military operations are no longer limited to the application of counterterrorism and counterinsurgency strategies; they are now characterized by hybrid, irregular, and unconventional features. While some authors have indicated the need for medical support to adapt to these new modes of military operations, they have focused mainly on the tactical level of care on the battlefield. As Sun Tzu states, "Strategy without tactics is the slowest route to victory. Tactics without strategy is the noise before defeat," further proposals are still needed on the application of both medical tactics and medical strategies in irregular warfare. Medical experts from the French Special Operations Forces (SOF) Medical Command have identified specific medical challenges that special operations face in the context of the current transformation of armed confrontations into irregular warfare. This position paper presents original tactical medical proposals for improving medical support in irregular warfare, ranging from the definition of a Primary-Alternate-Contingency-Emergency medical plan to the promotion of telemedical support. Original strategic medical proposals have highlighted the importance of recognizing medical issues in irregular warfare, including the medical actions carried out through and with local partners and the multiple approaches to countering medical threats. The SOF medical community must be closely involved with and facilitate the responses to the shift to irregular warfare. International collaboration and interoperability are more necessary than ever, as they will enable a more effective combination of good medicine with both good tactics and good strategies. These perspectives can also be extended to improve medical care in the conventional armed forces and austere civilian settings. Therapeutic/Care Management; Level V.

The influence of the ideas of Lao Tzu, Sun Tzu and Shen Buhai on the formation of management practices in ancient China

The subject of this article is the principles of management formulated on the basis of ancient Chinese philosophy and psychology, as well as their difference from European management models. The paper explores how the ideas of such thinkers as Lao Tzu, Sun Tzu and Shen Buhai influenced the formation of management practices in ancient China. Special attention is paid to the Taoist approach, which is based on the principles of "non-action" and the hidden influence of the leader, which is opposed to the European traditions of demonstrating power through public events. The article also analyzes how these philosophical approaches can be relevant in the modern world, especially in the context of intercultural interactions and globalization. The study shows that Chinese management principles can contribute to the development of flexible and effective management models adapted to the cultural characteristics of different regions. The research methodology is based on a comparative historical analysis of the philosophical and psychological principles of management in the Chinese and European traditions. The approach of analyzing ancient Chinese treatises is used. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the comparative analysis of the principles of management in the Chinese and European traditions, which is rarely covered in modern management science. Special attention is paid to the Taoist concept of "non-action" and the hidden influence of the leader, which is opposed to Western models based on the demonstration of power through public actions. The article shows that Chinese management ideas, despite their ancient origins, have significant value today, especially in the context of globalization and growing interest in alternative approaches to management. The conclusions emphasize the relevance of applying the philosophical foundations of Taoism to create a harmonious, nonviolent management style in modern organizations, which can help improve the effectiveness and adaptability of leadership, as well as reduce tension and conflict in work processes.

The Science of Heresthetic and The Theoretical Structure of Herestethetics

Heresthetic as an science is a strategic thinking method that people use in their struggle in life today, which is yet in its infancy in the literature. The Art of War by Sun Tzu (Tzu, 2008). Heresthetic started in the 3500s BC, when the hot war was valid, and was used in the struggle of today’s civilized and democratic people, heresy, only rhetoric and manipulation criteria, and in 1986 it was introduced as an art (as not science) by W.H. Riker. W.H. Riker explained herestetic that fort he first time in political science about trying to get vote of the people by manipulation in the general elections of the parliament. He also drew attention to the use the art of manipulation in coalitions. W.H. Riker regarded herestetic as an art rather than a science and declared that everyone wouldn’ t practice it. The study aims to examine the historical development, basic concepts and especially the application criteria of heresthetics from ancient times to the present.

Clausewitz and Sun Tzu: Insights in Military Studies for Staff College Students

This article delves into the enduring relevance of the theories proposed by two renowned military thinkers for contemporary military professionals- Clausewitz and Sun Tzu, particularly to those at the mid-level officer ranks. Highlighting both shared and contrasting concepts, including war as an extension of policy, caution against prolonged conflicts, recognition of military genius, and appreciation of psychological factors, this article offers valuable insights for military practitioners in discerning and applying strategic principles in modern warfare. The paper explores the interplay between Clausewitz and Sun Tzu's perspectives and further provides a nuanced understanding of their theories, aiding military leaders in navigating the complexities of today's global security landscape.

Contra-hate spin di media sosial twitter jelang pilpres 2019 dengan pendekatan strategi sun-tzu

This study aims to identify hate spins through hate speech content on Twitter social media during the 2019 Presidential Election campaign, and analyze patterns of hate spin movements, strategies and obstacles to overcome hate spins using the Sun Tzu approach. Research methods with content analysis to analyze hate speech and hate spins that occur on Twitter ahead of the 2019 Presidential Election, starting 15 February-15 April 2019. There are 36 (thirty-six) hate spins that attack candidate pairs 01 and 12 (twelve) hate spin attacking candidate 02. There are four cyber-attack patterns in the form of hate spins, namely: a wave and gradual hate spin attacks on the same candidate pair, single hate spin attacks, and hate spin attacks attacking each other between the two teams of candidates. Polri uses several counter-strategies: (1) using a plan to win; (2) a strategy of dealing directly with the enemy; (3) a strategy of chaos; and (4) a strategy of losing. The obstacles faced are the competent police personnel were limited and the discretionary conditions of security and order. Policy recommendations require additional personnel both in quantity and quality for information and communication technology (ICT).

The Potential Of A Third World War (WWIII) As The Implication Of The War Between Russia And Ukraine

The war between Russia and Ukraine occurred on February 24, 2022, after both sides both defended their arguments and there was a stalemate in efforts to resolve diplomatically. Finally, the path taken by the two countries in resolving the existing conflict, namely by war. Analysts and world experts predict that Russia's war with Ukraine will potentially lead to a third world war because each country involves various parties, both Ukraine, supported by NATO and Russia, supported by various countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential for a third world war as an implication of the war between Russia and Ukraine. The research method used is a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis. The researcher uses the strategy theory proposed by Sun Tzu, the geopolitical theory proposed by Hayati and the theory of "The Sociology of Conflict" by George Simmel. The results of the study show that the war between Russia and Ukraine directly or indirectly has involved various countries to enter into the conflict, thus making the international community worried that there will be a bigger impact. The conclusion of this research is that the war between Russia and Ukraine has the potential to cause a third world war.

TEDARİK ZİNCİRİ STRATEJİLERİNİN SWOT ANALİZİ İLE BELİRLENMESİ: BİR UYGULAMA

A strategy is a plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or general purpose. It is a military term, and its origin goes back to Sun Tzu. Its use in the modern sense coincides with the 1980s. In the increasingly competitive environment in recent years, businesses need to make a difference in the market, increase their profitability, closely follow technological developments, etc. They attach importance to developing their strategies in the corporate sense and in the field of business management strategies. However, it has been determined that enterprises cannot develop in the field of supply chain management strategies, which is one of their functional strategies, especially in the researches. Determining supply chain strategies will enable them to compete in the market, especially in terms of reducing costs, increasing customer experience, adopting innovative approaches or quality. Businesses may choose to compete in only one of these factors, or they may adopt several factors. In this study, a supply chain strategy determination study was carried out in a company that has a very important position in the wood-based panel industry sector and has adopted supply chain management, but where no strategic decisions or projects have been created. SWOT analysis was used in terms of company and supply chain process. Ten (10) supply chain strategies were determined.

Sun Tzu and the Art of Healthcare Management.

Sun Tzu and the Art of Healthcare Management.

ПРАВЕДАН И НЕПРАВЕДАН РАТ: СЛУЧАЈ УКРАЈИНЕ

War as a social phenomenon has marked the history of mankind, therefore it is often rightly said that the history of civilization is actually the history of warfare. War and warfare changed its role, its goals and means, and it went from skill or even art as Sun Tzu wrote about it, then Machiavelli who promoted pragmatism as the main characteristic of what he would call the art of government and warfare, to Clausewitz's understanding which is particularly relevant today and which combines war with politics.Therefore, the reason for war is not found in resources, nor in the creation of a community, but either in the war itself or in the lack of political solutions. Although armed operations always come to the fore, because that is what marks it, war also has a whole series of other dimensions - legal, psychological, sociological, social, economic, cultural, and others. Therefore, it can be discussed from various angles, just as, on the other hand, various types of wars can be identified, and not only in a purely military sense. The war (special operation) in Ukraine causes different interpretations. For some it is a just and necessary intervention, for others it is an illegal and unjust armed attack by Russia on a sovereign state. This paper intends to review the different understandings of just and unjust war, and to apply it to the case of Ukraine. Key words: Just, unjust war, types of wars, Ukraine, Russia

Sun Tzu in the West: The Anglo-American Art of War, written by Peter Lorge

Sun Tzu in the West: The Anglo-American Art of War, written by Peter Lorge

Военное искусство Древнего Китая в эпоху Троецарствия

The military art of Ancient China, which was developed on the basis of the military-theoretical heritage of Sun Tzu, Wu Tzu, contains many examples of achieving victory in war through military cunning, improving tactical techniques of armed struggle, as well as information and psychological impact on the enemy’s troops and population. The era of the Three Kingdoms in the history of China occupies a relatively short period of time – 220–280 A.D., however, the qualitative characteristics of the military aspect deserve special attention. The mili-tary leadership abilities of Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang, Sima Yi and other commanders clearly demonstrate the pro-gress in the development of strategy and tactics, military engineering construction of the Celestial Empire. Along with land forces, consisting of infantry and cavalry, there is a river flotilla, capable of solving problems of a strategic nature. The confrontation of the three kingdoms is reflected in the historical chronicles of Chen Shou, the epic of Luo Guan-zhong, numerous studies by Chinese and foreign experts. Sun Tzu’s recommen-dations and instructions were applied in the United States to wage psychological warfare against Russia.

Planning Deception at the Operational Level of War

Deception has long been an essential component of military operations. It can be considered a tactic as old as warfare, having been used since immemorial times. From Sun Tzu’s “Art of War” to the present days, military strategists have recognized its power to turn the tide of conflict. Although, over the years, the methods, means and techniques specific to it have continuously evolved, along with technological developments, its basic principle remains the same: portraying a false reality to the adversary that leads to the materialization of operational opportunities, by causing the adversary to adopt courses of action disadvantageous to him. As the battlefield has become increasingly complex, the ability to deceive the adversary has also become an increasingly important asset to the success of military operations. Today, in an era of instant and abundant information, deception has paradoxically become more difficult to achieve and more critical to operational success. The deceptive action of the Ukrainians at Kherson last September against the Russians once again demonstrated its importance on the modern battlefield. However, many military planners tend to overlook this key aspect of military strategy despite its importance. This oversight can lead to grave consequences in the modern battlefield, where the enemy’s ability to gather intelligence can hinder operational success. For this reason, the present paper is an analysis of how deception actions can be integrated into the operational planning process at the operational level in order to maximize the chances of their success and, consequently, the military operation success. The need for such a scientific approach arises from the complexity of the deception process, which places a special emphasis not only on the thoroughness in planning these actions but also on the need to integrate and synchronize them with other military actions.

Formation of military political leadership through the lens of history

By means of a documentary analysis methodology, the purpose of the article was to determine the main characteristics of the formation of military political leadership. The sources of the study are the classical works of Greek philosophers: Plato, Aristotle, and also the treatise “The Art of War”, in which the famous Chinese general Sun Tzu stresses the need for self-control, emphasizes the possibility of avoiding confrontation without a prior in-depth analysis of the situation and one’s own capabilities. In the process of research, the authors defined the concept of the military-political leader, as well as highlighted the fundamentals of the quality of the leader’s personality. The authors come to the conclusion that the military manager is a professional leader, a person who has special knowledge, talent and also has some information about the news in the field of combat organization, the use of weapons and management of a military organization. He is also a person who not only knows how to influence subordinates to his will, but also knows how to organize teamwork and be responsible for his actions.

Learning In The New Digital Era: Are Polytechnic Education Institutions Up For The Challenge? Are Lessons To Be Learnt From Sun Tze's Ancient Text "The Art Of War"

We are all aware that post-secondary education in Canada and the world is changing. There are ongoing changes to curriculum, programs and delivery methods. The Canadian polytechnic institutions are at the forefront of the change. Like a virus they are undergoing recombination at a rapid rate in order to change with the times. The technological and digital advances coupled with the need for just in time education is reshaping how we think and deliver on the polytechnic promise.

Remembering Herbert Gutman's Work, Culture, and Society Fifty Years On

Remembering Herbert Gutman's <i>Work, Culture, and Society</i> Fifty Years On