Sun Protection Factor Research Articles

PD08 Sun protection practices of men in the west of Ireland

Abstract Irish men get more skin cancer than women, especially of the head and neck area. They typically get more sun exposure and are less likely to wear sun protection factor (SPF). Little is known about the types of hats men wear, or photoprotective practices regarding the lips. We carried out an observational study, using a questionnaire, on men aged > 18 years attending dermatology for any reason. Fitzpatrick skin type and Norwood classification for male pattern baldness was documented. Sixty-one men [mean (SD) age 56 (16.9) years] were involved. Forty-nine per cent were attending for the assessment of skin lesions. Thirty-eight per cent were on immunosuppression. Sixty-four per cent worked outdoors currently or in the past, 79% have or had spent > 3 h outdoors daily. Twenty-six per cent had a Norwood classification of ≥ 3v (vertex of scalp showing). The majority (71%) was of Fitzpatrick skin types I and II. Seventy-nine per cent wore SPF, 19% daily and 17% during the summer. Only 15% of men reported wearing lip SPF. Sixty-eight per cent reported wearing a hat on a ‘sunny day’. Of these, 54% wear baseball (BB) caps, 20% wear a wide-brimmed hat (WBH), 20% a narrow-brimmed hat, 4% a wool or traditional cap and 2% a total face covering. Age did not influence whether a hat was worn, but it did influence the type, with younger men more likely to wear BB caps and older men more likely to wear WBH. Those with hair thinning were more likely to wear a hat (87% vs. 67%). Non-hat-wearers were also less likely to wear SPF. Despite the incidence of skin cancer in sun-exposed sites in men, few studies have focused on photoprotective practices of the head and neck. Our study demonstrates that while Irish men wear SPF, few wear SPF on their lips. Additionally, Irish men often wear a hat type that would not be considered to provide adequate photoprotection to the head and neck. Hat type varied with age, with younger patients wearing less photoprotective hats. When considering photoprotection campaigns, factors such as age, fashion trends and education regarding lip SPF should be considered.

PD10 Objective evaluation of sunscreen in a patient with solar urticaria

Abstract Sunscreens are an important part of photoprotection for patients with photodermatoses, such as solar urticaria (SU). Despite long ultraviolet (UV)A and visible wavelength photosensitivity in many patients with SU, sunscreens can still be beneficial (Beattie PE, Dawe RS, Ibbotson SH, Ferguson J. Characteristics and prognosis of idiopathic solar urticaria: a cohort of 87 cases. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139:1149–54). However, unlike the objective assessment of photosensitivity by monochromator phototesting, formal evaluation of sunscreens’ effects is more challenging. We report a 32-year-old man with a 2-year history of immediate-onset photosensitivity, confirmed as SU on monochromator phototesting, with an action spectrum of UVB, UVA and visible light (305–460 nm). He had been using Nivea Sun SPF (sun protection factor) 50+ (Beiersdorf) and reported that this increased his tolerance of natural light from 10 to 60 min. Based on the sunscreen constituents, we were surprised to hear that it was so effective as there was no mineral constituent. Therefore, we evaluated his SU photosensitivity by UVA testing using a metal halide source [Honle UVASPOT 400 T; 24.09 mW cm−2; minimal urticaria dose (MUD) < 0.13 J cm−2] through his own sunscreen and, for comparison, Dundee Cream Beige (Tayside Pharmaceuticals) and LaRoche Posay Mineral One shade 01 (L’Oreal), both of which contain reflectant titanium dioxide. Three areas, measuring 15 × 10 cm, were marked out on his back and 0.15 mL of one sunscreen was applied to each. Each area was then irradiated through a Daavlin template using multiples (1×10) of the MUD and sites were observed for 30 min. As he was so severely photosensitive, none of the sunscreens affected the threshold MUD, but we noted delay in the induction of SU. Dundee Cream Beige offered minimal photoprotection, with urticaria occurring at 10 min vs. 5 min without sunscreen at 1 × MUD. LaRoche Posay SPF delayed the onset of SU to 30 min, and the reaction was less intense at 1 × MUD. However, the most marked effect was with his own Nivea SPF 50+. Urticaria induction was delayed to 30 min at 1 × MUD and was less intense, but it was also delayed to 15 min and less intense at a dose of 4 × MUD, confirming his impression that this sunscreen was of clinical benefit. We highlight this case to show how photodiagnostic testing can be employed to evaluate objectively the sunscreen effects in patients with photosensitivity. Conventionally, it is assumed that titanium dioxide-based products, such as the Dundee creams, are required in patients with longer UVA/visible light sensitivity, but with refinements in the development of new sunscreen products, this may not necessarily be the case.

BI14 Photoprotection and skin cancer awareness in kidney transplant recipients living with HIV: a single-centre cross-sectional study

Abstract Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are up to 65 times more likely to develop nonmelanoma skin cancers than age-matched general populations. HIV has also been associated with increased skin cancer rates. However, to date, there has been no study evaluating photoprotection and skin cancer awareness in KTRs living with HIV (KTRLHIV). Using validated photoprotection and skin cancer awareness questionnaires, we evaluated knowledge and practices in KTRLHIV and an HIV-negative KTR cohort, matched for age, sex, ethnicity and years since transplant. KTRLHIV (n = 27) and matched HIV-negative KTRs (n = 25) completed the questionnaires. Thirty-four (65%) were male and 37 (71%) were Black. The average age was 56 years (range 43–74). On average, patients were 7.3 years post-transplant (range 0.7–24). Twenty-two (81%) KTRLHIV vs. 15 (60%) matched HIV-negative KTRs had not seen a dermatologist in the last year. Only 14 (52%) KTRLHIV had received sun protection advice vs. 20 (80%) of the matched KTRs (P = 0.033). There were statistically significant lower rates of overall sunscreen use in KTRLHIV compared with matched HIV-negative KTRs (33% vs. 60%; P = 0.054). Only a small proportion used sunscreen daily (22% vs. 27%), of a sun protection factor > 25 (78% vs. 100%). A strongly positive tetrachoric correlation coefficient of 0.77 indicated that providing photoprotection advice correlates to sunscreen use. Significantly lower rates of photoprotection behaviours were seen in the KTRLHIV compared with HIV-negative KTRs, particularly never avoiding direct sunlight (59% vs. 16%; P = 0.001) and never dressing to protect from the sun (52% vs. 12%; P = 0.002). We have identified statistically significant lower knowledge of photoprotection and skin cancer awareness in KTRLHIV vs. matched HIV-negative KTRs. Lower rates of skin cancer protection advice may have resulted in lower rates of sunscreen use and poorer photoprotection behaviours in KTRLHIV. A dedicated skin cancer awareness education to promote patient-led skin cancer prevention alongside formal dermatology referral is recommended.

P-594 A prevalence study of vitamin D insufficiency among infertile women in Sweden, its determinants and IVF outcome.

Abstract Study question What is the prevalence and the determinants of vitamin D insufficiency and do women with insufficiency have worse IVF outcome compared with them with sufficiency? Summary answer Women from Non-Nordic countries, with avoiding sun behavior and low intake of vitamin supplementation have higher prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency but comparable IVF outcome. What is known already Vitamin D seems to have an important role in human reproduction and infertility. Vitamin D insufficiency is highly prevalent around Europe, yet studies from north latitude countries, where sunlight exposure is undetectable during the winter, describing the prevalence and determinants of this condition in women with infertility lacking. Moreover, there is still discrepancy in the existing evidence whether insufficient vitamin D status is associated with poor IVF/ICSI outcome and no published studies in this field exist from Nordic countries. Study design, size, duration Prospective cohort study that was conducted between September 2020 and August 2021 at Reproductive Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg in Sweden. Gothenburg is a city located in southwestern Sweden (latitude 57.7o N) with highly variating duration of daylight between seasons. Participants/materials, setting, methods Women with infertility who were scheduled for IVF/ICSI treatment were included. Venous blood samples for measurement of serum 25(OH) vitamin D concentration and questionnaires assessing vitamin D intake and sun exposure habits were collected from 265 women. Main results and the role of chance The overall prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was 27%, ranging from 7% in summer to 33% in winter. The odds for vitamin D insufficiency were higher for women originating from non-Nordic Europe (OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.26-8.80, adjusted p=0.015), Middle East (OR 14.46, 95% CI 5.20-40.20, adjusted p<0.001) and Asia (OR 6.46, 95% CI 1.79-23.27, adjusted p=0.004) compared with women originating from Nordic countries. It was more likely for women who did not use vitamin D supplements to have insufficiency compared with them using supplements (OR 3.48, 95% CI 1.69-7.20, adjusted p<0.001). The odds for vitamin D insufficiency were also higher for women staying “in the shade all the time” compared with women who were exposing themselves “in the sun all the time” (OR 3.65, 95% CI 1.43-9.27, adjusted p=0.007) and with them staying “both in the sun and shade” (OR 3.57, 95% CI 0.88-14.43, adjusted p=0.074). The reproductive outcome of IVF/ICSI treatment between women with serum 25(OH) vitamin D insufficiency and sufficiency was comparable. Limitations, reasons for caution The use of a questionnaire has intrinsic limitations (recall bias, low accuracy of the provided information). Moreover, the questionnaire did not include questions about sun protection factor usage during sun exposure. Blood sampling was underrepresented during summer due to limited resources during the summer months with closed IVF clinics. Wider implications of the findings Pre-IVF/ICSI treatment vitamin D serum concentration do not seem to influence IVF success. However, information about vitamin D should target women from non-Nordic countries and to advise them for supplementation and sun exposure. The aim is to avoid vitamin D insufficiency and the associated adverse long-term health consequences. Trial registration number not applicable

Biological potentialities and chemical composition of Tarenaya aculeata roots and stems

Plant extracts are rich in secondary metabolites responsible for numerous biological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial and photoprotective potentials, toxicity and chemical composition of extracts and fractions of stems and roots of Tarenaya aculeata. Phytochemical analyses were performed at qualitative and quantitative levels to evaluate the classes of secondary metabolites. The sun protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant potentials were determined spectrophotometrically, the antibacterial activity was tested against seven bacteria and the toxicity was evaluated using Artemia salina assay. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and saponins. The levels of phenolic compounds, tannins and alkaloids, SPF and antioxidant potentials showed greater results in the stem (SF) and root (RF) fractions in relation to the stem (SE) and root (RE) extracts. All samples exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, with MIC values ​​ranging from 31.25 to 250 μg mL-1. SE, SF and RF caused mortality in A. salina larvae, with LC50 of 347.06, 34.71 and 85.39 μg mL-1, respectively, whereas RE was non-toxic. Thus, T. aculeata is rich in bioactive secondary metabolites, although further studies will be needed to characterize its chemical constituents and investigate their adverse effects.

Rational Design and Synthesis of Lignin‐Derived Smart Sunscreens

AbstractLignin exhibits a long‐active UV‐blocking property due to its macromolecular aromatic structure and unique semiquione‐quione‐hydroquione transition. However, its poor absorbance in UVA region (320–400 nm) and irregular aggregation are still the obstacles. Herein, active spirapyrane (SP‐Br) is synthesized and covalently introduced into alkali lignin (AL) to construct photo‐stimulated UV‐absorbing enhancement sunscreen actives (AL‐SPn). The introduction of SP significantly improved the absorbance of AL in UVA region and its aggregation is effectively eased. When the optimal AL‐SP3 solution is exposed to UV irradiation, the color turned purple, and the absorbance in UVA region further improved as the unconjugated SP transformed into conjugated merocyanine (MC) structure. When the light is removed, the solution recovered light yellow. The antioxidant property of AL endow the reversible SP‐MC transformation with good cyclic stability. As‐prepared AL‐SP3 based sunscreen exhibit obvious photo‐stimulated enhancement effect. The sun protection factor (SPF) improved from 23 to 89 after 4 h irradiation, and can maintain the high performance for another 8 h. In addition, it exhibit low permeation and good biocompatibily in vitro and vivo, demonstrating its good potential in practical use.

Sun protection and antibacterial activities of carotenoids from the soft coral Sinularia sp. symbiotic bacteria from Panjang Island, North Java Sea

Carotenoids have shown beneficial applications in cosmetology, pharmacology, and medicine. However, environmental stress in the marine environment can trigger the production of unique secondary metabolites, such as carotenoids. These compounds can also be sustainably produced by symbiotic bacteria. We hypothesized that the soft corals in tropical regions may produce diverse biological secondary metabolites, including carotenoids, both by the host organism and their bacterial symbiont. The unique carotenoids may provide promising biological activity such as antioxidant, UV photoprotector, and antibacterial activities. To this end, we isolated and characterized the carotenoids isolated from the bacterial symbiont of Sinularia sp., a soft coral from Panjang Island, North Java Sea, strain 19. PP.Sc.13. Bacterial identification was performed using DNA barcoding of the 16S rRNA region. Identification of carotenoids was carried out using a spectrophotometer, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and attenuated total reflection fourier-transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity was estimated using the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, while the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and % transmission of erythema and pigmentation were determined based on colorimetric methods. The antibacterial activity assay was carried out using the agar diffusion method against two multidrug-resistant bacteria. The bacterial symbiont was identified as Virgibacillus sp. and the carotenoids isolated from this symbiont exhibited significant antioxidant activity and extra sun protection effect, thus categorized as UVA sunblock. Furthermore, the isolated carotenoids exhibited antibacterial activities against Methicillin Resistant-Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. This study provides evidence of the carotenoids produced by the soft coral bacterial symbiont Virgibacillus sp., which may be used as an antioxidant, sun protection, and antibacterial agent. Further investigation of the de novo biological production of carotenoids by Virgibacillus sp. is warranted.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and sun protection potential of the isolated compounds from Spermacoce princeae (K. Schum)

BackgroundSpermacoce princeae (K. Schum) has been used in the treatment of bacterial skin infections in Uganda. Pharmacological studies revealed that extracts of S. princeae exhibited antibacterial, antioxidant, and sun protection potential. This study aimed at isolating and identifying pure compounds from the extracts based on comprehensive analytical characterization by multiple analytical techniques.MethodsThe plant samples were extracted by sequential maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and distilled water. The compounds were isolated using a combination of chromatographic techniques and their structures were elucidated by multiple spectroscopic techniques. The antibacterial and antifungal activity determination of the isolated compounds was carried out using an agar well diffusion and potato dextrose assay against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus flavus while the antioxidant activity was screened with the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The sun protection factor was determined using a Shimadzu Ultra Violet-visible (UV–VIS) double beam spectrophotometer between 290 to 320 nm.ResultsEleven compounds; quercetin (1), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (2), rutin (3, 12), myo-inositol (4), asperulosidic acid (5), hexadecanoic acid (6), β-sitosterol (7), stigmasterol (8), campesterol (9), ursolic acid (10), and β-sitosterol glucoside (11) were identified in the S. princeae extracts. Compound 2 had good antifungal activity against C. albicans (zone of inhibition, 23.0 ± 0.1 mm). Compound 10 showed antibacterial and antifungal activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and A. flavus. Compound 2 had a good percentage radical scavenging effect (IC50 = 64.81 µg/ml) and a good sun protection factor (SPF = 26.83).ConclusionThis study reports the first-time isolation and identification of compounds 1 to 11 from S. princeae, which contribute to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and sun protection potential.

Formulation, characterization of Quercus infectoria (Olivier) emulsions, and in vitro, in vivo evaluation as cosmeceutical formulation.

Pharmacological properties of Quercus infectoria Olivier (galls) have been determined to be astringent, antidiabetic, antipyretic, anti-tremor, local anesthetic, and anti-parkinsonism. The galls of Quercus infectoria have been used for millennia in traditional oriental medicine in Asian nations to treat inflammatory illnesses. The study's objective was to create a Quercus infectoria Olivier gall extract in stable water in oil (w/o) emulsion and to check its effects on the mechanical properties of skin and antiaging effects. The galls were macerated in absolute methanol. Quercus infectoria Olivier gall extract's antioxidant property was evaluated using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) technique. Stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, KOH, glycerin, and distilled water were used to create the emulsion. The test (with extract) and control (without extract) emulsions were made, respectively, using the same process. Stability tests (color, liquefaction, microscopy, phase separation, and pH) are performed in in vitro, lasted 72 days at four distinct storage temperatures that is 8°C, 25°C, 40°C, and 40°C + 75% RH for both the control and test formulations. By using spectrophotometry, the (SPF) sun protection factors of the two formulations were calculated at various concentrations. Extract from Quercus infectoria underwent phytochemical investigation as well. The results showed that Quercus infectoria Olivier has antioxidant and (SPF) sun protection properties, reduce sebum, increases elasticity and stable emulsion containing 04% Quercus infectoria gall extract which might be used as topical antiaging formulation.

Novel Green Synthesis of UV-Sunscreen ZnO Nanoparticles Using Solanum Lycopersicum Fruit Extract and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and Anticancer Activity

This work aimed at the green synthesis of multifunctional zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Solanum Lycopersicum (SL) fruit juice to act as antibacterial/cancer/UV sunscreens. The obtained ZnO NPs were examined for optical properties, cytotoxicity of human lung fibroblast (WI-38) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HePG2) cell lines, and antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The antioxidant activity and in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) of the synthesized nanoparticles were carried out by spectrophotometric methods. The formation of pure phase structure and characteristic functional group of the synthesized ZnO NPs were confirmed by XRD, FTIR, and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance analysis. SEM image showed that the ZnO NPs have a quasi-spherical shape with a size of about 39 ± 12 nm. ZnO NPs showed high potency as sunscreens (in vitro SPF = 16.8) and as mild antioxidant agents. Notably, ZnO NPs enhanced the cytotoxic activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells and confirmed their antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. SL fruit juice can play a triple role by acting as a solvent, reducing agent and stabilizer which facilitates the synthesis of ZnO NPs sunscreen that has antibacterial and anti-carcinogenic properties.

Optimization of Carbopol, CMN-Na, Gelatin, and In Vitro Activity Test of 4-Hydroxy Chalcone Gel as Sunscreen

Abstract: The 4-hydroxychalcone compound is a flavonoid derivative that has benzene rings with unsaturated chains and a chromophore group, which can absorb UV rays and reduce the intensity of radiation exposure to the skin. This study aims to examine the effect of gelling agents on the physical properties of gel preparations, optimum formula stability, and activity of 4-hydroxychalcone gel as a sunscreen in vitro. Base optimization was carried out using Design Expert software version 10 with the simplex lattice design method and variations in gelling agent concentrations, namely carbopol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na), and gelatin. The activity of 4-hydroxychalcone sunscreen gel was determined spectrophotometrically by determining the Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) value, the percentage of erythema transmission (%TE), and the percentage of pigmentation transmission (%TP). Data were analyzed statistically with SPSS software. The results showed that the optimum formula composition was obtained at a concentration of 0.67% carbopol, 2% CMC-Na, and 1.83% gelatin. The optimum formula of 0.5% 4-hydroxychalcone gel was stable during storage at room temperature and did not experience syneresis during 72 hours of storage at ± 10°C. The 0.5% 4-hydroxychalcone gel gave an SPF value of 27.37 % TE was 1.76% and % TP was 10.21%, therefore it is categorized as a sunblock.

UJI AKTIVITAS GEL TABIR SURYA EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT BUAH MANGGIS (Garcinia mangostana L.) DENGAN VARIASI GELLING AGENT CARBOPOL 940 SECARA IN VITRO

Excessive sun exposure is dangerous for humans because it has many detrimental effects on the eyes, immune system as well as on the skin. Sunscreen can prevent the harmful effects of UV radiation and free radicals. Flavonoid compounds in mangosteen rind have natural sunscreen activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical quality and stability and activity of the ethanol extract gel of mangosteen peel in vitro with variations of carbopol 940. The extract was obtained from the maceration process using 70% ethanol. The gel was formulated using 0.1% extract and 0.5% gelling agent variations; 1%; and 1.5%. Gel test parameters including organoleptic test, homogeneity, viscosity, pH, spreadability, adhesion stability test cycling test, and sunscreen gel activity test were carried out in vitro by measuring the value of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) using UV spectrophotometry. The results showed that the 0.1% mangosteen rind ethanol extract gel formulation with variations of the gelling agent carbopol 940 0.5;1 and 1.5% had good physical quality and stability as well as sunscreen activity with an SPF value of 41,099; 39,898; 39,270 with the ultra category.

Anti-UV, SPF, and Antibacterial Activities of Gorgonian Mopsella cf. aurantia

Gorgonia is one of the marine organisms with bioactive potential that has yet to be widely exploited. This research aimed to determine the anti-UV, the Sun Protection Factor (SPF), and antibacterial properties of the extract and fractions of gorgonian Mopsella cf. aurantia. The extraction was carried out using ethyl acetate as a solvent. The anti-UV and SPF determinations were carried out by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, while the antibacterial property was carried out using the modified Kirby-Bauer method. The result shows that the extract has anti-UVB activity and obtained an SPF value of 7.71 at a concentration of 250 ppm, which is categorized as aminimal level of protection capability. Further bioactivity testing of this gorgonian shows robust activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli DSM498 and Gram-positive Bacillus megaterium DSM32T strains. The antimicrobial and anti-UV effects in the related species were located in the ethanol fraction.

The effect of an ultraviolet photography educational exercise on sunscreen application.

e22506 Background: Sun exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer development. Sun protection factor (SPF) is based on an application of 2 mg/cm2 of facial surface area (FSA). Studies demonstrate that most people do not apply a sufficient volume to achieve the intended SPF, thus overestimating their sun protection. Ultraviolet photography (UVP) is easily performed by placing an inexpensive UV filter over a digital camera lens. Chemical and physical sunscreen appear metallic black and blue, respectively, under UV light, thus helping to visualize sunscreen application. We sought to determine if visualizing application with UVP increases the volume of sunscreen applied and to investigate the effect of demographic factors and sunscreen type (physical and chemical) on the results of the intervention. Methods: Participants were recruited from June to August 2022. Subjects were randomized to either physical or chemical sunscreen for the first round of sunscreen application. Using a mirror, subjects applied sunscreen as they normally would. Subjects were then shown a UV photo that helped visualize the extent of sunscreen application. With a clean face, the process was repeated with the other sunscreen type (physical or chemical), such that each subject applied both types by the end of the study (round 2). Sunscreen bottles were weighed before and after applications to calculate the volume of sunscreen applied. Statistics were performed in RStudio version 1.4.1717, a language and environment for statistical computing. Results: 30 subjects (ages 18 to 88, Fitzpatrick skin type I-V) were enrolled. A greater percentage of participants applied > 2mg/cm2 from round 1 to round 2 (23% vs 36%). Mean application volume significantly increased from round 1 to round 2 (1.46 SD = 0.936 to 2.15 SD = 1.91, p = 0.0256). Subjects in the “chemical first” group applied a greater amount in round 2 (p< 0.001), however the same was not true in the “physical first” group. Mean sunscreen applied did not significantly differ between chemical and physical in round 1 (p = 0.187). There were no significant differences observed in sunscreen application across race, gender, skin type, and age. Conclusions: The volume of application increased during round 2, indicating that UVP may be an effective intervention to increase the volume of sunscreen application. Differences between the chemical first and physical first groups indicate the intervention may be more suited to teach the application of chemical sunscreen, which appears darker on UVP. Lack of difference between sunscreen types in round 1 suggests there was negligible pre-intervention bias in application behaviors. Overall, most subjects applied less than the recommended amount of sunscreen in both rounds, suggesting that additional counseling is paramount to ensuring proper sunscreen utilization among the public to prevent skin malignancy.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk) Leaf as a Natural Sun Stick Protector Through the Inhibition of the MMP-1 Receptor

Sunlight contains ultraviolet radiation, which can cause the formation of free radicals. One of the plants that has the potential to be used as sunscreen is jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk). This research aimed to determine the potential of sun stick jackfruit leaf extract as a UV-Protector exposed to UV-B radiation. This study used two methods, namely in vitro and in vivo. In vitromethod was carried out using a spectro-photometric method to analyze the value of the Sun Protection Factor and the in vivo one used the Balb/c strain male white mice, which were divided into three treatment groups. From the research results, it can be reported that the in vitro SPF value at a concentration of 2,500 ppm is 36.62; 5,000 ppm is 38.66; 7,500 ppm is 38.85, and the 10,000ppm is 38.33, indicating that the average SPF value at each concentration belongs to the ultraprotection category. The in vivo research showed that sticks gave the lowest levels of MMP-1; the results were 3.713 ng/ml of mouse blood serum, lower when compared to other brands of sun sticks with MMP-1 levels of 3.86 ng/ml. The highest MMP-1 level was shown by the results of treatment on a sun-stick basis, namely 4.737 ng/ml. The results shown above indicate that the jackfruit leaf extract sun stick can inhibit the expression of MMP-1, reflecting its ability as a UV protector because of the active compound components. The compound inhibits MMP-1 expressionby inhibiting the mitogenic-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.&nbsp

Optimizing the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Five Curcuma Species under UV Irradiation as a Potent Suncreen Substrate

Curcuma rhizome is reported to have a high total phenolics that could act as reducing agents for metals to nanoparticles. Rhizomes of five curcuma species were selected as bioreductors, namely white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria), black turmeric (C. aeruginosa), fingerroot (C. rotunda), temu giring (C. heyneana), and mango ginger (C. amada). The research was designed to select the reductor from five Curcuma rhizomes mentioned above for silver nanoparticles synthesis, optimizing the synthesis condition, and evaluating its potential as a sunscreen agent. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by mixing the extracts with AgNO3 and irradiating thesolution under a 366 nm UV lamp at certain times and pHs. Based on the spectra, the highest absorbance of silver nanoparticles was detected on the temu kunci extract. The optimum conditions for silver nanoparticle-temu kunci (AgNPs-TK) were determined using a Box-Behnken Design and Minitab. Statistical results showed that 0.13 g of silver nitrate irradiated for 162.7 min at pH 11.34 was the optimum condition for AgNPs synthesis. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by PSA/DLS, XRD, and TEM. The TEM analysis confirmed that silver particles are spherical. The size of the AgNPs produced based on TEM analysis is 5–50 nm. Sunlight inhibitionactivity, determined spectrophotometrically, indicated that the sun protection factor of AgNPs-TK is categorized as a minimum protection in concentration of 25 ppm. &nbsp

ANALISIS NILAI SPF PADA PRODUK TABIR SURYA MENGGUNAKAN METODE SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS

Indonesia is a country with high sun exposure and the potential for high sun exposure. These rays are UVA (290-320) and UVB (320-400) rays which have both good and bad effects on humans. The formation of Vitamin D and provitamin D is a benefit, but with severe ozone depletion the UV rays produced can be harmful to human health and can cause cancer. Sunscreen which is used to protect the health of human skin from the negative effects of solar radiation and can absorb light exposure is often used in daily life as a cosmetic whose effectiveness in light absorption is based on the value of the sun protection factor (SPF), hereby to determine the value and category SPF value on sunscreen products with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method to find out its effectiveness. By using the sampling method of Non Probability Sampling. In the determination, mixing 3 samples of sunscreen, the determination of this SPF value is a measure of the protection of sunscreen cream preparations against Ultraviolet rays. The higher the SPF value, the greater the protective effect against sunburn. The results obtained deviation of 1.04 with an average SPF in this study was 4.1 which was included in the SPF category with minimal protection.

Development and Evaluation of Microemulsion-Based Sunscreen Cream Containing Lycopene from Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

This study aimed to formulate and determine the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreen made from tomato lycopene microemulsion creams. Lycopene was used as the active ingredient with varying concentrations in each formula, namely F1 5%, F2 7.5%, and F3 9%. The preparation of each formula was evaluated by conducting the globule size, polydisperse index, organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, spreadability test, viscosity test, and determination of SPF value. The average globule size was 119 nm which had a uniform size distribution. The physical characteristics test of the cream preparations showed the three had a bright yellow color and lacked odor. The pH test results were 3.2 ± 0.12, 5.54 ± 0.25, 6.48 ± 0.22 for F1, F2, F3, respectively. Viscosity test results were F1 40,893.33 cPs, F2 41,746.67 cPs, and F3 43,106.67 cPs. The values obtained from the dispersion test were F1 6.71±0.63, F2 5.58±0.15, and F3 4.81±0.11. Moreover, F3 with a concentration of 9% tomato lycopene microemulsion met the acceptance criteria for all of the physical properties including low viscosity to promote good spreadability, pH that does not irritate the skin, aesthetic appeal, small particle size, and non-odorous and an SPF value of 4.9. The obtained microemulsion-based sunscreen cream exhibited a good physical property of lycopene besides showing sufficient SPF value.

Development of Jernang Non-timber Forest Product in the Bukit Dua Belas National Park Area Jambi can be Jernang (Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume ) Sunscreen With SPF 15

The Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) in the Bukit Dua Belas National Park region of Jambi produce jernang, one of the non-timber forest products, and it has promise as a sunscreen because it contains polyphenolic chemicals that may absorb UV radiation. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of jernang sunscreen and its physical characteristics. The 1% (FI), 2% (FII), and 3% (FIII) jernang resin concentrations were used to create jernang sunscreen. Organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, stickiness, spreadability, kind of cream, and stability are examples of physical qualities. The results indicated that, while all sunscreen formulae have SPF values ranging from 11.87 to 12.69, in the extra-protection category, the SPF value reached decreased with increasing jernang resin content

The best formulation of compounds contained in herbal plants as sunscreen: A review

The harmful effects of exposure to light (UV) can be prevented by using sunscreen. This study aims to determine the best formulation contained in various herbal plants to be used as a manufacturing material sunscreen. The method in this study is the study of literature from the research journal database on the internet, namely through google scholar and Proquest University of Mataram. Sunscreens are assessed in terms of light protection factor expressed by the SPF value (Sun Protection Factor) to determine the effectiveness of sunscreen preparations or the ability to withstand UV rays. Several types of herbal plants that grow in various regions in Indonesia contain photoprotective bioactive compounds. Aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a herbal plant widely used as an ingredient in sunscreens with a high protection category. Cinnamic derivatives, namely ethyl para-methoxycinnamate (EPMS), are one of the compounds contained in aromatic ginger and can be used as a manufacturing material sunscreen that is good and safe for the skin.