Summer Quarters Research Articles

Energy efficiency features of vernacular house in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A case study of Svrzo’s house complex

This paper analyzed sustainable principles of vernacular architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina featured in the Svrzo’s house complex in Sarajevo, which can serve as an example that can be utilized in contemporary architecture. An energy-efficiency analysis was performed by using DesignBuilder software. The aim was to investigate whether the building design, building’s envelope materialization, and spatial organization comply with today’s energy-efficiency standards and if such principles can be applied in contemporary design. The calculation of the energy demands for heating and cooling showed that the division of the house in winter and summer quarters is an energy-efficient approach that could be transposed into contemporary architecture. The calculations also showed that the materialization of the building envelope of the winter quarter is not energy efficient enough to be used in modern constructions, but the positive aspects of the building envelope materialization such as the use of natural, local materials with good heat capacity are important elements which could serve as guidelines for the materialization of contemporary buildings. Therefore, a new materialization was proposed on the basis of these principles. The calculations showed that the analyzed winter quarter became energy-efficient while maintaining sustainable principles borrowed from vernacular architecture.

Kochevnichestvo i zony vzaimodejstviya (na primere dosovetskih kyrgyzskih kochevnikov)

This paper re-conceptualizes the four-seasonal cycling tradition of pre-Soviet Kyrgyz pastoralism, reconsidering the existing archival and oral materials. It argues that the summer quarters (zhailoo) in nomadic cycling were “core contact zones” for whole clan-based Kyrgyz community in pre-Soviet time whereas, the other winter, spring and autumn quarters remained in the margins. In addition, since all small and large nomadic groups from different regions were interacting in summer quarter, practicing the common language, ceremonies and traditions, this quarter also was preventing the emergence of different languages or dialects, social and cultural differences among Kyrgyz nomadic groups.

Effects of B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 on COVID-19 Dynamics: A Campus Reopening Study

The timing and sequence of safe campus reopening has remained the most controversial topic in higher education since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. By the end of March 2020, almost all colleges and universities in the United States had transitioned to an all online education and many institutions have not yet fully reopened to date. For a residential campus like Stanford University, the major challenge of reopening is to estimate the number of incoming infectious students at the first day of class. Here we learn the number of incoming infectious students using Bayesian inference and perform a series of retrospective and projective simulations to quantify the risk of campus reopening. We create a physics-based probabilistic model to infer the local reproduction dynamics for each state and adopt a network SEIR model to simulate the return of all undergraduates, broken down by their year of enrollment and state of origin. From these returning student populations, we predict the outbreak dynamics throughout the spring, summer, fall, and winter quarters using the inferred reproduction dynamics of Santa Clara County. We compare three different scenarios: the true outbreak dynamics under the wild-type SARS-CoV-2, and the hypothetical outbreak dynamics under the new COVID-19 variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 with 56% and 50% increased transmissibility. Our study reveals that even small changes in transmissibility can have an enormous impact on the overall case numbers. With no additional countermeasures, during the most affected quarter, the fall of 2020, there would have been 203 cases under baseline reproduction, compared to 4727 and 4256 cases for the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. Our results suggest that population mixing presents an increased risk for local outbreaks, especially with new and more infectious variants emerging across the globe. Tight outbreak control through mandatory quarantine and test-trace-isolate strategies will be critical in successfully managing these local outbreak dynamics.

Natal dispersal in Black Kites Milvus migrans migrans in Europe

The European population of Black Kites of the nominate subspecies Milvus migrans migrans (Boddaert, 1783) is estimated at 81,200–109,000 pairs. The birds winter in Africa but their natal dispersal remains largely unstudied. Here, we analyze the behavior of 25 GPS-tracked Black Kites tagged from 2014 until 2018 using GPS/GSM telemetry devices from 16 nests in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany and Slovakia. We calculated juvenile Black Kite post-fledging areas (PFA) using Kernel density estimations 95% (KDE95) and minimum convex polygons 95% (MCP95). Our results revealed that the average occupied PFA for juvenile birds was 2.8 km2 (range 0.006–20.1 km2) as KDE95 and 0.3 km2 (range 0.07–1.35 km2) as MCP95. Birds left PFA from 29 July to 30 August (median 12 August). Two main migration routes were used by tagged birds, namely a southwestern European route crossing the Strait of Gibraltar and a southeastern European route to Turkey and the Middle East. Migration routes which directly crossed the Mediterranean Sea to Africa from Italy and Greece were rarely used. Winter quarters were located in sub-Saharan Africa throughout the belt from Senegal and Gambia to Ethiopia. Four Black Kites remained to stay in tropical Africa during their first summer, seven birds moved north but to substantially lower altitudes (in Morocco, Spain and Turkey) then those in their natal areas. During the second year, Black Kites wintered again in the tropical part of sub-Saharan Africa, summer quarters were located north from the winter quarters, three birds stayed throughout the summer in Africa, three in south to central Europe, one in Turkey and one in northwestern Russia. One 3-year-old bird (fourth calendar year) attempted to nest but it was unsuccessful and occurred 15.6 km from the natal nest. Temporary settlement areas (TSA) were commonly used by Black Kites during migratory routes, winter and summer quarters. The average home range size of TSA was 233.8 km2 (range 0.99–852 km2) as KDE95 and 140.2 km2 (range 0.1–1054 km2) as MCP95. As usual, siblings used the same migratory routes and also shared the same winter and summer quarters. Our findings suggest that the genetic background of the migration behavior of Black Kites is strong.

Reorganization of aquatic communities from low-nutrient lakes in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada

Sparse monitoring of New Brunswick (Canada) lakes creates challenges for understanding mechanisms of deteriorating water quality, such as recent instances of increased cyanobacterial biomass in low-nutrient systems. To assess long-term environmental change experienced by low-nutrient, dimictic New Brunswick lakes we use sedimentary remains of algal pigments and Cladocera in dated cores from impact (prone to late-summer algal blooms, Lac Unique) and reference (no observed algal blooms, First and States) lakes. Overall, all three lakes now exhibit greater bosminid abundance and fewer daphniids, lower Cladocera richness, and smaller average cladoceran body size, although some lake-specific differences in assemblage response exist that cannot be related solely to top-down or bottom-up forces. Zooplankton trends are most pronounced at Lac Unique and First Lake, where algal production is generally greater. Across all three lakes, the only significant (IndVal: p < 0.05) cladoceran bioindicator of the post-1990 period is the pelagic bosminid group, whereas prior to ~ 1990, Daphnia longispina-complex and several littoral taxa were significant (IndVal: p < 0.05) bioindicators. These temporal shifts suggest that the smaller-bodied bosminid group may now be favored over its larger-bodied pelagic competitor Daphnia sp. in these lakes, irrespective of heterogeneous long-term algal patterns inferred from stable sedimentary pigments. We suggest that the indirect effects of climate change, principally during the spring and summer quarters in New Brunswick, may be associated with marked shifts in limnological structure, as evidenced by changes in dominant zooplankton of the pelagic zone. However, further research is needed to rule out whether or not size-selective predation, and its potential interactions with climate change and other stressors, are key mechanisms favoring increased bosminids in low-nutrient, dimictic lakes.

Dynamic delta option strategies in Nordic electricity markets

This paper examines how electricity options traded in the Nasdaq OMX Commodities Europe financial market are priced compared with their corresponding futures contracts. For this purpose, the dynamic delta portfolio is constructed using quarterly options and an underlying futures contract. Given that the risk level of such a portfolio is adjusted on a daily basis, in such a manner that it matches the corresponding static futures strategy, we can directly calculate the price difference between the dynamic delta option strategy and the static futures strategy. We find some seasonality in the price differences between the static and dynamic strategies. When using calls, we find a significant negative (positive) price difference during winter (summer) quarters. In contrast, for puts, we find a significant positive price difference during winter quarters, but not during summer quarters. We also find that the winter and summer quarters are associated with the reported price differences, which are not as universally related to the trends in electricity prices (ie, increasing or decreasing electricity prices).

The quality of colostrum and vitality of calves, born from cows with different reaction to stress experiences

The article presents the results of studying cortisol concentration and creatine phosphokinase activity in the blood serum of 40 half-sib Ukrainian black and white dairy cows an hour after planned blood extraction, which was a stress experience. We divided the cows into three groups according to the distribution of cortisol concentration in the animals: I – high, II – average and III – low stress resistance. During the research, the cows from these groups were in their fourth month of lactation after their first calving. They were kept untethered in their summer quarters, natural pastures. The aim of the research was to identify the differences in the quality of colostrum, the vitality of the calves up to the age of 6 months, the vitality of the mother-cows, and also the influence of their different adaptation potentials in cases of abortion and stillborn calves among the cows from different groups. At the dairy complex where the research was conducted, the quality of the cows’ colostrum is not monitored. This is typical for most dairy plants of Ukraine. We found that the classes of A and M immunoglobulins did not depend upon which particular groups the animals belonged to, whereas the content of immunoglobulins of class G is 6.7 g/l higher, and the content of total protein is 8.9 g/l higher in the yield of colostrum of the cows from group 1. The influence of cows’ different levels of resistance to stress experiences on their incidence of abortions and stillborn calves was not determined. Gastroenteritis occurred among calves of cows from group 3 three times more often than with those of group 1. Vitality of calves from cows of groups 1 and 2 was significantly higher. Therefore, technological stress experiences of mother-cows have a negative effect upon the quality of colostrum and upon the vitality of calves. This factor ought to be taken into consideration in the exploitation of animals, especially during pregnancy in order to minimise stress and help individuals with less strong nervous systems. Solving the complex problems of increasing the vitality of calves involves in part guaranteeing their provision with colostrum immunity by compulsory control of the colostrum’ quality using a special aerometer (Colostrometer).

Indicators show differences in antibiotic use between general practitioners and paediatricians

The purpose of this investigation was to adapt to an individual physician level and to the paediatric context a set of drug-specific indicators of outpatient antibiotic use developed by the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) project, and to describe the differences in antibiotic prescriptions between general practitioners (GPs) and paediatricians. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study analysing antibiotic prescriptions in 2009 for children below 16 years of age in south-eastern France, using the National Health Insurance (NHI) outpatient reimbursement database. A generalised linear model adjusted on physicians' characteristics and patient population characteristics was used to compare indicators between GPs and paediatricians. We included 4,921 self-employed GPs and 301 paediatricians. Penicillins accounted for 47% and 45% of all antibiotics prescribed by GPs and paediatricians, respectively, followed by cephalosporins (33% and 39%) and macrolides (14% and 9%). In both specialties, there were around 70% more antibiotic prescriptions during the winter quarters compared to the summer quarters. The 13 indicators we calculated showed wide variations in antibiotic prescriptions among GPs, among paediatricians, and between GPs and paediatricians. In an adjusted econometric model, GPs were found to issue 54% more antibiotic prescriptions than paediatricians, whereas paediatricians used a significantly higher proportion of co-amoxiclav (18% vs. 12%) and cephalosporins (39% vs. 33%) and a significantly lower proportion of macrolides (9% vs. 14%) compared to GPs. A set of 13 indicators may be calculated using reimbursement data to describe outpatient antibiotic use at the physician level. We observed very different prescribing profiles between GPs and paediatricians.

Analysis about the seasonality of China's crude oil import based on X-12-ARIMA

The aim of this study is to examine the potential seasonality of China's crude oil import in hope of helping the stakeholders with inventory control and production planning. In order to proximately achieve the goal, X-12-ARIMA method was used to adjust the monthly series and the quarterly series of China's crude oil net import in the last 16 years. The results show that the quarterly series is better than the monthly series in terms of seasonality adjustment; the seasonal factors tend to be positive in spring and summer quarters while negative in fall and winter quarters; and the former three seasonal factors are growing stronger while the winter factor weaker in recent years.

A Chart Review from an Oriental Medicine College, Comparing Patients Who Came for Only One Visit and Those Who Came for at Least Five Visits

Abstract Background: While there have been studies examining who seeks acupuncture treatments, there have not been any studies to see who returns for more treatments. Objective: This study was conducted to compare demographic, symptomatic, and syndrome differentiation among patients who came for one visit and those who came for five or more visits. Design: This was a chart review comparing 33 randomly chosen patients who came to the Oregon College of Oriental Medicine (OCOM) clinic for one visit to 39 randomly chosen patients who came for five or more visits. Setting: All patients were seen by student interns at the Acupuncture and Herbal Clinic of the OCOM. Patients: All patients were new patients to the clinic who came for their first visit during the spring and summer quarters of 2008. Outcome Measures: The two groups were compared with respect to a variety of demographic factors and presenting conditions. Results: Age was the major statistically significant difference between the two groups. There wer...

Trends in refractive surgery at an academic center: 2007-2009

BackgroundThe United States officially entered a recession in December 2007, and it officially exited the recession in December 2009, according to the National Bureau of Economic Research. Since the economy may affect not only the volume of excimer laser refractive surgery, but also the clinical characteristics of patients undergoing surgery, our goal was to compare the characteristics of patients completing excimer laser refractive surgery and the types of procedures performed in the summer quarter in 2007 and the same quarter in 2009 at an academic center. A secondary goal was to determine whether the volume of astigmatism- or presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses (IOLs) has concurrently changed because like laser refractive surgery, these "premium" IOLs involve out-of-pocket costs for patients.MethodsRetrospective case series. Medical records were reviewed for all patients completing surgery at the Wilmer Laser Vision Center in the summer quarter of 2007 and the summer quarter of 2009. Outcome measures were the proportions of treated refractive errors, the proportion of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) vs. laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and the mean age of patients in each quarter. Chi-square test was used to compare the proportions of treated refractive errors and the proportions of procedures; two-tailed t-test to compare the mean age of patients; and two-tailed z-test to compare proportions of grouped refractive errors in 2007 vs. 2009; alpha = 0.05 for all tests. Refractive errors were grouped by the spherical equivalent of the manifest refraction and were considered "low myopia" for 6 diopters (D) of myopia or less, "high myopia" for more than 6 D, and "hyperopia" for any hyperopia. Billing data were reviewed to obtain the volume of premium IOLs.ResultsVolume of laser refractive procedures decreased by at least 30%. The distribution of proportions of treated refractive errors did not change (p = 0.10). The proportion of high myopes, however, decreased (p = 0.05). The proportions of types of procedure changed, with an increase in the proportion of PRK between 2007 and 2009 (p = 0.02). The mean age of patients did not change [42.4 ± 14.4 (standard deviation) years in 2007 vs. 39.6 ± 14.5 years in 2009; p = 0.4]. Astigmatism-correcting IOL and presbyopia-correcting IOL volumes increased 15-fold and three-fold, respectively, between 2007 and 2009.ConclusionsVolume of excimer laser refractive surgery decreased by at least 30% between 2007 and 2009. No significant change in mean age or in the distribution of refractive error was seen, although the proportion of high myopes decreased between summer quarters of 2007 and 2009. PRK gained as a proportion of total cases. Premium IOL volume increased, but still comprised a very small proportion of total IOL volume.

INFLUENCE OF ANTONIN RAYMOND ON “NIKKO RYUZU YAMA NO IE (LODGE AT RYUZU IN NIKKO)” DESIGNED BY TSUYOSHI ICHIURA

This study is on the “Nikko Ryuzu Yama no Ie(Lodge at Ryuzu in Nikko)” designed by architect Tsuyoshi Ichiura in 1940. The author clarified several points through analysis of its construction process and the people who took part in this work. These points are: 1. Style of this is clearly influenced by Antonin Raymond's design. There is few works directly influenced by Raymond's design, except those by his disciples. In this sense, this work has significant meanings on the architectural world in Japan. 2. One of the reasons of Raymond's influence on interior of this work might be the existence of Tokichi Akasaka who took charge in the construction of “Natsu no Ie(Architect's Summer Quarters in Karuizawa)” designed by Raymond. 3. The author clarified the curriculum vitae of Tokichi Akasaka. According to the research, Akasaka turned out to be a contractor, not a carpenter. 4. Change in Raymond's design style of wooden architecture began from late 1920s. Through the research, the reason might also be from the existence of Japanese contractors and carpenters, not only of Raymond's Japanese design stuffs.

Variation in the diet of the Greater Mouse-tailed Bat, Rhinopoma microphyllum (Chiroptera: Rhinopomatidae) in south-western Iran

The diet of Rhinopoma microphyllum was investigated through the analysis of droppings collected from two summer roosts in the temperate mid-Zagros Range, and was compared with a similar study made on the closest known maternity roost in the arid zone of the Persian Gulf Littoral. The results show that this bat remains primarily a Coleoptera feeder in both maternity and summer quarters, although a more diverse feeding habit is found in the summer roosts. Data indicate that in the summer roosts a high dominance of beetles (Coleoptera) accounted for 77 and 89% of the recovered items by volume, while in the maternity roost 86% of the volume belongs to the beetles. Prey types recovered in the summer quarters which were not represented in the maternity roost included small numbers of Diptera, Neuroptera and Hymenoptera.

Cystic echinococcosis in semi-nomadic pastoral communities in north-west China

In order to determine the prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in semi-nomadic traditional pastoralist groups in north-west China, 2 large community studies were undertaken in Altai and Tacheng Prefectures in 1990/91 and 1995/96, respectively. The Kekergash community (Altai) comprised mainly ethnic Kazakhs, whereas the Narenhebuke community (Tacheng) comprised mainly Mongolians. Populations were screened for CE by abdominal ultrasound scan (US) and serological tests. The total prevalence of confirmed human CE was higher in Narenhebuke (2·7%, 49/1844) than in Kekergash (0·9%, 17/1861; P < 0·01). Within each community there was no significant difference of CE prevalence between the Kazakh and Mongolian groups, although Han Chinese exhibited twice the rate of CE (4·9%) in Narenhebuke compared to the dominant Mongolian population. For each community, human CE prevalence increased with age and there was a greater risk associated with the practice of home slaughter of livestock. Dogs were screened for Echinococcus granulosus infection and re-infection levels using a highly specific coproantigen test. The proportion of dogs with positive coproantigen tests was significantly higher in Narenhebuke (36·0%, 50/139) compared to Kekergash (17·8%, 16/90). In Narenhebuke the re-infection levels of dogs, as determined by coproantigen positivity, were higher in the winter quarters (49·4%, 39/79) compared to the summer quarters (18·3%, 11/60; P < 0·01). Furthermore, coproantigen re-test positivity was 25% at 3 months and 29·2% at 7 months. Highest dog coproantigen positivity was obtained over the winter period.

Satellite tracking of two Lesser Spotted Eagles, Aquila pomarina, migrating from Namibia

One immature and one subadult Lesser Spotted Eagle, Aquila pomarina, were followed by satellite telemetry from their non-breeding areas in Namibia. Both birds were fitted with transmitters (PTTs) in February 1994 and tracked, the immature for six months and three weeks, the subadult for eight months and two weeks, over distances of 10 084 and 16 773 km, respectively. During their time in Namibia both birds' movements were in response to good local rainfall. The immature eagle left Namibia at the end of February, the subadult at the end of March. They flew to their respective summer quarters in Hungary and the Ukraine, arriving there 2.5 and 1.5 months later than the breeding adults. The immature eagle took over two months longer on the homeward journey than a breeding male followed by telemetry in a previous study. On returning, the immature eagle followed the narrow flightpath through Africa used by other Lesser Spotted Eagles on their outward migration. It reached this corridor, which run roughly between longitudes 31° and 36° East from Suez to Lake Tanganyika, veering from the shortest route in a direction east-northeast through Angola and Zambia to the southern end of Lake Tanganyika. The route taken by the subadult bird on its return migration differed markedly from that of all Lesser Spotted Eagles tracked to date, running further west through the Democratic Republic of Congo where, level with the equator, it flew over the eastern rainforest of that country. The outward migration, however, followed the same corridor and coincided in time with the migration of adults. Ein immat. und ein subad. Schreiadler wurden im Februar 1994 in Namibia mit Satelliten-Sendern versehen und über Zeiträume von sechs Monote und drei Wochen bzw. acht Monate und zwei Wochen und über Distanzen von 10.084 bzw. 16.773 km telemetriert. Während des Aufenthalts in Namibia erfolgten erhebliche Ortsveränderungen. Die Adler suchten Gegenden mit überdurchschnittlichem Niederschlag auf. Der immat. Adler verließ Namibia Ende Februar, der subad. Ende März. Sie zogen in Übersommerungsgebiete in Ungarn bzw. in der Ukraine, wo sie zweieinhalb bzw. eineinhalb Monate später als brütende Altvögel ankamen. Der immat. Schreiadler nahm sich über zwei Monate mehr Zeit für den Heimzug als ein in einer anderen Studie untersuchter männlicher Brutvogel. Er folgte der bei anderen Schreiadlern auf dem Herbstzug festgestellten recht engen Zugschneise durch Afrika und erreichte diesen Korridor, der etwa zwischen dem 31. und 36. Längengrad E von Suez bis zum Tanganyika-See verläuft, indem er zunächst stark von der kürzesten Route abweichend in Richtung ENE durch Angola und Sambia bis zum Südende des Tanganjika-Sees zog. Die Route des subadulten Vogels auf dem Heimzug unterschied sich hingegen stark von der aller anderen bisher telemetrierten Schreiadler und verlief deutlich weiter westlich durch den Kongo, wobei in Höhe des Äquators Regenwaldgebiete im Osten des Landes überquert wurden. Der Wegzug verlief hingegen ebenfalls innerhalb des Korridors und etwa zeitgleich mit adulten Adlern.

Utilization of appetite suppressants in England: a putative indicator of poor prescribing practice.

The use of appetite suppressants, a putative inverse marker of prescribing quality, was analysed in the former Northern Regional Health Authority (RHA) and in England using National Health Service prescribing data and sales and patient-linked prescribing data supplied by Intercontinental Medical Statistics (IMS). The number (in thousands) of National Health Service prescriptions for appetite suppressants dispensed fell from 393 in 1991 to 235 in 1994. Per capita prescribing frequency varied threefold between different RHA and between individual Family Health Service Authorities (FHSA) within the former Northern RHA (NRHA). Prescribing frequency was higher in the spring and summer quarters and reduced in the winter quarter. Of 532 general practices in the NRHA, 82 (15%) prescribed no appetite suppressants between April 1993 and March 1994, while 70 (13%) prescribed more than 500 defined daily doses (DDDs) per 1000 patients, accounting for 47% of all prescribing. Only 53% of pharmacy purchases of appetite suppressants were accounted for by NHS prescribing and as little as 21% for phentermine, indicating substantial prescribing outwith the NHS. In 1991, 73,759 DDDs were supplied to pharmacies each day, the majority being diethylpropion (31,226) and phentermine (24,349). The fall in NHS prescribing is welcome as these drugs are of dubious clinical value and may be associated with serious adverse effects. Because of substantial non-NHS prescribing, routinely available prescribing data does not accurately quantify total prescribing of these agents.

Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality in Two Southern California Counties

Several epidemiologic studies have reported associations between respiratory disease and particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) or fine particles. However, since daily fine particulate data from ambient monitors are seldom available, many studies have used estimates of PM2.5 based on visual range observed at local airports. This paper examines the impact of visibility-based estimates of PM2.5 on mortality from 1980 through 1986 in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, Multiple regression analysis was used to isolate the effects of estimated fine particles on mortality while controlling for covariates, including season, day of week, maximum temperature, and dew point. The results are dependent on season. During the summer quarters, there was a small but statistically significant association of estimated fine particles with both total mortality (RR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.00-1.05, evaluated at the mean PM2.5 value of 32.5 μg/m3) and respiratory-specific mortality. However, for the year taken as a whole, estimated fine particles were not associated with mortality (RR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.99-1.02). The use of estimated fine particles introduces additional measurement error into the analysis, During the summer quarters, an effect of ozone on mortality was also detected, but this association could be due to confounding with temperature. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the fine particulate association found during the summer quarters was robust to alternative estimates deriving fine particles from visual range, alternative regression specifications, functional forms, and exposure averaging times. These findings are consistent with another recent study of mortality in Los Angeles County and add to the other findings of associations between particulate matter and various respiratory diseases outcomes.

Hypoplastic right-sided heart complex: A cluster of cases with associated congenital birth defects. A new syndrome?

Fourteen infants, all born within the same geographic area in a two-year period, had hypoplastic right-sided heart complex associated with a high incidence of other congenital defects. No common teratogenic exposure or genetic relationships were discovered. Twelve of the 14 infants were conceived in the spring or summer. Significant elevations in serum antibody titers against coxsackie group B virus and echoviruses were noted in the general referral population during those spring and summer quarters. Cardiac defects included a hypoplastic right ventricle in every case; three types were noted. Varying degrees of right-sided valvular lesions and other intracardiac defects accompanied the hypoplastic ventricle. Eleven infants had extracardiac congenital anomalies: 10 had microcephaly, two had micrognathia with posterior cleft palate, four had low-set ears, and one had arrhinencephaly. The high incidence of extracardiac defects in the syndrome (79%) is in distinct contrast to the incidence reported in the New England Regional Infant Cardiac Program in infants who had pulmonic atresia with intact ventricular septum.

Le Hérisson (Erinaceus europaeus L.) et la route

Between 1964 and 1978, 3452 hedgehogs were killed by traffic on motorways and on some roads in the french speaking part of Switzerland. Observations of these animals have allowed the determination of the periods, weather conditions and places most favourable to their movements. The following points have been established : 1. In the spring, the majority of hedgehogs move between their winter and summer quarters. 2. The males frequently travel between March and July, their rutting period. 3. The females often travel just before giving birth. 4. Subadults disperse massively in early spring. 5. A number of the young hedgehogs disperse during autumn. 6. The majority of these movements occur when weather conditions change, at the end of a period of high pressure and north wind. 7. Urban areas are more densely populated by hedgehogs than forest or agricultural areas. 8. The outskirts of towns, as well as forest borders, rivers and hedges play an important role in the selection of their routes. We have concluded that hedgehogs can be protected along roads by creating and maintaining favorable conditions which enable them to move freely. When planning a road, an area, or a farm land redistribution scheme, the conservation or replanting of hedges, for example, would play an essential role in protecting hedgehog populations.

Romans and Bedouin in Southern Syria

Previous articleNext article No AccessRomans and Bedouin in Southern SyriaF. E. PetersF. E. Peters Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Near Eastern Studies Volume 37, Number 4Oct., 1978 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/372669 Views: 3Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1978 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Emanuel J. Drechsel Non-European Pidgins in Early European Colonial Explorations and Trade: Mobilian Jargon and Maritime Polynesian Pidgin in Contrast, (Jun 2022): 283–309.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316796146.015Ricardo Otheguy, Naomi Shin, Daniel Erker On the Idiolectal Nature of Lexical and Phonological Contact: Spaniards, Nahuas, and Yorubas in the New World, (Jun 2022): 370–400.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316796146.018Idir Ouahes Une « ceinture » d’espace étatique : le contrôle des Bédouins au début du Mandat Français en Syrie, L’Espace Politique , no.2727 (Sep 2015).https://doi.org/10.4000/espacepolitique.3695Pascale Clauss-Balty La kalybé de Hayat (Syrie du Sud), Syria , no.8585 (Jan 2008): 249–292.https://doi.org/10.4000/syria.483