Summary Graph Research Articles

Effectiveness of digital health exercise interventions on muscle function and physical performance in older adults with possible, confirmed or severe sarcopenia: a protocol for a systematic review

IntroductionSarcopenia is characterised by the progressive weakening of muscle function that occurs with age. This condition frequently leads to frailty, disability and even death. Research on sarcopenia prevention is growing....

Tecnología aplicada a la diabetes

Diabetes technology refers to devices and applications that people with diabetes use to help manage their disease. There are two main categories: blood glucose monitoring systems (including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems) and insulin delivery devices (including insulin pumps and smart insulin pens). CGM devices measure interstitial blood glucose continuously or intermittently (flash measurements), showing alerts and trends that help predict glucose behavior. The data are represented by the ambulatory glucose profile, which provides measurements and a summary graph to aid in its interpretation. Insulin pumps or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion systems are devices that infuse rapid-acting insulin continuously with the objective of maintaining glucose levels in range. Among these, hybrid closed loop systems are capable of adjusting insulin infusion according to CGM blood glucose figures. Smart insulin pens are linked to smartphone apps and have features that help patients manage their diabetes (dose reminder, bolus calculator, active insulin monitoring).

Association between Major Depressive Disorder and Oral Health – A Systematic Review

Abstract A systematic review of literature, in order to investigate an association between Major depressive disorder (MDD) and Oral health was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and registered on PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42023470383). The search and screening according to previously established protocol were conducted by two authors. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and DOAJ were searched from January 2000 until October 2022 for studies reporting data on oral health status and MDD. Quality assessment of included studies was evaluated using NIH tool developed by NHLBI for retrospective and prospective studies and Cochrane risk of bias 2 (RoB 2) tool for interventional studies through its domains. The RoB summary graph and RoB summary applicability concern were plotted using RevMan software version 5.3. All the studies tried to understand the association and impact of major depressive impact on oral health and hygiene. The collective result demonstrates a mixed relationship of depression and oral health. Recognizing the oral health status of individuals with depressive symptoms can serve as valuable information for both dental and mental health professionals. This awareness enables the development of customized treatment plans to assist patients in achieving comprehensive wellness. There is an opportunity for further research of similar nature in developing countries such as India, Indonesia, and China, which have substantial population sizes.

Graph Summarization: Compactness Meets Efficiency

As the volume and ubiquity of graphs increase, a compact graph representation becomes essential for enabling efficient storage, transfer, and processing of graphs. Given a graph, the graph summarization problem asks for a compact representation that consists of a summary graph and the corrections, such that we can recreate the original graph from the representation exactly. Although this problem has been studied extensively, the existing works either trade summary compactness for efficiency, or vice versa. In particular, a well-known greedy method provides the most compact summary but incurs prohibitive time cost, while the state-of-the-art algorithms with practical overheads are more than 20% behind in summary compactness in our comparison with the greedy method. This paper presents Mags and Mags-DM, two algorithms that aim to bridge the compactness and efficiency in graph summarization. Mags adopts the existing greedy paradigm that provides state-of-the-art compactness, but significantly improves its efficiency with a novel algorithm design. Meanwhile, Mags-DM follows a different paradigm with practical efficiency and overcomes its limitations in compactness. Moreover, both algorithms can support parallel computing environments. We evaluate Mags and Mags-DM on graphs up to billion-scale and demonstrate that they achieve state-of-the-art in both compactness and efficiency, rather than in one of them. Compared with the method that offers state-of-the-art compactness, Mags and Mags-DM have a small difference (< 0.1% and < 2.1%) in compactness. For efficiency, Mags is on average 11.1x and 4.2x faster than the two state-of-the-art algorithms with practical overheads, while Mags-DM can further reduce the running time by 13.4x compared with Mags. This shows that graph summarization algorithms can be made practical while still offering a compact summary.

Node Embedding Preserving Graph Summarization

Graph summarization is a useful tool for analyzing large-scale graphs. Some works tried to preserve original node embeddings encoding rich structural information of nodes on the summary graph. However, their algorithms are designed heuristically and not theoretically guaranteed. In this article, we theoretically study the problem of preserving node embeddings on summary graph. We prove that three matrix-factorization-based node embedding methods of the original graph can be approximated by that of the summary graph, and we propose a novel graph summarization method, named HCSumm , based on this analysis. Extensive experiments are performed on real-world datasets to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed method. The experimental results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in preserving node embeddings.

Comparative Evaluation of Open Reduction with Internal Fixation Against Closed Reduction Methods for Condylar Fracture Management: A Systematic Review and Meta- analysis.

Mandibular fractures are frequent in facial trauma. Management of mandibular condylar fractures (MCF) remains an ongoing matter of controversy in maxillofacial injury. A number of techniques, from closed reduction (CR) to open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), can be effectively used to manage these fractures. The best treatment strategy, that is, closed reduction or open reduction with internal fixation, remains controversial. The aim of this study is to systematically review the existing scientific literature to determine whether open reduction with internal fixation or closed reduction is a better treatment alternative for the patients with condylar fractures through a meta-analysis. A systematic review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Electronic databases like PubMed, google scholar and Ebsco Host were searched from 2000 to December 2021 for studies reporting management of condylar fractures through open reduction with internal fixation against closed reduction and reporting the outcome in terms of mean and standard deviation (SD). Quality assessment of included case control and cohort studies was performed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and randomized studies were evaluated using Cochrane risk-of-bias (ROB)-2 tool through its domains. The risk of bias summary graph and risk of bias summary applicability concern was plotted using RevMan software version 5.3. The standardized mean difference (SDM) was used as summary statistic measure with random effect model and p value <0.05 as statistically significant. Seventeen studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in qualitative synthesis, of which only nine studies were suitable for meta-analysis. The pooled estimate through the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) of 0.80, 0.36 and 0.42 for maximum inter incisal opening, laterotrusion and protrusion favours CR compared to ORIF for condylar fracture management. Also, most results of heterogeneity tests were poor and most of the funnel plots showed asymmetry, indicating the presence of possible publication bias. The results of our meta-analysis suggest that CR provides superior outcomes in terms of maximum inter incisal opening, laterotrusion and protrusion compared to ORIF in condylar fractures management. It is necessary to conduct more prospective randomized studies and properly control confounding factors to achieve effective results and gradually unify clinical guidelines.

Efficacy of Two-Point Versus Three-Point Fixation for Zygomaticomaxillary Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

The zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) functions as the main buttress for the lateral portion of the middle third of the facial skeleton and because of its prominent position & convex shape, it is frequently fractured, alone or along with other bones of the midface. The management of the ZMC fractures is debatable as the literature is saturated with various theories. A number of techniques, from closed reduction to open reduction and internal fixation can be effectively used to manage these fractures. Controversies lie right from the amount of fixation (mostly 2-, 3-point fixation) required to the ideal approach, and there is no conclusive view on its ideal line of management. To systematically review the existing scientific literature to determine whether two-point or three-point fixation is a better treatment alternative for the patients with zygomaticomaxillary fractures through a meta-analysis. Review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Electronic databases like PubMed, Google scholar and Ebsco Host were searched from January2000 to November2023 for studies reporting treatment of zygomaticomaxillary fractures through two-point and three-point fixation and reporting the outcome in terms of mean and standard deviation (SD). Quality assessment of included was evaluated using Cochrane risk of bias (ROB)-2 tool through its domains. The risk of bias summary graph and risk of bias summary applicability concern was plotted using RevMan software version 5.3. The standardized mean difference (SDM) was used as summary statistic measure with random effect model and p value < 0.05 as statistically significant. Eleven studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in qualitative synthesis, of which only eight studies were suitable for meta-analysis. The pooled estimate through the standardized mean difference (SMD) of - 0.21 (- 0.83-0.41) favors two-point fixation employing random effect model with I2 (heterogeneity) value of 89% and p value 0.51. Publication bias through the funnel plot showed asymmetric distribution with systematic heterogeneity. In our systematic review, we aimed to evaluate which method of fixation is more effective in the treatment of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures. Our pooled estimate using quantitative synthesis indicates that both two- and three-point fixation procedures are equally effective in the treatment of zygomaticomaxillary fractures. As a result, two-point fixation is as efficient as three-point fixation in treating zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures.

KEGGSum: Summarizing Genomic Pathways

Over time, the renowned Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) has grown to become one of the most comprehensive online databases for biological procedures. The majority of the data are stored in the form of pathways, which are graphs that depict the relationships between the diverse items participating in biological procedures, such as genes and chemical compounds. However, the size, complexity, and diversity of these graphs make them difficult to explore and understand, as well as making it difficult to extract a clear conclusion regarding their most important components. In this regard, we present KEGGSum, a system enabling the efficient and effective summarization of KEGG pathways. KEGGSum receives a KEGG identifier (Kid) as an input, connects to the KEGG database, downloads a specialized form of the pathway, and determines the most important nodes in the graph. To identify the most important nodes in the KEGG graphs, we explore multiple centrality measures that have been proposed for generic graphs, showing their applicability to KEGG graphs as well. Then, we link the selected nodes in order to produce a summary graph out of the initial KEGG graph. Finally, our system visualizes the generated summary, enabling an understanding of the most important parts of the initial graph. We experimentally evaluate our system, and we show its advantages and benefits.

Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation With Allograft Alone Compared With Alternate Grafting Materials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

A meta-analysis of scientific literature was conducted to ascertain the superiority between allografts and other regenerative grafts for maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA). Review was performed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines and registered in PROSPERO-CRD42023392766. Electronic databases like PubMed, Google scholar and Ebsco Host were searched from 2000 to December 2022 for studies reporting MSFA using allografts or other regenerative grafts. Quality assessment of included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias (ROB)-2 tool for randomized controlled trials through its domains. Risk of bias summary graph and ROB summary applicability concern were plotted using RevMan software version 5.3. The standardized mean difference was used as a summary statistic measure with random effect model and P value <0.05 as statistically significant. Four studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in qualitative synthesis, of which all 4 studies were suitable for meta-analysis. Pooled estimate through standardized mean difference signifies that new bone formation was more or less similar for both graft materials, whereas regenerative grafts showed more residual bone grafts ( P >0.05). Publication bias through funnel plot showed symmetric distribution with the absence of systematic heterogeneity. Both allografts and other regenerative grafts are equally effective in the MSFA in terms of new bone formation, whereras regenerative grafts showed more residual bone grafts. Furthermore, randomized controlled trials are required to establish evidence in outcomes involving sinus floor augmentation and different graft materials.

A Provable Framework of Learning Graph Embeddings via Summarization

Given a large graph, can we learn its node embeddings from a smaller summary graph? What is the relationship between embeddings learned from original graphs and their summary graphs? Graph representation learning plays an important role in many graph mining applications, but learning em-beddings of large-scale graphs remains a challenge. Recent works try to alleviate it via graph summarization, which typ-ically includes the three steps: reducing the graph size by combining nodes and edges into supernodes and superedges,learning the supernode embedding on the summary graph and then restoring the embeddings of the original nodes. How-ever, the justification behind those steps is still unknown. In this work, we propose GELSUMM, a well-formulated graph embedding learning framework based on graph sum-marization, in which we show the theoretical ground of learn-ing from summary graphs and the restoration with the three well-known graph embedding approaches in a closed form.Through extensive experiments on real-world datasets, we demonstrate that our methods can learn graph embeddings with matching or better performance on downstream tasks.This work provides theoretical analysis for learning node em-beddings via summarization and helps explain and under-stand the mechanism of the existing works.

A Hierarchical Parallel Graph Summarization Approach Based on Ranking Nodes

Graph summarization techniques are vital in simplifying and extracting enormous quantities of graph data. Traditional static graph structure-based summarization algorithms generally follow a minimum description length (MDL) style, and concentrate on minimizing the graph storage overhead. However, these methods also suffer from incomprehensive summary dimensions and inefficiency problems. In addition, the need for graph summarization techniques often varies among different graph applications, but an ideal summary method should generally retain the important characteristics of the key nodes in the final summary graph. This paper proposes a novel method based on ranking nodes, called HRNS, that follows a hierarchical parallel graph summarization approach. The HRNS first preprocesses the node ranking using a hybrid weighted importance strategy, and introduces the node importance factor into traditional MDL-based summarization algorithms; it then leverages a hierarchical parallel process to accelerate the summary computation. The experimental results obtained using both real and simulated datasets show that HRNS can efficiently extract nodes with high importance, and that the average importance over six datasets ranges from 0.107 to 0.167; thus, HRNS can achieve a significant performance gain on speedups, as the sum error ratios are also lower than the methods traditionally used.

Drift Detection of Intelligent Sensor Networks Deployment Based on Graph Stream

The optimal deployment of sensor nodes can effectively improve the monitoring performance of the sensor network. The existing optimization deployment strategies focus on how to achieve the optimal coverage or the maximal monitoring efficiency of the sensor network deployment, and lack research on the issue of when a deployed sensor network need to update its deployment. Considering that the parameters of the monitored targets by sensor network will vary over time, making the deployment a certain degree of time drift characteristic. In this paper, we propose a deployment drift detection algorithm based on graph stream for intelligent sensor networks (ISNs) to investigate the optimization deployment update time of sensor nodes for more efficient targets monitoring. We utilize graph stream to represent the topology of sensor network at different timestamps, and propose a projection fusion clustering algorithm based on Structural Clustering Algorithm for Networks (SCAN) to construct the tensor graph summarization within a sliding time window. According to the contrast between the node-level and the graph-level queries of the summary graph in adjacent windows, we refer Hoeffding boundary and graph contrastive loss function as the criterion to judge the optimal update time of the sensor network deployment. Experiments on Intel_Lab_Data and CIMIS datasets demonstrate that our approach can effectively detect the update moment of the optimal deployment of sensor network.

300 LITERATURE CASE SERIES REVIEW ON LANDIOLOL IN ACUTE DECOMPENSATED HEART FAILURE SECONDARY TO TACHYARRHYTHMIAS

Abstract Introduction Landiolol is a recently innovated ultra-short-acting beta-blocker. Landiolol is the only beta-blocker with a specific dose recommendation for patients with cardiac dysfunction and acute atrial fibrillation (Class I recommendation according to the ESC guidelines). Landiolol has a shorter elimination half-life than any other beta-blocker, and it can be administered safely to patients with various tachyarrhythmias. The short duration of action and titratability of landiolol makes it ideal for use in critically ill patients. Purpose of the Study Review the case reports in the literature on the administration of landiolol in critically ill patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) secondary to tachyarrhythmias. Methods 11 case reports of ADHF secondary to tachyarrhythmias were identified. Personal, clinical and humoral data were collected. The heart rate and systolic pressure values in the time before and after the administration of Landiolol were plotted in a summary graph. Results The mean age of the 11 patients was 55 years old with high proBNP values at admission. The etiological diagnosis of heart failure was heterogeneous but tachyarrhythmia was the trigger event in all patients. Patients were critically ill with a mean EF of 26 ± 16% and an initial shock index of 1.4 ±0.5. Landiolol administered together with other antiarrhythmic drugs (amiodarone in 4/11 patients), epinephrine/norepinephrine (9/11) and levosimendan (4/11) favoured heart rate lowering and an increase in systolic blood pressure.At discharge, 4/11 had improved EF, in 10/11 sinus rhythm was restored, and all patients recovered hemodynamic stability without adverse events related to Landiolol (Figure 1). Conclusion In this case series review, Landiolol was a useful strategy in patients with ADHF refractory to conventional therapy by facilitating rate/rhythm control, limiting the toxicity of inotropic drugs and improving the hemodynamic profile. Figure 1

Моделирование рисков реализации проектов развития предприятий мясоперерабатывающей промышленности

The article considers a risk assessment matrix, according to the authors, it is the basis for modeling the risks of implementing project management for the development of meat processing enterprises. This matrix is developed in accordance with the structural ideas about the project management of the development of industry organizations as a system, it is proposed to use it in conjunction with the Gartner curve, based on the division of the resulting groups according to the degree of riskiness of their innovative projects. In accordance with the methodology proposed by Gartner, in order to make the right decision about when to implement a particular project, the main issues that companies need to balance when developing a technology maturity cycle curve are formed. The project management is considered from the point of view of the formation of a single information environment. A model for the implementation of several projects of a meat processing industry company was built using the @RISK software product. The advantages and disadvantages of deterministic and stochastic risk analysis based on Monte Carlo modeling are described. Given that each project has a 5% chance of failure in any given month, a summary graph of monthly costs is shown. As a result of running the simulation, the total costs of the project are presented.

Rockfall and Rainfall Correlation in the Anaga Nature Reserve in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)

AbstractRockfalls are frequent and damaging phenomena that occur on steep or vertical slopes, in coastal areas, mountains and along coastal cliff. Water, in different forms, is the most common triggered factor of rockfalls. Consequently, we can consider that precipitation is the most influential factor for slope instabilities and it influences almost all other water parameters. Besides, the specific geology of the Anaga nature reserve in the volcanic island of Tenerife, together with its steep landscape, contributes to the instability of the slopes and frequent rockfalls. Recently, due to climate change and global warming, the annual precipitation/rainfall has declined but the number of heavy storms, associated with intense rainfall and strong winds, events that exceed precipitation thresholds in a brief period has increased which triggers slope movements. This paper describes the analysis of information on rainfall-induced rockfalls in Anaga, Tenerife (Canary Islands), to forecast rock failures of social significance and to improve the capability to respond and emergency decision making. To define reliable thresholds for a certain area, we analized information during the period 2010–2016, reconstructed the rockfall events, and statistically analyzed the historical rainfall conditions that led to landslides. The summary graph correlating precipitation to the probability of occurrence of an event was plotted. Statistical and probability graphs were made with the direct relationship between the number of rockfall events and total rainfall in that period by examining the maximum daily precipitation, not only on the day of the event but up to 3 days before. Hence, the results of this study would serve as a guide for the possible forecasting of rainfall-induced rockfalls, especially for road maintenance services, so that they can be on alert or mobilize the necessary resources in advance depending on the intensity of the expected rainfall.

Reliable Keyword Query Interpretation on Summary Graphs

The semantic gap between keyword queries and search intents behind them motivates intensive studies on keyword query interpretation, which aims to interpret a keyword query to structured queries (a.k.a. patterns) representing most possibly relevant search intents. However, there still lacks of study on an important issue: how to guarantee the patterns are "reliable", which means the structured queries can be evaluated as really existing results. In this paper, we regard the reliability as a new metric for ranking patterns, and present a keyword query interpretation approach to find both reliable and relevant pattern trees on an arbitrary summary graph of underlying data. Specifically, we firstly propose a reliability estimation model to measure how possibly a pattern tree can be evaluated as a nonempty result set by statistics under reasonable assumptions. Secondly, we develop constrained top-k search algorithms that guarantee to return the optimal pattern trees for a specific keyword query. Moreover, to improve the efficiency of online search, we also design elaborate indexes, search heuristics and pruning strategies. Lastly, we perform comprehensive experiments on two real-world datasets, DBpedia and Yago, with both QALD-9 queries and random queries. The observations indicate our approach improves the accuracy and overall quality of top-k results significantly.

Efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate varnish in remineralizing white spot lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACPF) varnish for remineralization of white spot lesions (WSLs) "in vitro" in human teeth. Literature search included three databases, namely Medline (via PubMed), The Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register, and Google Scholar from 2010 to January 2021. The studies assessing WSL depth, calcium, phosphate ion release, and microhardness due to artificial demineralization or remineralization were considered for review. Reference articles were retrieved, and a customized risk assessment tool was used. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to generate the risk of bias summary graph. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4. Heterogeneity was evaluated by Cochrane's test, and random effects model was used to pool estimate of effect and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for surface microhardness. Eighteen studies were selected for review based on the eligibility criteria. Four studies showed superior remineralizing effect of CPP-ACPF compared to fluoride varnishes. Four studies involving 120 human permanent teeth samples were included in the meta-analysis. Efficacy of CPP-ACPF varnish was equivalent to other fluoride varnishes in improving surface microhardness after remineralization during 7-day period (mean surface microhardness: 3.94, 95% CI [-9.08-1.21], I2: 75%, P = 0.13). Major risks of bias associated with the studies included in the review were inadequate sample size, improper sample preparation, and unexplained blinding. CPP-ACPF varnish appears to be equally effective as other fluoride varnishes in remineralizing artificially induced WSLs, but quality of evidence is low.

Inductive Power Transmission System for Electric Car Charging Phase: Modeling plus Frequency Analysis

The effectiveness of inductive power transfer (IPT) presents a serious challenge for improving the global recharge system performance. An electric vehicle (EVs) needs to be charged rapidly and have maximum power when it is charged with wireless technology. Based on various research, the performance of this recharge system is attached to several points and the frequency resonance is one of those parameters that can influence. In this paper, we try to explore the relationship between the obtained power and the signal input frequency for charging a lithium battery, solve the class imbalance problem and understand the maximum allowed frequency. To obtain the results, a mathematical model was first created to demonstrate the relationship, then the dynamic model was validated and tested using the Matlab Simulink platform. The performance of the worldwide wireless recharging system in terms of frequency variation is depicted in a summary graph.

Seismic activity of hard coal longwall mining in protective shaft pillar near closed room and pillar panel

Monitoring of seismic activity during mining in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin is a part of rockburst prevention system. System is composed from two parts - seismological (SL) and seismoacoustic (SA) monitoring. Evaluation of data from both systems allows describing stress deformation process during mining and evaluation of rockburst mitigation techniques effectiveness. Described longwall was mining in a protective pillar after two trial room and pillar (R&P) testing panels were completed.Evaluation of seismic activity was carried out by special software tool which allows simulating daily advance of mining and registered seismic activity. Different mining stages were identified for evaluation of seismic activity (e.g. weekly and daily summary graph of seismic activity, Benioff graph, event rate graph, energy vs time graph etc.). Evaluation of seismic activity provides many interesting results, mainly in the area of longwall panel termination when one pillar of the R&P trial was impacted by the longwall. This work presents seismic activity analysis, detailed site conditions and implemented active rockburst measures and its effectiveness. Analysis of seismic activity allows to formulate conclusions for longwall mining operations and evaluation of seismic activity in unfavourable geomechanical conditions within the area of protective shaft pillar border.

GS4: Graph stream summarization based on both the structure and semantics

Nowadays internet-based applications collect and distribute large datasets, which are mostly modeled by pertinent massive graphs. One solution to process such massive graphs is summarization. There are two kinds of graphs, stationary and stream. There are several algorithms to summarize stationary graphs; however, no comprehensive method has been devised to summarize stream graphs. This is because of the challenges of the graph stream, which are the high data volume and the continuous changes of data over time. To tackle such challenges, we propose a novel method based on the sliding window model that performs summarization using both the structure and vertex attributes of the input graph stream. We devise a new structure for a summary graph by considering the structural and semantical attributes that can better elucidate every heterogeneous summary graph. Moreover, our framework comprises innovative components for comparing hybrid summary graphs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method that summarizes a graph stream using both the structure and vertex attributes with varying contributions. Our approach also takes user directions and ontology into account. Aiming to study the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed method, we conduct extensive experiments on two real-life datasets: American political web-logs and Amazon co-purchasing products. The experimental results confirm that compared to the existing approaches the proposed method generates graph summaries with better quality. The expected time of our proposed method in this paper ( $$O(n^3)$$ ) has significantly enhanced the efficiency compared to the current best complexity which is $$O(n^5)$$ .