Sumida River Research Articles

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INUNDATION PROCESS IN LOWLAND AREAS OF EAST TOKYO CAUSED BY THE OVERFLOW FROM THE ARA RIVER

Inundation process in lowland areas of east Tokyo which is bordered by the Ara River and the Sumida River was investigated under the assumption that the overflow from the Ara River into this area occurred. Numerical simulation model was constructed by extending our previous computational model to evaluate the flows in vacant lands as well as on the road-networks in this area. The overflow point and its discharge were the assumed one in this stage. As a result of this simulation, the time series of information about the flow path of inundated water were obtained, and the characteristics of inundation in this area were made clear. This kind of information must be useful when we make a plan of evacuation route if we experience such serious inundation.

東京低地における工場分布の変遷と２１世紀初頭の工場跡地の利用状況

The Tokyo Lowland situated in the eastern part of Tokyo Metropolis was composed of extensive paddy fields until the end of the Edo era in 1868, then became a major industrial area from the beginning of the Meiji era due to the industrialization project of the early Meiji Government. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the changes in the industrial area in the Lowland since the beginning of the Meiji era, and to investigate the recent use of former factory sites following the relocation and closing of factories since around 1960.In the early part of the Meiji era, the industrial area only occupied the western part of the Lowland, the estuary of the Sumida River, and the junction of the Shakujii River and the Sumida River, and the main factories belonged to the shipbuilding and military industries. Then, over the period of two major wars, Shino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and Russio-Japanese War (1904-1905), the industrial area continued to be enlarged. At the end of the Meiji era, in 1912, many factories were developed along canals throughout the Kohtoh Area. Furthermore, the industrial area was developed throughout the Lowland during the period straddling World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1941-1945).Although the industrial activity in the Lowland stopped for a several years from the end of the World War II in 1945, it started again with the outbreak of the Korean War, in 1950, and advanced remarkably mainly in the heavy and chemical sectors.However, this extreme industrial development brought to the Lowland the overpopulation and the public nuisances such as air-pollution, noise, and vibration from plants and manufacturing sites. To reduce these problems, the National Government and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government took such measurements as restricting the construction of new factories and strengthening regulations on the operations of factories. The regulations to prevent public nuisances were very costly to factory operators.As a result, the number of factories in the Lowland stopped increasing around 1960, and the number decreased rapidly from 1961 to 1975 because of relocation to other countries or ceasing manufacturing operations.Many former factory sites have been converted to other uses, mainly facilities for citizens such as condominiums, general residential areas, parking lots, schools, and parks. In particular, mainly at the sites of former metal industry, timber, and chemical industries, conversion to residential quarters has been remarkable. Among the new uses changed from former factory sites, the residential use occupies more than 50%.However, the change in land use from former factory sites to a residential quarter has brought problems throughout the Lowland area such the blocking of sunlight to existing houses due to the construction of housing complexes, and soil pollution caused by past industry activity. To reduce the problem of the blocking of sunlight to existing houses, each ward government has regulated the construction of housing complexes, and to reduce the problem of soil pollution, the National Government has promulgated the Soil Contamination Countermeasures Law.In addition to these problems, the extension of the subway network to the Lowland area in recent years has promoted an expansion of the residential quarter. This rapid expansion has led to a shortage of public institutions such as elementary and junior high schools. Furthermore, most of the Lowland area is permanently below sea level due to land subsidence, although the land is protected by extensive dikes and drainage systems to prevent disasters related to high tides and flooding.It is essential to solve these problems related to land use in this Lowland area.

Stories of boys and buildings: Ishida Ira's 4-Teen in 2002 Tokyo

During the past few years, the construction of luxury residential and commercial towers in neighborhoods along the Sumida River has accelerated dramatically, altering the social composition and cultural images associated with downtown Tokyo. The new buildings stand in contrast to the sinking economy and are markers of the growing gap between rich and poor. They also reflect the pattern of urban construction and destruction as well as the unobtainable desires promised by commodity capitalism. Concurrently, the Japanese media have featured articles on the escalation of youth crime and discontent, as well as the many forms of corruption that teenagers are exposed to in transformed downtown Tokyo. The 2002 Naoki literary prize was awarded to a book that reacts to both urban development and the problems facing Tokyo adolescents – Ishida Ira's 4-Teen. Ishida shows the effects of Tokyo's transformations on teenage social norms and uses descriptions of urban places to reveal contradictions embedded in these roles. Ishida's eighth graders show hope despite an estranging cityscape, poor economic conditions and violence. In this article, I combine literary analysis and architectural history to examine the context of 4-Teen's publication and the awarding of the Naoki Prize. I explore how stories that mix fiction and historical experience provide new ways of viewing the changes in Tokyo.

Temporal variability of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of size-fractionated particulate organic matter in the hypertrophic Sumida River Estuary of Tokyo Bay, Japan

To clarify the major factors that control stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions (δ 13C and δ 15N) of suspended particulate organic matter in a hypertrophic estuary, seasonal variation in concentrations and stable isotopic compositions of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC, PN), chlorophyll a content (Chl) and dry weight of suspended solid (SS) was studied in the Sumida River estuary of Tokyo Bay. Particulate material was fractioned into four size-fractions (3–20, 20–53, 53–250, 250–1000 μm). At the lower-estuarine (LE) site, the finer size fraction (<20 μm) was predominant (>80% Chl) during the autumnal bloom (Aug–Sep 2003). The middle size fractions (20–53 and 53–250 μm) however increased during the spring bloom (50–80% Chl; Feb–Apr 2004), reflecting difference in taxonomic composition of phytoplankton. At the upper-estuarine and the riverine sites, the <20 μm fraction was most abundant throughout the survey period. δ 13C POC and δ 15N PN varied between −32 and −16‰ and between −8 and +12‰, respectively. Relationships of δ 13C POC with POC/Chl and POC/PN ratios could be explained by assuming two end members: allochthonous (terrestrial) POC with a δ 13C close to −26.5‰, and autochthonous (planktonic) POC whose δ 13C was variable and apparently correlated with δ 13C of ambient DIC (−10 to 0‰) and phytoplankton abundance (Chl). δ 15N PN was apparently controlled by water temperature and NH 4 + concentration. The variability of δ 13C and δ 15N was different between size fractions: the apparent dependence of δ 13C on Chl as well as that of δ 15N on water temperature was significantly stronger for the middle size fractions (mainly diatoms) than the finer fraction (mainly microflagellates), suggesting different physiological response between taxa. The second objective of this study was to evaluate contribution of terrestrial organic carbon (TPOC) to the POC size fractions by using δ 13C of isolated chlorophyll a at LE site as surrogate for the autochthonous δ 13C end member. During the autumnal bloom, TPOC was 23–36% on average for the middle size fractions (20–53 and 53–250 μm), and ≥59% for the finest (3–20 μm) and coarsest (250–1000 μm) fractions. During the spring bloom, the average contribution of TPOC was generally low (≤21%) except for the finest fraction (36%). Negative correlation between salinity and calculated TPOC suggested that transport of terrestrial organic carbon to this estuary was controlled principally by the river discharge.

The Weeping Mothers in Sumidagawa, Curlew River , and Medieval European Religious Plays

One of the happiest and the most creative meetings of East and West came about a work by the British composer Benjamin Britten (1913-76). During a short stay of twelve days Japan, he saw two performances of the Japanese medieval Noh play Sumidagawa, and eight years later he completed his opera Curlew River, which was based upon this Noh play. In November 1955, he and the tenor Peter Pears along with their patrons, Prince Ludwig of Hesse and Rhine and his wife Margaret, left England on a world concert tour. On 8 February 1955 they arrived Tokyo, and three days later they attended a performance of Sumidagawa (Sumida River), Juro Motomasa's fifteenth-century drama, at the Suidobashi Noh Theater Tokyo. The performance was being staged by the Umetani Group of the Kanze School with Takeshi Umewaka playing the leading role. The day was to be remembered as one of the most significant of the entire tour. Before leaving for Japan, Britten had been advised advance by William Plomer, who was to become the librettist of Curlew River, that he should make a point of seeing a Noh play. Plomer, having spent three years Japan his early twenties and being well versed many aspects of Japanese culture, was certain that Britten would be inspired by a strange dramatic experience such as this even though the composer knew little about the genre and did not understand the language at all. It is useful to see how Plomer described his own experiences of the Noh theater his autobiography: And what was Noh play? To this the European brought that total ignorance which, its way, made him specifically impressionable. One did not understand the archaic language, the completely strange chanting; one knew nothing of the symbolism, and the briefly outlined plot was so steeped the mysteries of antiquity, of a remote and venerable culture, of esoteric Buddhism, that one had to rely on little but the evidence of one's senses to perceive the great beauty and refinement and agelessness of a wholly nonpopular tradition and convention, which, present-day jargon, would perhaps be sneered at as elitist--whatever that may mean. Perhaps, for those who use such a term, the best is too good. (1) As Plomer had hoped, Britten was deeply impressed by the performance of Sumidagawa and wanted to see it again. This occurred on 19 February just before he left Japan for Hong Kong. As soon as he came back to England, he told Plomer in a quiet voice but with ... a distinctive firmness that he wished to compose an English version of the Noh play that he had seen. (2) The composer was haunted by the memory of this extraordinary theatrical experience for many years. He wrote: The whole occasion made a tremendous impression upon me: the simple, touching story, the economy of style, the intense slowness of the action, the marvelous skill and control of the performers, the beautiful costumes, the mixture of chanting, speech, singing which, with the three instruments, made up the strange music--it all offered a totally new operatic experience. There was no conductor--the instrumentalists sat on the stage, as did the chorus, and the chief characters made their entrance down a long ramp. The lighting was strictly non-theatrical. The cast was all male, the one female character wearing an exquisite mask made no attempt to hide the male jowl beneath it. (3) Integral to the plot of Sumidagawa is the Sumida River (the name is derived from Sumi, corner, and da, rice field), from which this Noh play took its name, which runs through the Kanto Plain and enters the sea Tokyo Bay. (4) On an evening one spring, the Ferryman of this river is about to row across. The Traveler approaches him and asks for a place the boat. Shortly thereafter a distraught woman, a noble lady from Miyako (present-day Kyoto, the western part of Japan, and earlier times its capital) arrives. …

Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Center of the World (review)

Reviewed by: Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Center of the World Ulf Hannerz (bio) Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Center of the World. By Theodore C. Bestor. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2004. xxviii, 411 pages. $60.00, cloth; $24.95, paper. Anthropological monographs do not usually include instructions for a tourist visitor to the field. The new book by Theodore Bestor, Harvard professor of anthropology and Japanese studies, does so, and this clearly says something about the particular qualities of Tsukiji, the famous Tokyo fish market, as a field site. Tsukiji does little purposively to attract tourists, but mostly it tolerates them, and they flock there to see the tuna and the several hundred other varieties of catches from near and far away and to try the absolutely fresh sushi. The practical instructions Bestor offers the tourist also allow a concrete sense of the everyday (preferably early morning) scene: watch out for carts! Backpacks, large handbags, and elaborate camera bags will get in other people's way and make it awkward for you to maneuver. Flash photography around the auctions is prohibited, because the flash can momentarily blind an auctioneer to the bidding! Wear long pants and solid shoes with good nonskid soles, not sandals or open-toed shoes. Puddles are everywhere! All those points and more, however, are in an appendix to the volume. Like Tsukiji market itself, the book has a complex structure, and readers may be tempted to enter it at different points, depending on their interests. A study of Tsukiji surely has the potential of attracting a very diverse readership: scholars of Tokyo history and ethnography, researchers in comparative institutional economics, fans of Japanese cuisine, students of globalization or of occupational cultures, urban explorers. Bestor offers much for all of these, yet his engaging style of writing will probably also keep each of them from ever getting bored, even as the tour turns out to be comprehensive. The book is also well illustrated, by way of photographs, drawings, maps, and diagrams. In its present location, the Tsukiji seafood market dates back to 1923, when its predecessor in Nihonbashi, with a history going back well into the Tokugawa period, was destroyed by the great Kanto earthquake and the fires that followed immediately after. Through Nihonbashi, the cultural traditions of Tsukiji are linked with the old shitamachi, plebeian, artisanal, and trading Tokyo. Yet the physical area, beginning only as the marshy lowlands of the Sumida River delta were filled in during preceding centuries, also has another history: at the outset of the Meiji era, Tsukiji became the site of the first foreign settlement in Tokyo, lasting for about a generation. One could [End Page 428] argue, consequently, that in its strands of history it has already combined the intensely local with the dramatically cosmopolitan which now meet in the Tsukiji seafood trade. While Japanese coastal waters contain some 2,000 species of fish and several hundred species of shellfish, most of which have also become part of Japanese cuisine, Bestor notes that a very large part of the goods sold at Tsukiji arrives, chilled or frozen, in Japan by way of Narita Airport, from just about everywhere in the world. And then through the institutional order of Tsukiji, it is divided, subdivided, and moved rapidly and expertly from the large-scale—and, in considerable part, long-distance—trade into the local commerce which finally brings it to the tables of Tokyo fishmongers, restaurateurs, and housewives. Each day (except Sundays and assorted holidays) some 50,000 people are involved in buying and selling at Tsukiji. Obviously they are slotted, on both sides, into a highly differentiated and stratified structure. At the top, among the sellers in the local structure, are seven large auction houses, some of them linked to Japan's famous large business combines, the keiretsu; a few even now have histories going back to the old Nihonbashi market. Auctioneers work for them. Below them are the much more numerous intermediate wholesalers, who buy their merchandise at the daily auctions and resell it at their Tsukiji stalls to customers involved in retail business. But there are also licensed buyers, making purchases on behalf of large...

東京大学創設期の体育

The purpose of this study was to investigate the systems of physical education practiced in the early period after the establishment of the University of Tokyo. The results may be summarized as follows : 1) In 1877, the School of Medicine at the University of Tokyo planned to install gymnastic apparatuses at Hongo Campus to be shared with the Sangakubu (Three Schools of Law, Science and Literature). 2) In October of 1877 the Ministry of Education asked the Sangakubu and Medical School to give their views about the proposed invitation of a foreign teacher to give gymnastics instruction at some governmental schools. While the Medical School recognized gymnastics as a required subject, the Sanngakubu considered that students would become unduly exhausted if rigid gymnastics practice were a required subject, and that this would disturb their study. 3) The centralization of research and instruction in physical education under the Taiso-denshujyo (Normal School of Gymnastics) was intended to suspend the function of the University in order to develop physical education. 4) At first, only dormitory students went to the Taiso-denshujyo to take gym classes, but later, commuting students also did so. Gym classes for the Medical School at Hongo were started only later. 5) In March 1881, the Ministry of Education asked the University to make gymnastics a required subject, and the University replied that they would prefer it to be elective, and mainly for dormitory students. In December 1883, the Ministry again made the same request, and this time the University was obliged to agree, and military drill was adopted. 6) In 1878, the University instituted an annual summer swimming program in the Sumida River under an instructor. Kenjutsu (traditional fencing) instructors were also employed. It may be concluded that in these measures the University intended to train students in traditional martial arts as well as gymnastics and western sports.

東京湾流入河川におけるダイオキシン類の輸送量と発生源

The amounts of dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs transported by rivers from various sources to Tokyo Bay were estimated. River water samples were collected at six stations in six different rivers (Edo River, Naka River, Ara River, Sumida River, Tama River and Tsurumi River) from April 2001 to July 2003, and the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in these rivers were determined. On the basis of these results, the annual amounts of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs transported by each river to Tokyo Bay were estimated. It was estimated that 10 g-TEQ (particulate phase) and 2.3 g-TEQ (dissolved phase) were transported to Tokyo Bay annually in recent years. Also, the contributions of sources of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in these rivers were estimated by a chemical mass balance (CMB) approach. In Tama and Tsurumi Rivers, it was estimated that more than 85% of total TEQ originated from combustion, while the contribution of combustion was less than 60% in the Ara River. Moreover, the amounts of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs transported from each source were estimated, assuming that the contributions of sources in a river are constant in recent years. It was estimated that 8.4 g-TEQ, 1.1 g-TEQ, 0.45 g-TEQ, 1.2 g-TEQ originating from combustion, PCP, CNP and commercial PCBs, respectively, were transported to Tokyo Bay annually.

Tin concentrations in river / bay sediments of Tokyo in 1984 and 2000

To analyze in greater detail the fate and behavior of toxic organotin compounds in the environment, total tin (Sn) concentrations were determined for sediments of the Arakawa River, the Sumida River, and Tokyo Bay by using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GFAAS). Sn concentrations in 2000 were compared with those of 1984 (8 years before the regulation on tributyltin-based antifouling paint) as well as with other heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn). The Sn concentrations ranged from 1.04 to 4.43 mg kg−1 for sediments sampled in 2000. Although the average concentration of Sn in the sediments was low compared with that of 1984, the concentration tended to increase at several sites in 2000. Moreover, the Sn concentration showed significant correlations with the Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. These results suggest that a significant proportion of the overall Sn content in these sediments was probably introduced from the sources other than antifouling paint. The metals extracted from air-dried sediments with 0.1 m HCl showed that the mobility and bioavailability of Sn was low compared with those of other heavy metals.

History of the Perpendicular Banking in the Sumida River

The Sumida River, running through the eastern basin of Tokyo, used to be one of the main traffic means and often caused flood damages such as inundation, flood tides and so On.During our highly rapid economic growth, We had constructed perpendicular banking along the river, which was named on “KAMISORT TEIBOU”, to protect against these to damages.In this reports_we will investigate each case of Perpendicular Banking along the Sumida River in viewpoints of both histories and technologies, and will finally find out why so-called KAMISORI TEIBOU was established.

A Basic Study on the Function and Location of the Physica1 Distribution Facilities along the Sumida River in Tokyo during Edo Period

A Basic Study on the Function and Location of the Physica1 Distribution Facilities along the Sumida River in Tokyo during Edo Period

ウォーターフロントの特性を活かす住宅団地計画の研究

The purpose of this study is to make factors of housing developments on waterfronts. First, this manuscript grasps the value of waterfront for living environment and suggest how to plan with factors there. As doing investigation in Yatsu Park Town which is adjacent to Yatsu tideland, Yashio Park Town which is adjacent to Keihin canal and Okawabata River City 21 which is adjacent to Sumida river, the effective answer of 923 was voted. As a result, it is important to secure the view and the influence which residents are able to feel on the waterfront, and they contribute to improve in living environment of housing developments on waterfronts.

文学作品から見た20世紀前半の隅田川の水質の変遷

文学作品から見た20世紀前半の隅田川の水質の変遷

Mutagenicities of Bangkok and Tokyo river waters

Samples of water from the Chao Phraya river and some connected canals in Bangkok, Thailand, and from the Sumida and Ara rivers in Tokyo, Japan, were tested for mutagenicity using blue rayon to adsorb the mutagens. The samples from the Chao Phraya river and connected canals at sites located 50–150 km from the river mouth taken in May 1993 showed a mutagenicity of 87–1213 revertants per 0.05 g blue rayon extract towards S. typhimurium YG1024 in the presence of S9 mix. Samples from most sites taken in December 1993, which follows the rainy season, showed a lower mutagenicity than those taken in May, possibly due to dilution by the larger volume of water in the river and canals in December. Water samples from the Sumida river were collected in July 1993 and February 1994, and those from the Ara river in January 1994. Mutagenicity of samples from all sites of the Sumida and Ara rivers, which were located 2–30 and 2–20 km, respectively, from the river mouth was also clearly detected in the presence of S9 mix and did not differ much, being 155–748 revertants of YG1024 per 0.05 g blue rayon extract. These results demonstrated that the water in all three rivers contained some frameshift mutagens.

河川水から分離されたＫｌｅｂｓｉｅｌｌａ ｓｐ．が産生する菌体外多糖類の産生条件に関する研究

Klebsiella sp. isolated from the Sumida River produced an extracellular polysaccharide (BS-1) whose physical properties are of interest to the food industry. However, the yield of BS-1 was not so high; only 3.2% of carbon source in the medium was converted into BS-1. In order to increase the yield of BS-1, optimal conditions for cultivation i.e. composition of the medium, temperature, pH, aeration, and shaking were surveyed. As a result, it was found that lactose was the most effective carbon source for BS-1 production and that the yield increased when the organism was incubated at 30°C under aerobic conditions. The maximum yield was obtained when the initial pH of the medium was adjusted to 10.0. Under the optimum condition as mentioned above, the yield of BS-1 increased to 12.8g/l and the conversion ratio of the carbon source into BS-1 reached 43%.

河川水熱利用システムの現状 大川端リバーシティ２１Ａ棟におけるシステムの紹介

A river water heat utilization system has been introduced to Building 21 A, Okawabata River City. This is a super-highrise apartment building constructed by the Housing and Urban Development Corporation at 1-chome Tsukuda, a development area on the banks of the Sumida River. This system supplies hot water by a gas absorptive heat pump, the heat sources being the water of the Sumida River for the low temperature and city gas for the driving heat.Compared with conventional gas boiler systems, this system provides a 43% reduction in primary energy. In practical use, however, considering the additional burning when the supply water temperature becomed low and the drop of COP caused by scaled heat exchanger tubes, reduction of moderate approx. 40, 000Nm3/year in terms of gas volume is expected.As the heat selling project for this area is 5Gcal/hour or less in capacity, the Heat Supply Law will not be applied and it will be operated as project incidental to the city gas project by the Tokyo Gas Company. Small-sized heat supply projects as this are named “spot heat supply” by the company. The success or failure of spot heat supply (=small-sized heat supply) depends mainly on the cut down of the equipment cost and personnel cost.

13C and 15N abundance of sedimentary organic matter in estuarine areas of Tokyo Bay, Japan.

The distribution of δ13C and δ15N in sedimentary organics from the Tama River, Sumida River and Arakawa River estuaries and Tokyo Bay was determined to establish an isotope biogeochemical structure to assess the fate of organic matter in the estuary-bay system. Variation in isotope ratios in intertidal river sediment was primary governed by the mixing of terrestrial and riverine organic matter. Fluctuation in isotopic composition in the intertidal zone may possibly result from different flushing times at each site.Variation in δ13C and δ15N was remarkable in the vicinity of the river mouth and inner bay. Enhanced δ15N at the river mouth of the Tama River may possibly have been due to oxidation reduction-reactions through which 15N depleted N2O and N2 were emitted from the aquatic system. The very low values for δ15N and high δ13C in the inner bay may reflect isotope fractionation during assimilation of inorganic nitrogenous compounds with eutrophication and rapid growth of marine phytoplankton, respectively. The variation in isotopic composition was schematically illustrated based on available data.

The East Asian Preference for Conciliation: An Example in a Kabuki Play

Arbitration in East Asia is greatly influenced by the preference for conciliation. An amusing illustration of this phenomenon occurs in the Japanese Kabuki play Sannin Kissa, Kuruwa no Hatsugai (‘Three Kissa's Going to the Red-Light District’) by Kawatake Mokuami, a Nineteenth Century Japanese playwright. The following passage is quoted in Nihonji no Hoishiki (‘Japanese Legal Consciousness’) by Professor Takeyoshi Kawashima, an eminent legal sociologist and an expert on international arbitration:2 ‘The scene is Okawabata (bank of the Sumida River), the northern approach of the Ryogoku Bridge. The Koshin-zuka is seen on the right of the stage. Obo-Kissa, a villain, hiding, sees Ojo-Kissa, another villain disguised in female attire, killing Yotaka (a streetwalker) and robbing her of 100 Ryo. He then steps out and demands that Ojo-Kissa surrender the 100 Ryo. Ojo-Kissa refuses, both unsheath swords, and struggle. Then Osho-Kissa, a higher ranking villain, appears. He brings the conflict to an amicable settlement as a go-between. The process is as follows:3 > “Osho:Wait, wait. You both wait. I don't know your reasons for struggling, but I am intervening to stop you. Please wait … Because I make “round” …

Intra-urban Navigation in the Tokyo Area in Modern Times

It has been thought in previous studies that inland navigation had declined in modern times. The author differs with this idea. That is to say, we can say that the navigation has progressed at least in the field of ko-unso (reception and distribution) in modern cities.The purpose of this article is to clarify the function navigation played in urban transportation, in parallel with the progress of other forms of transport and modern industries. The research field for this article is Tokyo, which was one of the most developed cities in modern Japan.Intra-urban navigation in the Tokyo area evolved chiefly as traffic by barges along the Sumida River, Tokyo Port and canals which were built early in the Edo Period, e. g. Onagi River, Kanda River, Nihonbashi River, etc.Intra-urban navigation has several characteristics: namely, transshipment, reception and distribution. Taking this into consideration, the author classifies intra-urban navigation into four types for investigation. They are:1. Transportation connected with marine transportation: Most of the ocean-going ships could not come into direct contact with the shore before World War II. Therefore, when freight from ocean-going ships came into and out of the city, barge transportation was indispensable. This type was the main stream of intra-urban navigation ever since Edo Period.2. Transportation connected with railway transportation: This type of navigation arose in modern times. Stations dealing with freight opened near the riverfront, where freight carried from the railwey was transferred to barges.The quantity of freight carried by this type of navigation was about 45% of the total amount which was dealt with at eight stations in Tokyo City.3. Transportation linked straight to the hinterland transshipment: The ships of this type came into direct contact with the shore. There were two categories: inland navigation originating from Tokyo through the Naka River, Ara River, Tone River, etc., and transportation by steam and sail boats around Tokyo Bay. In the Edo Period, transport items were crops, sea products, soy, etc., but these changed gradually to industrial items in modern times.4. Reciprocal tranport within the city, among each area: This type increased with the expansion of the urban area. It was intra-urban transport between factories or storehouses built in the areas which had many canals, e. g. Fukagawa-ku, Honjo-ku. It seems that the freight volume was twice as much as the total coming into and out of the city.Judging from the above, intra-urban navigation played a great part in transport of freight in the city.The transported items of intra-urban navigation in modern times were rice, wood, coal, gravel, chemical manure, steel, etc., Above all, a large amount of coal as fuel for industry was transported during modern times, particularly from the Taisho Era to early Showa. Intra-urban navigational tranport played an important role in the location of factories as well as in the establishment of land-use zoning in city planning.

河川水から分離された細菌が産生する菌体外多糖類に関する研究

In order to find new thickening agents or emulsifiers which possess uselful characteristics forfood industries, we attempted screening of microorganisms from soli and water. As a result, we found one bacterial strain which produced a large amount of extracellular polysaccharide from Sumida River in Tokyo. The strain was identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae in conformity to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (1984). The polysaccharide (BS-1) produced by this strain showed higher viscosity than known thickening agents such as xanthan gum, carrageenan and tragacanth gum. The viscosity of 1% (w/v) BS-1 at 20°C reached 7000cps under the shear rate of 1/S. Besides, BS-1 possessed a good property as an emulsifier. When we made emulsions of O/W=3/7 using several emulsifiers involving BS-1 and observed after 3 days of storage at room temperature, it was found that BS-1 stabilized the emulsion at the concentration of as low as 0.1% (w/v), and that the emulsion kept its creamy smoothness.