Sumac Extract Research Articles

Potential anticancer activities of Rhus coriaria (sumac) extract against human cancer cell lines.

Therapeutic strategies of plant origin are a better choice as both dietary plant products or its isolated active constituents against the development and progression of cancer. The present study aims to evaluate the anticancer activity of sumac (Rhus coriaria) against different human cancer MCF-7, PC-3, and SKOV3 cell lines. In addition, the study tries to explore a prospective mechanism of action, assessment of in vitro enzyme-inhibitory capacity of sumac extract against hCA I, II, IX, and XII. In the present study, the potential antitumor effects of sumac (Rhus coriaria) were explored in the human cancer cell lines; MCF-7, PC-3, and SKOV3 using in vitro assays. Apoptotic, cell survival, ELISA immunoassays were also conducted to reveal the inhibitory effects of sumac extract against hCA I, II, IX, and XII. In addition, both Clioquinol and Acetazolamide (AZM) were used as standards to explore the in vitro enzyme-inhibitory capacity of sumac extract against hCA I, II, IX, and XII. The hydro-alcoholic extract of R. coriaria (Sumac) was subjected to phytochemical analysis using GC/MS assays. Sumac at non-cytotoxic doses of 50 and 100 µM significantly modulates the growth of the MCF-7, PC-3, and SKOV3 cancer cells with a higher inhibitory effect and selectivity to carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms; hCA I, II, hCA IX, and XII. The data showed that sumac at doses of 50 and 100 µM significantly inhibited the growth, proliferation, and viability of cancer cells by activating the apoptotic process via caspase-3 overexpression and the regulation of Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic protein.

Sumac‐Mediated Mitochondrial Targeting in KRAS‐dependent Pancreatic Cancer: A Possible Role for Sirtuin3?

Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with a high mortality rate and a low 5-year survival rate of only 10% (2010-2016, SEER database). Each year about 57,000 Americans and 250,000 people worldwide are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. It is difficult to treat due to a plethora of factors ranging from substantial chemoresistance, multiple genetic lesions, relative quiet progression, and ineffective targeted pharmacological intervention to a lack of understanding of the molecular events involved both in its etiology and in effective drug therapy. Our goal is to identify small molecule compounds that are synthetic lethal in cellular models of mutant KRAS-dependent pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Our preliminary experiments demonstrate that aqueous extracts of the Middle Eastern spice-plant sumac induce cytotoxicity in two cultured human pancreatic cancer cell lines with KRAS gene mutations; MIA PaCa-2 (G12C) and PANC-1 (G12V and G12D) but not in normal fibroblasts. Since gemcitabine or FOLFIRNOX therapy is largely ineffective in pancreatic cancer patients, 90% of whom have mutations in the KRAS oncogene, we posited that using sumac as an adjunct would skew the otherwise chemoresistant pancreatic cancer cells into an apoptotic phenotype. We hypothesized that sumac's cytotoxicity was a consequence of mitochondrial targeting, specifically a derangement of mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to mitochondrial compromise, and eventually apoptosis. To test our hypothesis, we treated MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells in vitro with increasing concentrations of aqueous extracts of sumac (0, 0.03, 0.3 and 3.0 mg/mL) for varying time points and measured 1) mitochondrial membrane potential using TMRE assays, 2) ROS production using DHT assays, 3) ATP levels using fluorimetry, and 4) activated caspases 3 and 7. Our data show that sumac treatment 1) ameliorated ROS production, 2) abrogated mitochondrial membrane potential, 3) activated caspases 3 and 7, and 4) reduced cellular ATP levels in a dose-dependent manner, all preferentially in PANC-1 compared to MIA PaCa-2 cells. These data suggest that sumac mediates “synthetic lethality” in pancreatic cancer cells based on type of KRAS gene mutation. We also hypothesized that the observed ATP reduction would alter levels of SIRT3, which is a major mitochondrial physiology regulating deacetylase enzyme. Immunoblot data show paradoxical increase in SIRT3 in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting other roles for SIRT-3 in this pathway. Furthermore, using HPLC-based NMR spectroscopy, we identified the active compound in the aqueous sumac extract to be [(2R, 3R, 4S, 5R)-3, 4, 5, 6-tetrakis [(2-deuterio-3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]oxan-2-yl] methyl-2-deuterio-3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoate. In conclusion, sumac targets hitherto unknown mitochondrial signal transduction pathways and is synthetic lethal for the KRAS mutant G12V and G12D.

The Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue Dye Using CuO/PET Nanocomposite in Aqueous Solutions

The present research investigates the application of the green method to produce nanocomposites. The CuO/PET fiber nanocomposite can be prepared in two ways. The first way involves the application of the electrospinning technique by which waste plastic cups of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are converted into nanofibers. In the second way, the copper nanoparticle (CuONPs) is synthesized with the natural capped plant extract of sumac (Rhus Coriaria L., family Anacardiaceae) and the CuONPs are then combined as a filler with the PET nanofiber using a cross-linked solvent. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), and map elements distribution can be applied to investigate the surface modification and alteration of the composite nanofiber morphology. The collected data show that the produced CuO/PET nanocomposites have a high surface area, well distribution of elements, magnificent shape, and stable dispersion state. Furthermore, the CuO/PET nanocomposites are considered as an efficient photocatalytic removal of the toxic methylene blue dye (MB) in aqueous solutions. The results of the present study demonstrate that the photocatalytic efficiency for removing MB dye is achieved in a short time using a low-intensity irradiation ultraviolet light.

Chemical composition and microencapsulation suitability of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruit extract

Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.), a spice obtained by grinding whole sumac berries, is a complex natural product with a plethora of biological activities that can be favorably explored in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical fields. Sicilian sumac is herein chemically investigated by means of a combined NMR/HR MS-based profiling. A hydroalcoholic extract was prepared and its complexity unraveled following fractionation in an alcoholic and an aqueous fraction. The 1H-NMR spectrum of this latter fraction was dominated by the signals of gallic acid and its derivatives, whereas HR MS and HR MS/MS analyses highlighted the diversity in malic acid derivatives. Gallotannins and galloyl flavonol glycosides with quercetin and myricetin as the main aglycones were highly represented in the alcoholic fraction. To improve bioavailability of chemicals in sumac extract, the feasibility of a microencapsulation process by spray drying was investigated. In particular, the addition of maltodextrin, cyclodextrin and gum arabic as covering agents was evaluated. The tests were carried out at different temperatures and concentrations. The addition of maltodextrin was found to be suitable as a carrier for the spray drying of sumac extract, having the highest yields, always > 82%. The highest values of a* (red index) and Chroma were recorded with cyclodextrin and maltodextrin at the lowest concentrations and temperatures of spray drying (120 °C). The correlations between the characteristics of the studied microcapsules (yields, moisture, total and surface polyphenols and colour) have been represented by Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

Effect of Sumac Nano-phytosome on Memory and Oxidative Stress in Valproic Acid-induced Rat Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an advanced neurological disorder characterized by symptoms such as deficits in social interaction, communication, and cognition. Although sumac fruit contains compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, its effectiveness is limited due to its low bioavailability. Objective: This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect of sumac extract and sumac nano-phytosome on memory and oxidative stress in the hippocampal area of ASD rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, pregnant female rats were first divided into healthy and patient groups. In the patient group, 500 mg/kg body weight valproic acid was injected intraperitoneally on day 12.5 of pregnancy. Male rats born in the healthy group were further divided into two healthy control and positive control groups, and those in the patient group were divided into two treatment groups of Sumac Extract (n=6) and Sumac Nano-Phytosome (n=6) 21 days after birth. The control groups received only saline, while treatment groups received SE and SNP (40 mg/kg/PO) for 4 weeks. Novel object recognition test was performed to assess recongnition memory of rats on day 49 after birth. Finally, Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione Reductase (GRx) and Catalase (CAT) were measured in the hippocampus of rats. Results: Valproic acid significantly decreased the discrimination index in novel object recognition test as well as GPx, GRx and CAT, and TAC levels in the hippocampus (P<0.001). Treatment with sumac nano-phytosome significantly improved the memory and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GRx and CAT) and TAC (P<0.001). Conclusion: Sumac nano-phytosome can improve memory deficits and oxidative stress more compared to sumac extract in ASD rats due to increased bioavailability.

Nano-bio finishing of cotton fabric with chitosan nano-hydrogels containing Rhus coriaria (L)

The goal of this paper was to study some chemical and physical effects of chitosan nano-hydrogels containing Rhus coriaria on cotton fabric. The finished fabrics showed antimicrobial effects against two pathogenic microorganisms, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the particle size, as well as the effect of encapsulating sumac extract in chitosan nano-hydrogel on some physical and visual characteristics of fabrics, are then confirmed by using various methods, including antimicrobial testing, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The encapsulation efficiency and release behavior of the samples are also studied. The as-prepared samples with higher sumac content have more ultraviolet (UV) absorbing activity (about 52%) than the un-treated sample, as well as excellent washing fastness and antimicrobial properties after five washing cycles. More specifically, these methods indicated negligible changes in color and thickness of treated cotton fabrics. Finally, the application of cotton fabric along with the synthesis of chitosan nano-hydrogel and sumac loading introduced a novel cotton fabric with high antimicrobial properties, washing fastness and UV protection property.

Could Sumac Be Effective on COVID-19 Treatment?

Sumac is an herbal product, commonly consumed as a spice and was used for medical treatment for centuries. The phytochemical structure of Sumac was studied extensively, and it was established that the herb contained tannins, polyphenols, flavonoids, organic acids, and essential oils. Various scientific studies demonstrated that Sumac had a free oxygen radical-scavenging effect, a protective effect against liver damage, antihemolytic, leukopenia, and antifibrogenic effects, along with its antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Recently, several scientific studies described the pathophysiology, clinical course, and the treatment of COVID-19 infection. The examination of the characteristics of COVID-19 infection revealed via the clinical studies suggests that Sumac extract could be useful in the treatment of COVID-19. Given the scientific studies focusing on the beneficial effects of Sumac, the present review aims to provide an encouraging viewpoint to investigate whether Sumac is effective in treating COVID-19 infection.

IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY STUDIES OF AQUEOUS- AND FREEZE-DRIED FRUIT EXTRACT OF RHUS CHINENSIS AND JUICE OF CITRUS MACROPTERA, THEIR COMPARATIVE STUDIES

Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous- and freeze-dried fruits extracts of Rhus chinensis and Citrus macroptera and their comparative studies.
 Methods: The sumac fruit extracts were prepared by macerating in distilled water for 36 h, strained, and concentrated. Hatkora juice was used as it is for further concentration. Both the sample were dried using two methods, that is, evaporation in the water bath at 50°C and freeze-dried in a lyophilizer. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride method. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay.
 Results: Both sumac extract and Hatkora juice show potent antioxidant activity. When compared, the freeze-dried sample shows better activity as compared to the aqueous dried sample in both DPPH and reducing power assay.
 Conclusions: This study result shows high phenolic and flavonoid content which is responsible for its high antioxidant activity. This suggests that the fruits can be viewed as a potential source of natural antioxidants that can provide valuable functional ingredients useful for the prevention of diseases related to oxidative stress, dietary supplements, functional food, nutraceuticals, etc.

Rheological Behavior of Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) Extract as Affected by Temperature and Concentration and Investigation of Flow Behavior with CFD

The purpose of this study is to investigate the rheological properties of sumac extract in different concentrations at different temperatures as well as its flow behavior in sudden expansion-contraction and at 90o elbow with CFD. The rheological behaviour of sumac extract in different concentrations (45.65%, 50.44%, 55.53%, 60.32%, and 65.13% total solids) were evaluated using a rotational viscometer at different temperatures (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 C). Sumac extract samples showed Newtonian flow properties in these temperature ranges. Arrhenius equation was used to determine the effect of temperature. Ea value varied in the range of 11.16-34.35 kJ/mol, which diminished with a decrease in concentration. Power and Exponential models were used to characterize the effect of concentration on flow behavior. Time average velocity vector and contours, vorticity contours, kinetic energy contours, and pressure contours are given to show the flow behavior of sumac extract.

Rhus coriaria L. Fruit Extract Prevents UV-A-Induced Genotoxicity and Oxidative Injury in Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells.

Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) is a small plant widely diffused in the Mediterranean region. Its fruit are often consumed as a spice but are also present in traditional medicine of several countries. Recently, interest in this plant has increased and many scientific works reported its beneficial effects including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Plant extracts can be successfully used against ultraviolet rays, which are able to reach and damage the human skin; however, sumac extracts were never applied to this usage. Thus, in this study, we used a macerated ethanol extract of Rhus coriaria L. dried fruit (mERC) to demonstrate its preventive role against the damage induced by ultraviolet-A rays (UV-A) on microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). In vitro effects of the extract pre-treatment and UV-A exposure were evaluated in detail. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and cellular antioxidant activity measurement. Genoprotective effects of mERC were investigated as well. Our findings indicate that the extract acts as a cell cycle inhibitor or apoptosis inducer, according to the level of damage. The present work provides new insights into the usage of Rhus coriaria extracts against skin injuries.

Antimycotic Activity of Sumac Extract in Composites Based on Epoxidized Natural Rubber for Application in Footwear Soles Production

Antimycotic Activity of Sumac Extract in Composites Based on Epoxidized Natural Rubber for Application in Footwear Soles Production

Preparation of sumac extract loaded microemulsion-alg microcomposites

Our skin is the largest organ that covers our body against the external environment and it is in constant contact with microorganisms compared to our other organs. The bacterial infection does not develop easily on our skin due to many protective factors. However, bacterial infections occur when there is a deterioration in any of these protective mechanisms. Therapeutic plants and spices are widely used as antibacterial agents for dermatological use. In this study, it is aimed to prepare a microemulsion loaded with bioactive sumac extract and to test bioactivity of microalgae (Chlorella sp.) commonly used in cosmetic formulations by using an innovative approach. The microcomposites prepared by this method are expected to have a better effect on fat, bacteria and toxins on the surface of skin. Sumac fruit (Rhus coriaria), which is used as a spice, was extracted by using ethanol in Soxhlet apparatus. Algae-microcomposites were prepared with different amounts of sumac extract (1%, 2% and 3% (w/v). Excess of ethanolic extract of sumac fruit was mixed in 3 ml oleic acid for 72 hours at 37°C and and the insoluble fraction was removed by centrifugation. Tween 80 was added to the solution as a surfactant and PEG-400 was added as a co-surfactant at 2: 1 ratio into the solution. While the mixture was stirred at the medium intensity on the magnetic stirrer, pure water was added dropwise over solution until a homogenous clear solution was obtained. The bioactivity tests of the microcomposites were carried out using gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria which are generally found on the skin surface. Microcomposites containing 2 % and 3 % sumac extract showed bioactive properties by inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria.

Influence of Sumac Extract on the Physico-chemical Properties and Oxidative Stability of Some Cold Pressed Citrus Seed Oils.

The acidity values changed between 1.03 mgKOH/100g (control) and 1.11 mgKOH/100g (0.1% extract) for orange oil, 1.06 mgKOH/100g (0.5% extract) and 1.13 mgKOH/100g (0.1% extract) and 1.25 mgKOH/100g (0.5% extract) and 1.31 mgKOH/100g (control) for mandarin oil. The peroxide values were determined between1.37 meqO2/kg (0.5% extract) and 1.43 meqO2/kg (0.1% extract) for orange oil, between 1.24 meqO2/kg (control) and 1.27 meqO2/kg (0.1% extract) for lemon and 1.60 meqO2/kg (0.5% extract) and 1.71 meqO2/kg (control) in mandarin oil samples. The viscosity values of samples changed between 0.051 Pa.S (control) and 0.065 Pa.S (0.5% extract) for orange, 0.051 Pa.S (control) and 0.067 Pa.S (0.5% extract) lemon and 0.044 Pa.S (control) and 0.057 Pa.S (0.5% extract) in mandarin oil samples. At the end of storage study (28th day), the acidity values significantly changed, and their values ranged between 2.28 mgKOH/100g (0.5% extract) and 3.64 mgKOH/100g (control) in orange, 1.67 mgKOH/100g (0.5% extract) and 2.28 mgKOH/100g (control) in lemon and 1.74 mgKOH/100g (0.5% extract) and 2.36 mgKOH/100g (control) in mandarin oil samples. While peroxide values vary between 11.68 meqO2/kg (0.5% extract) and 32.57 meqO2/kg (control) for orange, 12.55 meqO2/kg (0.5% extract) and 34.63 meqO2/kg (control) for lemon and between 17.56 meqO2/kg (0.5% extract) and 37.81 meqO2/kg (control) for mandarin oils, viscosity values after 28 day storage changed between 0.123 Pa.S (0.5% extract) and 0.675 Pa.S (control) in orange, 0.257 Pa.S (0.5% extract) and 0.697 Pa.S (control) in lemon and 0.215 Pa.S (0.5% extract) and 0.728 Pa.S (control) in mandarin oil samples.

The Effects of Polyphenol Extract of Sumac (Rhus coriaria) Fruits on Body Weights, Lipid Profile and Leptin Hormon Levels in Experimental Mice

This study included extraction of polyphenol compounds from sumac (Rhus coriaria) fruits that included use of Soxhlet apparatus and 70% ethanol. Also in this study, four groups of experimental mice I-IV, each group of 12 mice were used. Groups II, III, IV were treated orally with polyphenol extract of Sumac fruits of concentration 200, 300, 400 µg /10 g of body weight for periods of two and four weeks. group I was the control (untreated) group. Twelve specimens of blood sera were taken from each of the four groups for the further studies. The study showed that polyphenol extract exhibited a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the mean values of weights and body mass index in three treated groups of mice II, III, IV for both periods of 2 and 4 weeks respectively, as compared with that of control group I, as well as compared with that of the same groups before treatment with the polyphenol extract of sumac administration. This study also indicated a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the mean values of following biochemical parameters: glucose, total cholesterol and High Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) and a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in Triglyceride (TG) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-c) in blood sera of the three mice groups which were treated with polyphenol extract of sumac as compared with that of control group. The study on the effects of polyphenol extract on the mean levels of leptin hormon in serum of the three treated experimental of II, III, IV mice for a periods of four weeks were shown a significant increase (P≤0.05) as compared with that of control group. In the mean time the statistical analysis for the correlation coefficient between the mean levels of leptin hormon and the mean values of body weights as well as the mean value of body mass indexe for the treated mice were found to be highly positive +0.65 and +0.58 respectively. The increased values of leptin hormone levels accompanied by the increase values of mean of body weights and body mass indexes of the treated experimental mice which were encountered in this study was discussed here in the view of leptin working mechanism.

Sumac (Rhus coriaria) Extracts to Enhance the Microbiological Safety of the Red Meat

Sumac (Rhus coriaria) Extracts to Enhance the Microbiological Safety of the Red Meat

THE EFFECT OF GLAZING WITH SUMAC (RHUS CORIARIA, L.) EXTRACT ON THE QUALITY OF FROZEN RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) FILLETS

This study aims to investigate the effect of glazing with sumac ( Rhus Coriaria, L.) extract on the quality of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) fillets during frozen storage. Fish fillets were glazed with 5% and 10% sumac extracts and were stored at -18°C for 6 months. Results showed that glazing with sumac treatment prevented lipid oxidation when compared to non-glazed and water-glazed treatments. Sumac extract decreased the free fatty acid production during 6 months of storage. PV, TVB-N and TBA values of S5 and S10 groups were lower than NG and G groups. Samples glazed with sumac extract showed the best results compared to non-glazed and water-glazed samples. Glazing with 10% sumac extract treatment significantly decreased the total aerobic mesophilic bacteria. Our results showed that sumac can be used as natural antioxidant, antibacterial agent and glazing material for delaying lipid oxidation and to inhibit the quality loss in frozen fish.

Neuroprotective Effect, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potentials of Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) Fruit Extracts

I
 ntroduction: Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) is a traditional edible-plant in the Anatolia. The leaves and fruits of sumac have been
 extensively used in folk medicine and alternative therapeutic approaches, because of the presence of many bioactive
 phytochemicals. Material and Methods: In this study, we aimed to investigate in vitro neuroprotective, antimicrobial and
 antioxidant properties of sumac extracts that were extracted with water, methanol, n-hexane, and dichloromethane. Results
 and Discussion: According to research results, almost all the tested extracts of sumac remarkable biological activities in a
 time and dose-dependent manner. Among the extracts, aqueous and methanolic extracts were demonstrated the highest
 cholinesterase inhibitory activity on both AChE and BChE enzymes, values ranging from 16.16±0.18 to 41.08±0.02% at
 200µg/mL concentration. Regarding of MIC assay, all the extracts exhibited more growth-inhibitory effects against gramnegative bacteria strains than gram-positive bacteria strain, and MIC values in range of 3.9-62.5 µg/mL. In terms of DPPH
 radical scavenging activity, all the tested extracts demonstrated significant antioxidant capacity, methanol extract of
 sumac seemed to possess stronger scavenging activity (56.11±1.08% at 100 µg/mL concentration) than the other extracts.
 Conclusion: These findings provide contributions to medicinal uses of sumac in nervous system disorders and microbial
 diseases as alternative therapeutic agents, along with traditional uses of sumac.

The Use of Syrian Sumac (Rhus coriaria) as a Meat Tenderizer: Effect on Fat, Protein and Collagen Profiles on Pectoralis superficialis Cut

The Syrian Sumac (Rhus coriaria) is a widely used spice in the Arab world of attractive economic importance in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Meat tenderness is one of the very most important factors for customers‘ acceptability. The global objective of this study was to add an additional value to Sumac by evaluating its meat tenderizing effect. Crude sumac fruits were used to create three different extracts (aqueous, ethanolic and purified enzymatic extract). Pectoralis superficialis cuts were treated with the extracts and studied for their shear stress, pH, protein and fat contents and collagen. The hypothesis that Sumac could have a meat tenderizing effect was supported by our results showing a significant decrease in shear stress and protein content with increase in collagen solubility. Moreover, an effect on decreasing meat fat was detected, where the aqueous sumac extract decreased significantly the fat percentage in meat. The active enzymes in Sumac were shown to be variate in nature, lipase and protease, with a significant effect on collagen, thus proving Sumac‘s possibility to be potentially used as a meat tenderizer.

The effect of using water sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) extract on wheat pan bread quality characteristics

AbstractBackground and objectivesBread is a staple food that is widely consumed worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of sumac extract as a natural and functional improver on the quality attributes of wheat pan bread. Water sumac extracts were prepared at different sumac powder: water concentrations (w:v; 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 3%, and 5%) and then used in kneading of the dough and compared to the control dough kneaded with only water.FindingsThe rheological properties of the dough were measured using farinograph and extensograph, and these properties that include water absorption, development time, consistency, stability, softening, farinograph quality numbers, dough energy, resistance, maximum height, ratio R50/E, and ratio max significantly (p < 0.05) increased by using sumac extracts, while in contrast the dough extensibility decreased. An unexpected increase in bread volume index was obtained, which ranged from 108.87% to 154.84%, compared to the volume of control bread. Lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) of the crust and crumb significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, while redness (a*) increased. The organoleptic preferences of the bread significantly increased as the concentration of sumac extract increased, except for a slight decrease in crumb color preference due to the reddish color. These improvements in pan bread characteristics could be attributed to extractable organic acids, polyphenols, tannins, and anthocyanins from sumac contributing to the strength of the gluten network.ConclusionsWater sumac extracts at levels from 0.5% to 5% significantly enhanced the quality and pan bread parameters of the all‐purpose wheat flour dough.Significance and noveltyThe use of sumac extract as a natural and GRAS method to improve pan bread formulation could be beneficial both to the baking industry and to general health.

Reduction of expression of IL-18, IL-1β genes in the articular joint by sumac fruit extract (Rhus coriaria L.).

BackgroundOsteoarthritis is the most common malignant disease in the world. The disease is caused by changes in the metabolism, the structure and function of multiple joints, and joint tissues. Sumac is one of the indigenous plants of Iran and has traditionally been used as a spice in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the reduction of expression of IL‐18, IL‐1β genes in the articular joint by sumac fruit extract (Rhus coriaria L.).MethodsThe alcoholic extract of sumac fruit (E.E.R.C.L) was prepared from the Genetic Reserve Center. Bleeding was used to provide synoviocyte cells from the joint and fluid of the anatomical metacarpal limb of the 8‐month‐old Holstein healthy calf without any signs of inflammation. Using cell‐hemocytometer count, their viability was evaluated by trypan blue and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) proliferation and injection to enhance the level of cytokines. After isolating the RNA and preparing the cDNA, RT‐PCR and PCR were performed and then, using the real‐time PCR method, the expression of the desired genes was investigated.ResultsIn this study, after the expression of IL‐18 cytokines, IL‐1β increased to 100%, and following the treatment with alcoholic extract, the reduction of expression of these cytokines was 33.61% and 29.01%, respectively. The results of anti‐inflammatory effects showed that the alcoholic extract of sumac reduced the IL‐1β, IL‐18 expression in LPS‐stimulated cells.ConclusionSumac fruit extract can be an effective medication for reducing pain.