Sulfuric Acid Research Articles

Decomposition of zinc ferrite-based solid waste by reductive leaching: Leaching kinetics and mechanism

Zinc ferrite-based solid waste is a vital zinc and iron secondary source in view of the numerous zinc ferrite will be ineluctably produced and enters into slags or residues during zinc smelting process. In this study, a reductive leaching process with zinc sulfide powder was employed to decompose zinc ferrite from solid waste. The leaching efficiency of zinc and iron can reach 90.27 % and 81.96 %, respectively, while the process went to the 90th min at 90 ℃ under the conditions: sulfuric acid concentration of 500 g/L, liquid-to-solid ratio of 20 mL g−1, mass ratio of silver flotation tailings to zinc sulfide of 5/1, silver flotation tailings particle size of + 180–250 μm, rotary speed of 400 rpm. Then, this leaching process confirmed to shrinking core model and was conducted by surface chemical reaction after kinetics and thermodynamics investigations. Ultimately, according to various tested data, the corresponding reaction mechanism was speculated as: Fe3+ was reduced to Fe2+ by zinc sulfide and hydrogen sulfide which was the product of zinc sulfide with H+, resulting in potential reduction and H+ activity elevation, accelerating zinc dissolution eventually. Meanwhile, almost all zinc sulfide and hydrogen sulfide were oxidized to monomorphic sulfur by Fe3+ where the utilization ratio of zinc sulfide was 97.28 %.

Sputter Deposited Crystalline MoO2 Films as a High-Capacity and Stable Electrode Material for Supercapacitors: Mechanistic/Electrochemical Insights

In this work, we have optimized and fabricated pristine molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) electrodes over the Silicon (Si) substrate and examined the impact of various ion-loaded aqueous electrolytes on their electrochemical behavior. The sputtered electrodes exhibited a high crystalline structure and a very low resistivity. These highly conductive electrodes were tested in three different aqueous electrolytes (acidic, neutral, and alkaline) to establish a relation between the electrode and the nature of the electrolyte to achieve optimal electrochemical performance and cyclability. The electrochemical kinetics showed that the charge storage mechanism was unique for all the electrolytes. The capacitive current was dominant in the neutral electrolyte, whereas it was diffusive dominant in alkaline and 70% capacitive in the acidic electrolyte. Our findings indicated that the MoO2@Si electrode exhibited superior electrochemical activity in an acidic electrolyte. The electrode showed a voltage window of 0.6 V with an areal capacity of 24 mF/cm2 at 0.1 V/s scan rate. Moreover, the electrode also demonstrated excellent cyclability and capacitance retention (∼145%) till 5000 cycles. These results highlighted that the binder-free MoO2@Si electrode showed outstanding electrochemical activity and stability, which makes it suitable for sulfuric acid electrolyte-based energy storage systems.

A novel shotcrete accelerator prepared from industrial aluminum mud waste and its influence on cement hydration

In this study, the aluminum sulfate and industrial aluminum mud solid waste were respectively used to prepare shotcrete accelerators (named as AFA and AFS, respectively). A comparative analysis of their performance was conducted, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Different concentrations of sulfuric acid (25 %, 30 %, 35 %, 40 %, 45 % 50 % respectively) and liquid to solid ratios (2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1) were employed for the acid leaching of aluminum mud, among which 35 % mass concentration of sulfuric acid and 3:1 of liquid to solid ratio were identified as the optimal conditions according to the setting and hardening performance of cement. AFS exhibited superior effectiveness on enhancing the rapid setting and early age strength in cement pastes and mortars compared to AFA. The working mechanisms of AFA and AFS were revealed via the examination of ionic concentrations and pH values in pore solution, as well as the evolution of hydration heat and hydration products during the hydration process. The results showed that AFS generated higher concentration of Al3+ and SO42- ions during hydration as compared to AFA thus promoted the formation of a larger amount of ettringite. Moreover, the introduction of both AFA and AFS into cement pastes significantly lowered the pH values in pore solution, and AFS was more obviously, which accelerated the cement hydration process. This study presents an innovative approach in utilizing industrial aluminum mud solid waste for the development of a novel accelerator with promising performance characteristics, opening up new opportunities for its wide range of application.

Direct prediction of isotopic properties from molecular dynamics trajectories: Application to sulfide, sulfate and sulfur radical ions in hydrothermal fluids

In hydrothermal fluids, disulfur (S2•−) and trisulfur (S3•−) radical anions have been observed to coexist with the major hydrogen sulfide and sulfate species. These radical ions have potentially important effects on the solubility, transport and fractionation of metals and sulfur, with consequences for ore deposit formation and, more generally, for geochemical cycles of metals and volatiles. It is therefore essential to know the intrinsic isotopic properties of these important sulfur species in order to use sulfur isotopes for tracing different geological processes. Here, the theoretical equilibrium isotopic properties of the disulfur and trisulfur radical ions are computed and compared to the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfate ion (SO42−), using, for the first time, a first-principles molecular dynamics (MD) approach. The isotopic properties are calculated directly from molecular dynamics trajectories using the vibrational density of states and the atomic kinetic energy, and then compared to the more established method based on sampling of several snapshots. This comparison allowed us to validate the new modelling method and to assess its advantages and limitations. The predicted equilibrium isotope fractionation in terms of 34S/32S between S2•− and S3•− is small, i.e. <1‰, with a slight enrichment in the heavier isotope for S3•−, over the temperature range 200–500 °C. Both radical ions are slightly depleted in the heavier isotope, by 1 to 2‰, relative to aqueous H2S. Our results help tuning sulfur isotope fractionation models used for tracing the origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids. Our method opens large perspectives for using the rapidly growing body of MD simulation data in geosciences on structure and stability of aqueous complexes to assess in parallel element isotope fractionations from MD-generated trajectories.

Evaluating the reinforcing potential of enzymatic cellulose nanocrystals in polypropylene nanocomposite

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) produced through enzymatic hydrolysis exhibit physicochemical properties that make them attractive as eco-friendly reinforcing agents in polymer composites. However, the extent of their efficacy within a polymeric matrix is yet to be fully established. This study investigated the reinforcing capabilities of enzymatic CNC (approximately 3 nm in diameter) isolated from bleached eucalyptus Kraft pulp (BEKP), focusing on its application in polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites produced by injection molding. The study compared the performance of this enzymatic CNC (1–5 % wt) with PP composites reinforced with micro-sized cellulose fibers (BEKP at 10–30 % wt, approximately 13 μm) and additionally with commercial CNC produced by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Despite enzymatic CNC experiencing agglomeration during spray-drying, leading to an average diameter increase to 3 μm, it still significantly increased the crystallization and glass transition temperature of the PP matrix. However, this agglomeration likely hindered the improvement of the mechanical properties within the nanocomposites. The results also showed that enzymatic CNC provided higher thermal stability at lower reinforcement levels compared to BEKP, but this came with a reduction in stiffness, posing a significant consideration in composite design. The addition of a coupling agent greatly enhanced the dispersion of reinforcements and the interfacial adhesion within the matrix, contributing to the enhanced performance of the composite properties. Additionally, enzymatic CNC demonstrated potential for superior reinforcement efficacy compared to commercially available CNC produced by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. In conclusion, enzymatic CNC exhibited a promising role as nano-reinforcement for thermoplastic polymer nanocomposites, exhibiting higher thermal properties at lower reinforcing loads than traditional micro-sized fiber reinforcements. The absence of sulfur, coupled with its higher thermal stability and sustainable potential, positions enzymatic CNC as a particularly favorable choice for applications involving direct contact with food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical materials.

Stability and Structure of Potentially Atmospherically Relevant Glycine Ammonium Bisulfate Clusters.

New particle formation (NPF) is the process by which trace atmospheric acids and bases cluster and grow into particles that ultimately impact climate. Sulfuric acid concentration drives NPF, but nitrogen-containing bases promote the formation of more stable clusters via salt bridge formation. Recent computational efforts have suggested that amino acids can enhance NPF, predicting that they can stabilize new particles via multiple protonation sites, but there has yet to be experimental validation of these predictions. We used mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy to study the structure and stability of cationic clusters composed of glycine, sulfuric acid, and ammonia. When collisionally activated, clusters were significantly more likely to eliminate ammonia or sulfuric acid than glycine, while quantum chemical calculations predicted lower binding free energies for ammonia but similar binding free energies for glycine and sulfuric acid. These calculations predicted several low-energy structures, so we compared experimental and computed vibrational spectra to attempt to validate the computationally predicted minimum energy structure. Unambiguous identification of the experimental structure by comparison to these calculations was made difficult by the complexity of the experimental spectra and the fact that the identity of the computed lowest-energy structure depended strongly on temperature. If their vapors are present, amino acids are likely to be enriched in new particles by displacing more weakly bound ammonia, similar to the behavior of other atmospheric amines. The carboxylic acid groups were found to preferentially interact with other carboxylic acids, suggesting incipient organic/inorganic phase separation even at these small sizes.

Evaluation of sugar content and bioethanol production of Ethiopian local varieties “Nech Tinkish” and “Hawaye” sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.))

Diversifying the use of climate-smart crops such as sweet sorghum has the potential to solve integrated food, bioenergy, feed, and land management problems. The study’s purpose is to quantify the sugar content of Nech Tinkish (v1) and Hawaye (v2) Ethiopian sweet sorghum varieties and investigate the interaction effect of fermentation parameters to determine their capacity for ethanol production. Sweet sorghum varieties were analyzed to determine their difference in °Brix content by extracting their juices. The juice was clarified using milk lime. Its total soluble sugars, total carbohydrates, and reducing sugars were determined using a digital refractometer, phenol sulfuric acid, and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, respectively. A completely randomized factorial was employed to evaluate ethanol production capacity, and the ethanol content was estimated using a potassium dichromate solution. The °Brix results revealed that v2 had a higher sugar concentration than v1. Additionally, the estimated carbohydrate content of the juice ranged from 37.402 to 157.641 g/L. The estimated reducing sugar also varied from 4.644 to 33.412 g/L. Therefore, the estimated reducing sugar showed the hydrolysis of sweet sorghum juice by invertase and sulfuric acid produced more fermentable sugars. Fermentation at 30 °C with pH 4.5 incubated for 4 days yields the highest ethanol, and v2 yields higher (15.31%) ethanol, compared to v1 produced 14.85%. This study showed a basis for the existence of two sugar-rich climate smart sweet sorghum varieties with an extraordinary amount of sugar used as a source of biofuel and food simultaneously in a single plot of land.

UV radiation effect on the corrosion inhibition potential of Helichrysum kraussii plant extract on mild steel metal in sulphuric acid medium

The comparison of the effect of UV-radiated and non-radiated Helichrysum kraussii (H. kraussii) extracts was studied for mild steel corrosion in 1.0 M H2SO4 at 30–60 °C using Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS), gravimetric weight loss analysis, electrochemical analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The LCMS confirmed the trans-to-cis shift geometrical isomerisation for H. kraussii due to UV radiation. From the gravimetric analysis data, the corrosion rate was calculated and found to be decreasing with an increase in the concentration of the inhibitor extracts, with the highest concentration at 30 °C having a corrosion rate of 3.920x10-4 and 1.700x10-4 g.cm2.h−1 for UV-radiated. Non-radiated H. kraussii extract gave the highest inhibition efficiency of 96.663 % compared to 92.503 % of the UV-radiated H. kraussii extract. The semi-circles diameter of the Nyquist plot from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was found to increase with an increase in the inhibitor concentration, suggesting the increase in inhibition with an increase in the concentration of the two extracts. Functional groups such as C = C, O-H, and N-H, known to be functional groups of the most effective corrosion inhibitors, were observed for both extracts from FTIR. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the UV-radiated H. kraussii extract was more effective in inhibiting the corrosion of mild steel in sulphuric acid than the non-radiated H. kraussii extract. This suggests that UV radiation decreases the efficiency of the H. kraussii extract as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in H2SO4. Therefore, it is recommended that the H. kraussii extract be used only as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1.0 M H2SO4 in its original state without being exposed to UV radiation.

Zinc-ion battery with non-aqueous electrolyte and zinc-manganese spinel positive electrode

Zinc manganite spinel powder specific surface area was found to increase by an order of magnitude via a treatment with sulfuric acid. The specific surface area, determined by nitrogen adsorption, correlates with the specific capacity of zinc manganite spinel positive electrodes. Zinc manganite spinel subjected to a controllable acidic treatment is a promising material for the non-aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

Sustainable recovery of rare earth elements from Ni-MH batteries: Flux-free thermal isolation and Subsequent hydrometallurgical refinement

This study details a sustainable approach for efficient recovery of highly pure rare earth elements oxides (REOs) from Ni-MH batteries. REOs (i.e., La, Ce, Sm, Nd, and Pr oxides) were thermally isolated from spent Ni-MH batteries into an oxide phase with the REO concentration of 67.4 wt%. Subsequently, separate leaching processes were conducted using sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid solutions, and the results were compared in terms of efficiency and feasibility. Sodium REEs sulfate hydrate (NaRE(SO4)2.xH2O) was precipitated from the sulfuric acid leachate by adjusting the pH to 1.5 using sodium hydroxide, while the addition of oxalic acid to the hydrochloric acid leachate enabled the recovery of REEs as oxalate hydrate (RE2(C2O4)3.xH2O). The resulting sulfate salt was mixed with a sodium hydroxide solution, leading to the formation of REEs hydroxide. The REEs hydroxide and oxalate were calcined at 1000 °C, resulting in the production of REOs with a purity exceeding 99.7%. This research demonstrates the feasibility of developing an efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable approach for the recovery of highly pure REOs from Ni-MH batteries which potentially can minimize the environmental impact associated with the extraction of REOs from virgin sources, while addressing the challenge of effective recycling of end-of-life Ni-MH batteries.

Leaching behaviour of limonite ores from Lapaopao, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia: Effect of mineralogy and acid types

An atmospheric leaching study of limonite ores from Lapaopao, Southeast Sulawesi, using hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;), and sulfuric acid (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) has been performed. The objectives of this study were to analyze the effect of ore mineralogy and acid types on the dissolution behavior of minerals and the leaching rate of Ni and Co at atmospheric pressure conditions. Mineralogical analysis was carried out using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), while the ore's chemical composition was determined by using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Mineralogically, the limonite ores are dominated by goethite, followed by gibbsite, talc, and lizardite, with less amounts of hematite and quartz. Analysis results of solid residues revealed that mineral dissolution order was determined as follows: goethite &gt; lizardite &gt; gibbsite&gt; hematite &gt; talc&gt; quartz. The results of the leaching experiment exhibited that the order of leaching rates of Ni in the three ores samples using three different acids were found as follows: Ore-1 &gt; Ore-2 &gt; Ore-3. Comparison of HCl, HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; as the lixiviants for the leaching of limonite ores demonstrated that HCl was the most reactive acid, followed by HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and then H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;. This might be due to the differences in mineralogical nature and reactivities of acids during the leaching process.

Obtaining a biodegradable biocatalyst – study on lipase immobilization on spent coffee grounds as potential carriers

Coffee waste can be reused as matrices for enzyme immobilization, as it contains various organic compounds able to adsorb catalytic proteins. In this study, spent coffee grounds were used as a support in the immobilization process in their native form and after being pretreated with hexane, ethanol, and sulphuric acid solution, respectively. Microbial lipases from Aspergillus oryzae, Thermomyces lanuginosus, and Rhizomucor miehei were adsorbed on the carrier, and as a reference, the abovementioned lipases were also immobilized on a synthetic matrix - Lewatit VP OC 1600. The research investigated the impact of the purification step on the immobilization process and the full characteristics of the obtained biocatalysts. The hydrolytic and synthetic activities of the immobilized enzyme preparations were tested, as well as substrate specificity, recovery, and temperature and pH activity profiles. SEM and FTIR analyses were also performed. The results showed that the chemical composition of coffee waste influenced the activity of the obtained biocatalysts, and the lack of hemicellulose caused a reduction in lipolytic activity. The study reveals that spent coffee grounds can be a potential support for enzyme immobilization, and lipases adsorbed on them have improved properties such as hydrolytic or synthetic activity, and stability in pH.

Sulfide oxidation by members of the Sulfolobales.

The oxidation of sulfur compounds drives the acidification of geothermal waters. At high temperatures (>80°C) and in acidic conditions (pH <6.0), oxidation of sulfide has historically been considered an abiotic process that generates elemental sulfur (S0) that, in turn, is oxidized by thermoacidophiles of the model archaeal order Sulfolobales to generate sulfuric acid (i.e. sulfate and protons). Here, we describe five new aerobic and autotrophic strains of Sulfolobales comprising two species that were isolated from acidic hot springs in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and that can use sulfide as an electron donor. These strains significantly accelerated the rate and extent of sulfide oxidation to sulfate relative to abiotic controls, concomitant with production of cells. Yields of sulfide-grown cultures were ∼2-fold greater than those of S0-grown cultures, consistent with thermodynamic calculations indicating more available energy in the former condition than the latter. Homologs of sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (Sqr) were identified in nearly all Sulfolobales genomes from YNP metagenomes as well as those from other reference Sulfolobales, suggesting a widespread ability to accelerate sulfide oxidation. These observations expand the role of Sulfolobales in the oxidative sulfur cycle, the geobiological feedbacks that drive the formation of acidic hot springs, and landscape evolution.

Effect of tensile cracks on the corrosion protection properties of anodic oxide films on 5083 Al alloy

Sulphuric Acid Anodic Oxide (AAO) film is a common method for corrosion protection of 5083 Al alloys, and cracks may occur in the AAO film due to stress damage. In this study, cracks in the AAO film on 5083 Al alloy were pre-prepared by mechanical tension, and the cracks on the corrosion protection property of AAO film were in-situ investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The morphology and composition of the AAO film were measured by SEM, XRD and XPS. The results show that the corrosion protection performance of AAO film for 5083 Al alloy decreases with the increase of cracks, which is due to the fact that cracks can act as diffusion channels for corrosive media, resulting in serious corrosion reaction. SECM shows the local current at the cracks of the AAO film first increases and then decreases due to the cracks being gradually repaired by the deposited corrosion products (Al(OH)3, Al(OH)2Cl, and AlOOH). A repair mechanism of cracks in AAO film on 5083 Al alloys is revealed during the corrosion process.

High performance THz metasurface sensor based on modified-SWCNTs film for femtomolar protein detection

Terahertz (THz) metasurface sensor plays an important role in environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, and materials science. However, most traditional THz metasurfaces for trace biological substance detection either suffer from high ohmic loss, or cannot achieve ultra-low concentration detection at the femtomolar level, which limits the application range of THz metasurfaces. Here, we propose a novel metasurface based on modified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) film for specific detection of SAA protein in femtomolar concentration. By modifying the SWCNTs film with concentrated sulfuric acid and introducing functionalized gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs), not only the non-resonant loss of the SWCNTs film was greatly reduced, but also the specific selection of trace SAA proteins was achieved. We experimentally demonstrated that the sensitivity of this THz metasurface sensor for SAA protein detection is 37.5 GHz/fM. In contrast to conventional metal or dielectric metasurfaces, because the unique mesh-like structure of the SWCNTs film can greatly increase the interaction between trace substances and the sensor, this new modifiable metasurface can achieve the lowest detection limit of 0.1 fM, which has increased by an order of magnitude. Our results provide a new and promising method for THz metasurfaces to realize high-performance biosensors.

Do bromine and surface-active substances influence the coastal atmospheric particle growth?

New particle formation (NPF) is considered a major source of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN); however, our understanding of NPF and the subsequent particle growth mechanisms in coastal areas remains limited. This study provides evidence of frequent NPF events followed by particle growth in the middle Adriatic Sea during the summer months at the coastal station of Rogoznica in Croatia. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report such events in this region. Our research aims to improve the understanding of NPF by investigating particle growth through detailed physicochemical characterization and event classification. We used a combination of online measurements and offline particle collection, followed by a thorough chemical analysis. Our results suggest the role of bromine in the particle growth process and provide evidence for its involvement in combination with organic compounds. In addition, we demonstrated the significant influence of surface-active substances (SAS) on particle growth. NPF and particle growth events have been observed in air masses originating from the Adriatic Sea, which can serve as an important source of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Our study shows an intricate interplay between bromine, organic carbon (OC), and SAS in atmospheric particle growth, contributing to a better understanding of coastal NPF processes. In this context, we also introduced a new approach using the semi-empirical 1st derivative method to determine the growth rate for each time point that is not sensitive to the nonlinear behavior of the particle growth over time. We observed that during NPF and particle growth event days, the OC concentration measured in the ultrafine mode particle fraction was higher compared to non-event days. Moreover, in contrast to non-event days, bromine compounds were detected in the ultrafine mode atmospheric particle fraction on nearly all NPF and particle growth event days. Regarding sulfuric acid, the measured sulfate concentration in the ultrafine mode atmospheric particle fraction on both NPF event and non-event days showed no significant differences. This suggests that sulfuric acid may not be the primary factor influencing the appearance of NPF and the particle growth process in the coastal region of Rogoznica.

PVDF-HFP-based polymer inclusion membrane functionalized with D2EHPA for the selective extraction of bismuth(III) from sulfate media

This study is the first application of a PVDF-HFP-based polymer inclusion membrane incorporating the poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as the base polymer and extractant for the extraction of bismuth(III), respectively. It is demonstrated that the PIM comprised of 60 wt% PVDF-HFP and 40 wt% D2EHPA is the most effective in the extraction of bismuth(III) from feed solution containing 20 mg L−1 bismuth(III) and 0.2 mol L−1 sulfate adjusted to pH 1.4. The extracted bismuth(III) ions are back-extracted quantitatively to the receiving solution containing 1 mol L−1 sulfuric acid. The stoichiometry experiments reveal that the Bi: D2EHPA ratio in the bismuth(III) extracted complex is 1:6, and D2EHPA is dimer. Moreover, it is shown that the studied PIM has high selectivity in the extraction of bismuth(III) over other interfering ions such as Mo(VI), Cr(III), Al(III), Fe(III), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), and Mn(II). The interference of Fe(III) is also eliminated by masking with fluoride, leading finally to a nearly pure extraction of bismuth(III).

Deterioration Mechanisms of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Under Various Sulfuric Acid and Sulfate Attack Conditions

Deterioration Mechanisms of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Under Various Sulfuric Acid and Sulfate Attack Conditions

Direct Measurements of Covalently Bonded Sulfuric Anhydrides from Gas-Phase Reactions of SO3 with Acids under Ambient Conditions.

Sulfur trioxide (SO3) is an important oxide of sulfur and a key intermediate in the formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4, SA) in the Earth's atmosphere. This conversion to SA occurs rapidly due to the reaction of SO3 with a water dimer. However, gas-phase SO3 has been measured directly at concentrations that are comparable to that of SA under polluted mega-city conditions, indicating gaps in our current understanding of the sources and fates of SO3. Its reaction with atmospheric acids could be one such fate that can have significant implications for atmospheric chemistry. In the present investigation, laboratory experiments were conducted in a flow reactor to generate a range of previously uncharacterized condensable sulfur-containing reaction products by reacting SO3 with a set of atmospherically relevant inorganic and organic acids at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Specifically, key inorganic acids known to be responsible for most ambient new particle formation events, iodic acid (HIO3, IA) and SA, are observed to react promptly with SO3 to form iodic sulfuric anhydride (IO3SO3H, ISA) and disulfuric acid (H2S2O7, DSA). Carboxylic sulfuric anhydrides (CSAs) were observed to form by the reaction of SO3 with C2 and C3 monocarboxylic (acetic and propanoic acid) and dicarboxylic (oxalic and malonic acid)-carboxylic acids. The formed products were detected by a nitrate-ion-based chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (NO3--CI-APi-TOF; NO3--CIMS). Quantum chemical methods were used to compute the relevant SO3 reaction rate coefficients, probe the reaction mechanisms, and model the ionization chemistry inherent in the detection of the products by NO3--CIMS. Additionally, we use NO3--CIMS ambient data to report that significant concentrations of SO3 and its acid anhydride reaction products are present under polluted, marine and polar, and volcanic plume conditions. Considering that these regions are rich in the acid precursors studied here, the reported reactions need to be accounted for in the modeling of atmospheric new particle formation.

Synergistic corrosion inhibition of rubber seed extract with KI on cold rolled steel in sulfuric acid solution

BackgroundPlant-based inhibitor has emerged an important topic owing to the combing merits of eco-friendly, low cost, rich natural resources as well as easy preparation. Rubber seed is the agricultural waste, and is mainly composed of oil and fatty acids those contain many polar oxygen atoms, and so it can be extracted to prepare the potential corrosion inhibitor. MethodsRubber seed extract (RSE) is prepared using reflux extraction method with the extracting solvent of ethanol aqueous solution. The synergistic inhibition effect of RSE and potassium iodide (KI) on the corrosion of cold rolled steel (CRS) in 0.50 M H2SO4 solution is firstly studied by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. CRS surface was thoroughly characterized using metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements. FTIR, UV–vis and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) compositional analysis of RSE were used to analyze the efficient components in RSE. Significant findingsThe results indicate that individual RSE or KI cannot function as a successful inhibitor to prevent CRS corrosion, but the mixture of RSE/KI performs better at inhibiting, with a maximal inhibition efficacy of up to 96.4% of 200 mg L−1 RSE/100 mg L−1 KI. The synergistic coefficient of the mixture is larger than 1, indicating that a true synergism. RSE/KI can drastically retard both cathodic and anodic processes, and interfacial capacitance falls as the charge transfer resistance of CRS/solution rises. It exhibits remarkable inhibition properties when the capacitor arc grows. There is only a small corrosion response in the inhibited media, as evidenced by the variations in electrical conductivity and ultraviolet spectrum before and after immersion. The hydrophilicity and surface roughness of CRS surface is dropped as a result of the introduction of RSE/KI. A series of metallurgical microscopy, AFM, SEM or contact angle tests indicate a synergistic inhibition effect is more pronounced for RSE/KI. XPS results clearly demonstrate that elements including Fe, S, N, and I are bonded to the surface of CRS. The primary ingredients of oleic acid, polyphenols, phenylpropanoids can also produce a strong synergism with KI.