Sulfate Groups Research Articles

In vitro susceptibility of grass carp fish (Ctenopharyngodon idella) to oxidized myosin on structural change of protein secondary structure associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) treatment

This study aimed to investigate the in vitro susceptibility of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) oxidized myosin, with the treatment of H2O2 levels being 0, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L, respectively. The results showed that in vitro oxidation of myosin, reactive oxidative species promoted protein modifications that propagated the conformation changes on myosin secondary structure, leading to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the protein carbonyl content in the high oxidation treatment, when compared to the low and medium treatments. The results of the Western blot analysis and sodium-polyacrylamide amide-dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis demonstrated that in vitro oxidation actively promoted the degradation of protein molecular weight and Desmin (53 kDa) deterioration in the sample with the highest concentration treatment of H2O2. Circular dichroism spectra showed a decrease in α-helix content from 70.1% to 29.8% and an increase in β-sheet percentage from 5.6% to 17.4%. Meanwhile, cysteine and methionine as the free amino acids were most susceptible to oxidative change due to their high sensitivity to the reaction of the sulfur group of amino acids. Protein degradation induced by oxidation resulted in significant changes to the protein secondary structure, as evidenced by the observation of oxidized myosin under different H2O2 levels.

Controlled synthesis of defective MOF-808 and its application in levulinic acid esterification

Defective MOF-808 (Def. MOF-808) plays a pivotal role in catalysis, offering the potential for optimizing catalytic reactions and enhancing reactivity. Through precise control of MOF-808 synthesis conditions, including time, temperature, zirconium (Zr) source, ligand ratio, defect agent type, and content, we systematically studied their effect on material properties. The results showed that by adjusting these conditions, we synthesized a series of MOF-808 materials with varying defect concentrations, referred to as Def. MOF-808. Shorter synthesis times, lower temperatures, defect agents with stronger coordination capabilities, and increased defect agent concentration or reduced organic ligand concentration effectively enhance Def. MOF-808’s defect concentration. The presence of defect sites facilitates the effective binding of the sulfate group, thereby amplifying the level of sulfation and augmenting its acid catalytic potential. Furthermore, this study unveiled a direct link between defect concentration and the catalytic activity observed in the levulinic acid esterification reaction. The Defect-engineered MOF-808 optimized through response surface design demonstrates exceptional heterogeneous acid catalysis performance, achieving impressive conversion rates of 97.5% and selectivity of 96.2%, coupled with remarkable catalytic stability. This study highlights defect engineering as a successful strategy to improve MOF-808 catalyst performance, offering insights for future enhancements.

New liposidomycin congeners produced by Streptomyces sp. TMPU-20A065, anti-Mycobacterium avium complex agents with therapeutic efficacy in a silkworm infection model

Three new liposidomycin congeners (1, 2, and 4), together with 14 known liposidomycins (3 and 5–17), were isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp. TMPU-20A065 as anti-Mycobacterium avium complex agents. The structures of liposidomycins were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including NMR and MS. Compounds 1, 2, and 4 belong to type-I liposidomycin-containing sulfate groups and methylglutaric acid, each with a different acyl side chain in the structure. Compounds 1–17 exhibited in vitro anti-M. avium and M. intracellulare activities with MIC values ranging between 2.0 and 64 μg ml−1. Furthermore, 1–17 exerted potent therapeutic effects in an in vivo-mimic silkworm infection model with ED50 values ranging between 0.12 and 3.7 μg larva−1 g−1.

Sulfated Polysaccharides with Anticoagulant Potential: A Review Focusing on Structure-Activity Relationship and Action Mechanism.

Thromboembolism is the culprit of cardiovascular diseases, leading to the highest global mortality rate. Anticoagulation emerges as the primary approach for managing thrombotic conditions. Notably, sulfated polysaccharides exhibit favorable anticoagulant efficacy with reduced side effects. This review focuses on the structure-anticoagulant activity relationship of sulfated polysaccharides and the underlying action mechanisms. It is concluded that chlorosulfonicacid-pyridine method serves as the preferred technique to synthesize sulfated polysaccharides. The anticoagulant activity of sulfated polysaccharides is linked to the substitution site of sulfate groups, degree of substitution, molecular weight, main side chain structure, and glycosidic bond conformation. Moreover, sulfated polysaccharides exert anticoagulant activity via various pathways, including the inhibition of blood coagulation factors, activation of antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II, antiplatelet aggregation, and promotion of the fibrinolytic system.

In situ constructing of sulfur bedecked ZIF-67 with ultrahigh and selectivity UO22+ immobilization capability from seawater

Uranium, a strategically significant resource, is estimated to contain approximately 4.5 billion tons of unconventional uranium in seawater, which can be extracted as a sustainable fuel source for nuclear power plants. In this work, a sulfur bedecked ZIF-67 (SF@ZIF-67) uranium adsorbent were successfully fabricated by employing a facile hydrothermal sulfur functionalization approach. Sequential batch experiment showed that the SF@ZIF-67 specimen displayed a broader pH response range, exceptional UO22+ harvesting efficiency (Uinitial = ∼5–10 ppm, ∼90.68 %–93.79 %) and ultra-high uranium capture capacity (qmax = 769.23 mg/g). Remarkably, due to the strong affinity between sulfur functional groups and uranyl, the SF@ZIF-67 sample exhibited exceptional selectivity with a Kd value exceeding 104 mL/g even in the presence of diverse interfering ions. Moreover, the SF@ZIF-67 specimen showed a sustained uptake efficiency of 66.61 % with close 104 KdU value in a 3000-fold VO43− system. In natural uranium spiked-seawater (Uinitial = ∼10–1000 μg/L), SF@ZIF-67 can capture ∼21–2484.5 μg/g uranium after 24 h contact. Mechanism analysis confirmed that excellent uranyl fixation ability is attributed to the coordination of sulfur and oxygen terminals with uranyl, as well as the redox processes of S2− and U6+. This hydrothermal functionalization technique offers novel insights into the potential application of MOF materials for uranium extraction from seawater.

The isolation, structure characterizations and anti-photoaging activities of sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Sargassum fusiforme

BackgroundOur previous study found that crude polysaccharide extracted from Sargassum fusiforme (PSF) exhibited excellent anti-photoaging activity, but the composition responsible for this activity remained unknown.ResultsIn this study, three fractions (P1, P2 and P3) obtained by hot water extraction and column chromatographic separation from PSF were structurally characterized. The anti-photoaging activities of these isolated polysaccharides were evaluated using HaCaT cells. The results showed that P1, P2 and P3 were acidic polysaccharides with 42.94%, 40.75% and 2.21% uronic acid. In addition, the contents of sulfate groups were 3.01%, 10.05% and 7.44%, respectively. Moreover, their content of reducing sugar was low, and none of the fractions had a triple-stranded helical structure. P1 had the largest average molecular weight of 208.89 kDa, while P2 and P3 had a relatively lower molecular weight of 154.09 and 151.71 kDa, respectively. Treatment with P2 effectively safeguarded the viability of HaCaT cells exposed to UVB irradiation. Additionally, it inhibited the secretion of MMP-1 and MMP-3 while elevating the content of hydroxyproline (HYP) in the cell supernatant. Methylation and NMR analysis suggested the main structure of P2 might be → [4)-β-ManA-(1]23 → 4)-β-ManA-(1 → 3)-β-d-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-d-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-d-Glcp-(1 → . The two terminal groups of β-ManA-(1 → and β-d-Glcp-(1 → were connected via the glycosidic bonds of → 3, 4)-O-3 in β-ManA-(1 → and O-6 in → 4, 6)-β-d-Glcp-(1 → , respectively.ConclusionsThese findings will open new avenues for exploring the potential use of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharide, particularly P2, as a functional ingredient with anti-photoaging activity.Graphical

Memory, mood and associated neuroanatomy in individuals with steroid sulphatase deficiency (X-linked ichthyosis).

Steroid sulphatase (STS) cleaves sulphate groups from steroid hormones, and steroid (sulphate) levels correlate with mood and age-related cognitive decline. In animals, STS inhibition or deletion of the associated gene, enhances memory/neuroprotection and alters hippocampal neurochemistry. Little is known about the consequences of constitutive STS deficiency on memory-related processes in humans. We investigated self-reported memory performance (Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire), word-picture recall and recent mood (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, K10) in adult males with STS deficiency diagnosed with the dermatological condition X-linked ichthyosis (XLI; n = 41) and in adult female carriers of XLI-associated genetic variants (n = 79); we compared results to those obtained from matched control subjects [diagnosed with ichthyosis vulgaris (IV, n = 98) or recruited from the general population (n = 250)]. Using the UK Biobank, we compared mood/memory-related neuroanatomy in carriers of genetic deletions encompassing STS (n = 28) and non-carriers (n = 34,522). We found poorer word-picture recall and lower perceived memory abilities in males with XLI and female carriers compared with control groups. XLI-associated variant carriers and individuals with IV reported more adverse mood symptoms, reduced memory contentment and greater use of memory aids, compared with general population controls. Mood and memory findings appeared largely independent. Neuroanatomical analysis only indicated a nominally-significantly larger molecular layer in the right hippocampal body of deletion carriers relative to non-carriers. In humans, constitutive STS deficiency appears associated with mood-independent impairments in memory but not with large effects on underlying brain structure; the mediating psychobiological mechanisms might be explored further in individuals with XLI and in new mammalian models lacking STS developmentally.

33 1-Carbon metabolism: Methionine and more

Abstract Methionine, via S-adenosylmethionine, has an important role in the post-translational methylation of Arg, Lys, and His in proteins, methylation of DNA and RNA, and methylation of serotonin (to melatonin), noradrenaline (to adrenaline), and guanidinoacetate (to creatine). After the methyl-group of Met is transferred to an acceptor, the resulting homocysteine can transfer its sulfur group to Ser yielding Cys. Homocysteine can also be remethylated back to Met in the so-called Met salvage pathway, which requires betaine or N5-methyl tetrahydrofolate (THF) as a 1-carbon donor. Methionine is, thus, not necessarily the dietary source of 1-carbon in methylation reactions. N5-methyl THF is one of the “1-carbon flavors” of THF and the catabolism of Ser, Gly, His, and formate (e.g., from Trp catabolism) results in the formation of 1-carbon metabolites linked to THF. These amino acids (and choline and betaine) are thus potential dietary sources of 1-carbon groups, of which only Ser and Gly can be synthesized de novo. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the role of Ser and Gly in 1-carbon metabolism. Glycine has the unique property that it is able to accept and donate 1-carbon groups and the high concentration of Gly in plasma may be indicative for its 1-carbon buffering capacity. Glycine is also one of the few non-essential amino acids for which the retention (e.g., for collagen synthesis) largely exceeds the dietary intake. However, the de novo synthesis of Gly has been considered “a weak link in metabolism” because it is always associated with the synthesis of a 1-carbon group, and the capacity of the animal to dispose of excess 1-carbon groups may be limited. An excess supply of 1-carbon groups may therefore lead to a dietary requirement for Gly.

Fucoidan alleviates the inhibition of protein digestion by chitosan and its oligosaccharides

Chitosan (CTS) and chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have been widely applied in food industry due to their bioactivities and functions. However, CTS and COS with positive charges could interact with proteins, such as whey protein isolate (WPI), influencing their digestion. Interaction among CTS/COS, FUC, and WPI/enzymes was studied by spectroscopy, chromatography, and chemical methods in order to reveal the role of FUC in relieving the inhibition of protein digestibility by CTS/COS and demonstrate the action mechanisms. As shown by the results, the addition of FUC increased degree of hydrolysis (DH) and free protein in the mixture of CTS and WPI to 3.1-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively, while raise DH value and free protein in the mixture of COS and WPI to 6.7-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. The interaction between amino, carboxyl, sulfate, and hydroxyl groups from carbohydrates and protein could be observed, and notably, FUC could interact with CTS/COS preferentially to prevent CTS/COS from combining with WPI. In addition, the addition of FUC could also relieve the combination of CTS to trypsin, increasing the fluorescence intensity and concentration of trypsin by 83.3 % and 4.8 %, respectively. Thus, the present study demonstrated that FUC could alleviate the inhibitory effect of CTS/COS on protein digestion.

Efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate and Labetalol in the Treatment of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension and Its Effect on Anxiety and Depression: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

In this study, the effect of magnesium sulfate and labetalol in treating pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and its influence on anxiety and depression in patients are observed, and new ideas for treating anxiety and depression in PIH are introduced. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to select patients with PlH diagnosed from July 2020 to July 2023 from Affiliated Hospital of Electronic Science and Technology University and Chengdu Women' s and Children's Central Hospital in Chengdu of Sichuan Province. The changes in blood pressure, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and generalized anxiety disorder 7 (GAD-7) in patients with hypertensive pregnancy were collected and analyzed. In our investigation, 219 patients completed the study, and 36.1% (79/219) of them developed anxiety and depression. According to whether the patients were treated with magnesium sulfate and labetalol, 49 cases were assigned to the magnesium sulfate and labetalol treatment (MSLT) group, and 30 cases were assigned to the conventional treatment (CT) group. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores and GAD-7 scores in the MSLT group were significantly lower than those in the CT group, indicating that magnesium sulfate and labetalol can improve anxiety and depression in hypertensive patients during pregnancy. The difference was statistically significant (P < .05). According to the changes in systolic blood pressure, the clinical efficacy of patients was evaluated, and no significant difference in efficacy existed between the MSLT and CT groups. Magnesium sulfate and labetalol can control the blood pressure of patients with PIH and indirectly improve anxiety and depression in patients with PIH, thereby introducing new ideas for the treatment of PIH accompanied by anxiety and depression.

Effect of surface treatment and resin cement type on the bond strength of polyetheretherketone to lithium disilicate ceramic

BackgroundThis study aims to evaluate the effect of surface treatment and resin cement on the shear bond strength (SBS) and mode of failure of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to lithium disilicate ceramic (LDC). This is suggested to study alternative veneering of PEEK frameworks with a ceramic material.Methodseighty discs were prepared from PEEK blank and from lithium disilicate ceramic. Samples were divided into four groups according to surface treatment: Group (A) air abraded with 110 μm Al2O3, Group (AP) air abrasion and primer application, Group (S) 98% sulfuric acid etching for 60 s, Group (SP) Sulfuric acid and primer. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups based on resin cement type used for bonding LDC:1) subgroup (L) self- adhesive resin cement and 2) subgroup (B) conventional resin cement (n = 10). Thermocycling was done for all samples. The bond strength was assessed using the shear bond strength test (SBS). Failure mode analysis was done at 50X magnification with a stereomicroscope. Samples were chosen from each group for scanning electron microscope (SEM). The three-way nested ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test were used for statistical analysis of results. Comparisons of effects were done utilizing one way ANOVA and (p < 0.05).ResultsThe highest mean of shear bond strength values was demonstrated in Group of air abrasion with primer application using conventional resin cement (APB) (12.21 ± 2.14 MPa). Sulfuric acid groups showed lower shear bond strength values and the majority failed in thermocycling especially when no primer was applied. The failure mode analysis showed that the predominant failure type was adhesive failure between cement and PEEK, while the remaining was mixed failure between cement and PEEK.ConclusionThe air abrasion followed by primer application and conventional resin cement used for bonding Lithium Disilicate to PEEK achieved the best bond strength. Primer application did not have an effect when self-adhesive resin cement was used in air-abraded groups. Priming step is mandatory whenever sulfuric acid etching surface treatment is utilized for PEEK.

Fucoidan Improves Early Stage Diabetic Nephropathy via the Gut Microbiota-Mitochondria Axis in High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetic Mice.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes. Fucoidan, a polysaccharide containing fucose and sulfate group, ameliorates DN. However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully understood. This study aimed to explore the effects and mechanism of fucoidan on DN in high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice. A total of 90 C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 15) as follows: normal control (NC), diabetes mellitus (DM), metformin (MTF), low-dose fucoidan (LFC), medium-dose fucoidan (MFC), and high-dose fucoidan (HFC). A technique based on fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-sinistin) elimination kinetics measured percutaneously was applied to determine the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). After 24 weeks, the mice were sacrificed and an early stage DN model was confirmed by GFR hyperfiltration, elevated urinary creatinine, normal urinary albumin, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and glomerular hypertrophy. Fucoidan significantly improved the GFR hyperfiltration and renal fibrosis. An enriched SCFAs-producing bacteria and increased acetic concentration in cecum contents were found in fucoidan groups, as well as increased renal ATP levels and improved mitochondrial dysfunction. The renal inflammation and fibrosis were ameliorated through inhibiting the MAPKs pathway. In conclusion, fucoidan improved early stage DN targeting the microbiota-mitochondria axis by ameliorating mitochondrial oxidative stress and inhibiting the MAPKs pathway.

Fucoidan alleviates high sucrose-induced metabolic disorders and enhances intestinal homeostasis through modulation of Notch signaling

IntroductionThe therapeutic potential of fucoidan (FUC), a natural polysaccharide, in metabolic disorders is recognized, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. MethodsWe conducted investigations into the therapeutic mechanisms of FUC sourced from Sargassum fulvellum concerning metabolic disorders induced by a high-sucrose diet (HSD), employing Drosophila melanogaster and mice models. Drosophila larvae were subjected to HSD exposure to monitor growth inhibition, reduced pupation, and developmental delays. Additionally, we examined the impact of FUC on growth- and development-related hormones in Drosophila. Furthermore, we assessed the modulation of larval intestinal homeostasis by FUC, focusing on the regulation of Notch signaling. In mice, we evaluated the effects of FUC on HSD-induced impairments in intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and gut hormone secretion. ResultsFUC supplementation significantly enhanced pupal weight in Drosophila larvae and effectively countered HSD-induced elevation of glucose and triglyceride levels. It notably influenced the expression of growth- and development-related hormones, particularly augmenting insulin-like peptides production while mitigating larval growth retardation. FUC also modulated larval intestinal homeostasis by negatively regulating Notch signaling, thereby protecting against HSD-induced metabolic stress. In mice, FUC ameliorated HSD-induced impairments in ileum epithelial barrier integrity and gut hormone secretion. ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate the multifaceted therapeutic effects of FUC in mitigating metabolic disorders and maintaining intestinal health. FUC holds promise as a therapeutic agent, with its effects attributed partly to the sulfate group and its ability to regulate Notch signaling, emphasizing its potential for addressing metabolic disorders.

Oxadiazole Derivatives of Diclofenac as an Anti-proliferative Agent for B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: An In vitro and In Silico Studies.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of B cell origin is the common type of lymphoma- related malignancy with poor response rate with conventional front-line therapies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of new anti-inflammatory oxadiazole derivatives of Diclofenac as an anti-lymphoma agent through in vitro and in silico approaches. Anti-lymphoma potential was evaluated by alamar blue technique. MTT assay employed for cytotoxicity. Gene and protein expression studies was performed by qRT-PCR and ELISA respectively. Docking studies was performed by using MOE program. Among five diclofenac derivatives, (II) showed promising anti-lymphoma effects, where it inhibited the expression of BCL-2, p-38 MAPK and TGF-β in both follicular and Burkitt's lymphoma cells and was non-toxic against normal human fibroblast cells. The in silico studies against BCL-2 revealed that the unsubstituted Sulphur group in (II) is involved in the crucial interactions with the binding site residue. The compound (II) can be a potential therapeutic candidate for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and deserves further development as a novel anti-lymphoma agent.

Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems containing sulfate-based surfactants: Are they responsive to alkaline phosphatase?

This study aimed to develop self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) containing sulfate-based surfactants, namely, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium octyl sulfate (SOS) and sodium cetearyl sulfate (SCS), and to evaluate intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP)-triggered sulfate release from these SEDDS.Results showed a time-dependent release of para-nitrophenol from para-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) and para-nitrophenyl sulfate (p-NPS) when incubated with isolated IAP indicating that the enzyme can also cleave sulfate groups. Moreover, sulfate release from p-NPS and sulfate-based surfactants was observed. SEDDS containing sulfate-based surfactants exhibited a narrow droplet size distribution and polydispersity index (PDI). A droplet size of 35.31 ± 0.41 nm to 41.15 ± 0.98 nm, PDI of 0.17 ± 0.02 to 0.26 ± 0.02 and zeta potential of 9.59 ± 0.85 mV to −18.53 ± 2.75 mV were recorded. Droplet size and PDI showed a minor increase upon contact with isolated IAP. Incubation with isolated IAP caused a rapid sulfate release from sulfate-based surfactant-containing SEDDS (SDS-SEDDS, SOS-SEDDS and SCS-SEDDS). Furthermore, resulting SEDDS exhibited a non-toxic profile. According to these results, SEDDS containing sulfate-based surfactants can be considered as valid alternative to IAP-responsive drug delivery systems containing phosphorylated auxiliary agents.

Analogues of the pan-selectin antagonist rivipansel (GMI-1070)

The selectin family consisting of E−, P- and L-selectin plays dominant roles in atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory diseases, and metastatic spreading of some cancers. An early goal in selectin-targeted drug discovery campaigns was to identify ligands binding to all three selectins, so-called pan-selectin antagonists. The physiological epitope, tetrasaccharide sialyl Lewisx (sLex, 1) binds to all selectins, albeit with very different affinities. Whereas P- and L-selectin require additional interactions contributed by sulfate groups for high binding affinity, E-selectin can functionally bind sLex-modified glycolipids and glycoproteins. Rivipansel (3) marked the first pan-selectin antagonist, which simultaneously interacted with both the sLex and the sulfate binding site. The aim of this contribution was to improve the pan-selectin affinity of rivipansel (3) by leveraging a new class of sLex mimetics in combination with an optimized linker length to the sulfate bearing group. As a result, the pan-selectin antagonist 11b exhibits an approximatively 5-fold improved affinity for E−, as well as P-selectin.

Intermediate molecular weight–fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa is a promising anticoagulant targeting intrinsic factor IXa

Thromboembolic diseases pose a serious risk to human health worldwide. Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) is reported to have good anticoagulant activity with a low bleeding risk. Molecular weight plays a significant role in the anticoagulant activity of FCS, and FCS smaller than octasaccharide in size has no anticoagulant activity. Therefore, identifying the best candidate for developing novel anticoagulant FCS drugs is crucial. Herein, native FCS was isolated from sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa (FCScf) and depolymerized into a series of lower molecular weights (FCScfs). A comprehensive assessment of the in vitro anticoagulant activity and in vivo bleeding risk of FCScfs with different molecule weights demonstrated that 10 kDa FCScf (FCScf-10 K) had a greater intrinsic anticoagulant activity than low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) without any bleeding risk. Using molecular modeling combined with experimental validation, we revealed that FCScf-10 K can specifically inhibit the formation of the Xase complex by binding the negatively charged sulfate group of FCScf-10 K to the positively charged side chain of arginine residues on the specific surface of factor IXa. Thus, these data demonstrate that the intermediate molecular weight FCScf-10 K is a promising candidate for the development of novel anticoagulant drugs.

The Effect of Mesalazine on Male Mice Model with Ulcerative Colitis

Objective: To investigate the effect of mesalazine on Ulcerative Colitis (UC) in male mice model. Method: Male mice aged 6-8 weeks were selected and randomly divided into Dextran Sodium Sulfate group (DSS group), mesalazine group (Tr group), and Control group (Con group). During the experiment, observe the body weight, stool characteristics, occult blood, changes in mice hair, eating habits and activity status, etc. After euthanizing the mice, eyeball blood was taken to measure IL-6 and TNF-α, and Disease Activity Index (DAI) was calculated. Take colon tissue (from the end of the cecum to the anal segment) and measure its length, and make paraffin sections, and observe them under a microscope after HE staining, and calculate their histopathological scores.

Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds as a platform to reduce melanoma tumour growth, recurrence, and promote post-resection wound repair

Wound healing following skin tumour surgery still remains a major challenge. To address this issue, polysaccharide-loaded nanofibrous mats have been engineered as skin patches on the wound site to improve wound healing while simultaneously eliminating residual cancer cells which may cause cancer relapse. The marine derived polysaccharides kappa-carrageenan (KCG) and fucoidan (FUC) were blended with polydioxanone (PDX) nanofibers due to their inherent anti-cancer activity conferred by the sulphate groups as well as their immunomodulatory properties which can reduce inflammation resulting in accelerated wound healing. KCG and FUC were released sustainably from the blend nanofibers via the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics. MTT assays, live/dead staining and SEM images demonstrated the toxicity of KCG and FUC towards skin cancer MP 41 cells. In addition, MP 41 cells showed reduced metastatic potential when grown on KCG or FUC containing mats. Both KCG and FUC were non- cytotoxic to healthy L 929 fibroblast cells. In vivo studies on healthy Wistar rats confirmed the non-toxicity of the nanofibrous patches as well as their improved and scarless wound healing potential. In vivo studies on tumour xenograft model further showed a reduction of 7.15 % in tumour volume in only 4 days following application of the transdermal patch.

Alleviative effects of sulfated polysaccharide from Ishige Okamurae against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis via inhibiting inflammation and modulating gut microbiota

A water-soluble polysaccharide from the brown alga Ishige Okamurae, designated IOP-0, was obtained by preparative anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Chemical and spectroscopic investigations revealed that IOP-0 was a sulfated fucoidan with a backbone primarily composed of 3-linked and 4-linked-L-fucose with sulfate groups at C-2/C-4 of the 3-linked-L-fucose. The protective effect of IOP-0 on ulcerative colitis was evaluated in this work. The results showed that IOP-0 could significantly alleviate the symptoms of ulcerative colitis by preventing weight loss, preserving the structure of intestinal tissues, and ameliorating the dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10). Meanwhile, IOP-0 protected the colonic mucosal barrier by promoting the tight junction protein ZO-1 and occludin expression. In addition, IOP-0 was able to maintain intestinal homeostasis and improve intestinal function by regulating the gut microbiota and their metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These results suggest that IOP-0 might be a potential dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of ulcerative colitis.