Sulfonamide Research Articles

Monitor calibrator as a tool for extraction-fluorometric determination of sulfonamide drugs without separation of the phases

Monitor calibrator as a tool for extraction-fluorometric determination of sulfonamide drugs without separation of the phases

P-170. Efficacy and Safety of Intermittent Preventive Treatment with Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for Prevention of Malaria in Pregnant Women with HIV: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract Background WHO recommends intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (S-P) in malaria-endemic areas. In pregnant women with HIV taking cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, IPTp with S-P is contraindicated due to the risk of adverse effects from combining two antifolate and sulfonamide drugs. The growing resistance of the malarial parasite to sulfa-based drugs adds to the problem. We performed a meta-analysis comparing IPTp with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (D-P) vs. placebo for malaria prevention in pregnant women with HIV. Methods We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central, LILACS, and Malaria in Pregnancy Consortium Library databases for trials comparing IPTp with D-P vs. placebo in pregnant women with HIV. Outcomes of interest included placental malaria, maternal malaria, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using R software. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. The analysis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guideline. Results The systematic review identified 3 randomized controlled trials including 1,770 participants. Placental malaria (RR 0.65; 95%CI 0.48-0.87; p=0.004; I2=2%) at delivery was significantly lower in the D-P group compared with the placebo group. Maternal malaria (RR 0.63; 95%CI 0.29-1.40; p=0.258; I2=22%) at delivery showed no significant difference between the groups. However, a leave-one-out analysis excluding one study conducted during a low-transmission period found a significantly lower risk of maternal malaria (RR 0.47; 95%CI 0.23-0.96; p=0.039; I2=0%) in the D-P group. Adverse pregnancy outcomes like mother-to-child transmission of HIV (RR 1.53; 95%CI 0.25-9.35; p=0.646; I2=0%), spontaneous abortion (RR 1.80; 95%CI 0.60-5.42; p=0.296; I2=0%), stillbirth (RR 1.02; 95%CI 0.56-1.85; p=0.952; I2=0%), congenital anomaly (RR 0.90; 95%CI 0.33-2.43; p=0.830; I2=31%), preterm delivery (RR 1.05; 95%CI 0.56-1.94; p=0.885; I2=42%), and low birth weight (RR 1.13; 95%CI 0.87-1.48; p=0.352; I2=0%) were similar in both groups. Conclusion IPTp with D-P reduced the risk of placental malaria and maternal malaria at delivery in pregnant women with HIV. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were similar in both groups. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotic pollution in a typical tributary of the Yellow River, China: Source-specific partitioning and fate analysis.

The partitioning and migrating of antibiotic residues pose a considerable pollution to the river environment. However, a source-specific approach for quantifying the fate of antibiotics is lacking. To further elucidate the migration behavior of antibiotics from different pollution sources in aquatic environments, we introduced a source-specific partition coefficient (S-Kp) based on Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model to improve the multimedia model. This study identified six sources of antibiotic pollution in the water and sediment of the Fenhe River. Farmland drainage contributed 2.6 times more antibiotics to sediment than to surface water, whereas livestock sources contributed 0.3 times less to sediment than to water. High S-Kp values were primarily obtained from livestock, aquaculture, and farmland drainage pollution sources, with an average S-Kp value exceeding 200 L/kg. Sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) in sulfonamides (SAs) from livestock sources exhibited the highest S-Kp value of 34,740.04 L/kg. The predicted environmental concentrations indicated that almost 99 % of the antibiotics from the six sources remained in the water phase, with the highest contribution (99.9 %) of azithromycin (AZM) from livestock, pharmaceutical wastewater, and domestic sewage. This study provides novel insights into the migration of antibiotics from source-specific partitions in multimedia environments of watersheds.

Efficient simultaneous degradation of multiple sulfonamide antibiotics in soil using biocarbon-based nanomaterials as catalysts for persulfate activation.

There is an urgent need to develop effective and sustainable methods to decrease sulfonamide (SA) contamination of soil. Herein, a non-homogeneous system of zero-valent metal-biochar-based composites was proposed and tested for persulfate (PS) activation. This system employed zero-valent iron (Fe0) as an electron donor to catalyze the cleavage of the OO bond in PS, thereby generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that degrade SAs. Notably, the incorporation of elemental sulfur (S) significantly mitigated the passivation of Fe0, leading to an enhanced degradation capability of the system. The system decomposes 84-97% of SAs at their concentration in soil suspension 10mg/kg in 3h. Among the coexistence of several SAs, the system showed the fastest degradation rate of sulfisoxazole with a kobs of 0.0305min-1, nearing complete removal within 3h. The system is resistant to the impact of organic matter in soil. It allows to decrease concentration of sulfadiazine in actual contaminated soil on 73% in 2h. The system remains effective with decreasing concentrations of PS from 20mM to 2.5mM, which lowered the operating cost. T.E.S.T software evaluation showed a significant reduction in the bioaccumulation toxicity and developmental toxicity of the degradation products, suggesting that the system is environmentally friendly. The high efficiency of the catalytic system, the simplicity and economy of the manufacturing process, the resistance to interference in real soil, and the environmental friendliness make this technology promising for mitigating the problem of the environment contamination by SAs.

Contaminated Characteristics Variation in Different Aquaculture Modes: A Case Study in Northern China

Various aquaculture modes have been developed to satisfy the growing demands of aquatic products. The contaminated characteristics may distribute along with the aquaculture modes, threatening the ecological environment to varying degrees. Herein, the five most common aquaculture modes (small-scale intensive mode, extensive free-range mode, concentrated contiguous mode, funnel-type mode, and recirculating aquaculture system) were selected to study the contaminated characteristics (including nine kinds of water quality parameters and eight kinds of antibiotics) in Henan Province, a province in northern China, and analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem secondary mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). The funnel-type mode, as a unique mode developed in Henan Province, appears highest in nutrient content, wherein TN and TP concentrations reach 29.28 mg/L and 2.20 mg/L, respectively. The small-scale intensive mode has the highest average antibiotic concentration in five different aquaculture modes, with a concentration of 502 ng/L. Overall, the most abundant antibiotic was quinolones (QNs), followed by sulfonamides (SAs), chloramphenicols (CAs), and tetracyclines (TCs). Pearson correlation analysis showed that ENR had a strong positive correlation with TN, TP, and Zn, indicating the enrofloxacin (ENR) may have existed as the addictive in aquaculture feed. Moreover, the risk quotient (RQ) analysis indicated that ENR posed a medium to high risk, highlighting the importance of antibiotics man-agement in aquaculture. This work provides theoretical guidance for the formulation of aquaculture water pollutant control of different aquaculture modes.

Antibiotic Pollution Level and Ecological Risk Assessment of Township Wastewater Treatment Plants

Due to the abuse of antibiotics, a large amount of antibiotics has been entering wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs）, but the pollution of antibiotics in township WWTPs has not attracted much attention. To understand the contamination level and removal characteristics, and the risks to aquatic organisms and human health, samples collected from the inlet and outlet of 15 township WWTPs were investigated. The results showed that tetracyclines （TCs） had the highest concentration in the inlet and outlet waters, in which the concentrations of TC and oxytetracycline （OTC） reached （4 943.69±4.31） ng·L-1 and （3 907.81±52.04） ng·L-1. As for antibiotic removal, the A/O and A2/O processes had a better antibiotic removal capacity than those of the MBR process. Ecological risk assessment showed that TCs and fluoroquinolones （FQs） had a higher risk to aquatic organisms. However, sulfonamides （SAs） would pose a low risk to aquatic organisms. Although antibiotics pose a risk to aquatic organisms, the risk to human health is negligible. The results of this study could provide support for the upgrading of township WWTPs and the formulation of regional antibiotic discharge standards in the future.

Sulfa Drugs Are the Leader of Drug Discovery via Its Side Effects

The sulfa drugs are bacteriostatic when used side effects appear as a decrease in blood glucose level which led us to oral hypoglycemics (Sulfonylurea drugs), and diuretic action which led us to diuretics (Thiazide drugs), these side effects attention us to the discovery of diuretics and oral hypoglycemics. Sulfonamides are synthetic antibacterial which were the first antibacterial compounds till the presence of Penicillins, the sulfonamides are used as urinary tract infection treatment and treatment of certain forms of malaria and prevent infection of burns, the sulfa drugs act via inhibition of di hydro folate reductase enzyme (DHFR), they act by interfering with synthesis of folic acid which is vitamin B9 (Member of Vit. B complex) which required by all living cells.

Inhibitory Effects of Sulfur Derivatives on Leishmania tarentolae Cell Viability and Secreted Acid Phosphatase In Vitro.

Sulfonamide drugs were the original class of antibiotics, demonstrating the antibacterial potential of dithiocarbazate and thiosemicarbazone Schiff base derivatives of syringaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde. We synthesized unique Schiff bases via the condensation of the aldehydes with hydrazine derivatives, which allows for the easy synthesis of several related compounds. These Schiff base derivatives were tested for antileishmanial properties against the parasitic protozoan Leishmania tarentolae. The inhibitory properties of these sulfur compounds were tested using a series of cell viability and secreted acid phosphatase (SAP) assays. The results demonstrated that compounds ZZ1-04 and ZZ1-20 had potent inhibitory effects on parasite cell viability and SAP, an enzyme that may play a role in infectivity. These results increase our understanding of the role of sulfur in inhibiting Leishmania, providing more knowledge of the structural activity relationships that may prove critical for their development into possible antileishmanial treatments.

Substituent structure variances alter degradation pathways of sulfonamides in UV/PAA system: Insights from intermediates, ROS, and DFT calculations.

Sulfonamides (SAs) are one of the major emerging contaminants of concern, but comparative studies on the degradation of different types of SAs are still limited. This work comprehensively compared the degradation of sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and sulfathiazole (STZ) under UV light in peracetic acid (PAA) from both experimental and theoretical aspects, as they represent two structural classes based on substituent differences. The two SAs with five-membered heterocyclic substituents (SMX, STZ) generally decomposed at faster rates, with SMX degrading up to 10 times faster than SDZ (pH = 3; PAA dosage = 80 mg/L). For all three SAs, the degradation efficiency stayed high across pH levels, peaking at pH 9 for SDZ and STZ, and at pH 3 for SMX. Free radical scavenging experiments and EPR tests proved that the degradation of SAs involved various free radicals, among which 3SA*s and •OH played a major role. Fukui functions indicated N(7) in aniline groups of SDZ and SMX had the highest reactivity, while in STZ, S(23) in the thiazole moiety was the most active site. The degradation pathways were proposed and compared and the cleavage of S-C bond was observed in all three SAs and hydroxylation was the most common reaction. This study elucidated the impacts of different substituent structures on the degradation of three sulfonamide drugs in the UV/PAA system, contributing to a better understanding of the degradation behavior of various types of sulfonamide drugs in water treatment.

Kinetic modeling of sulfonamide degradation by UV/H2O2: Deduction of ROH,UV modeling and application

Eight sulfonamide (SA) antibiotics were effectively degraded using a UV/H2O2 process in a quasi-collimated beam apparatus, utilizing optimized fluence quantification. Fluence-based rate constants (kk'SA) for the UV/H2O2 process were established. A curve-fitting method, derived from ROH,UV modeling, was developed for the UV/H2O2 process to quantitatively assess the impact of critical factors, including water quality and direct UV photolysis. It was observed that k'SA values approached a limiting value as initial H2O2 concentration increased. The specific second-order rate constants for •OH reactions with neutral and anionic SA species were determined to be within (2.2–5.7) × 10⁹ M⁻1 s⁻1, showing minimal variation among species. For the eight SAs studied, k'SA values were calculated from 3.9 × 10⁻⁴ to 6.0 × 10⁻2 cm2 mJ⁻1 across a typical pH range of 6.5–9.5. Direct UV photolysis was notably significant in SA degradation, particularly for sulfisoxazole, contributing at least 35%. An energy cost equation was formulated to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of SA degradation by UV/H2O2 and optimize operational parameters. This model, validated in real water scenarios, shows promise for predicting SA removal in UV/H2O2 processes. The developed curve-fitting method, pH-independent and accounting for both direct photolysis and OH radical reactions, is apt for modeling mixed-contaminant degradation in UV/H2O2 processes, simplifying calculations in ROH,UV modeling.

Thiol-yne click postsynthesis of imidazole-functionalized cyclodextrin microporous organic network: A remarkable adsorbent for sulfonamide antibiotics

Sulfonamides (SAs) are widely used broad-spectrum antibiotics for treating infections. However, their inevitable residues pose serious threats to human health and agroecosystems. Hence, reasonable design and synthesis efficient adsorbents to remove residual SAs from the environment are crucial and highly desired. In this study, a novel imidazole-functionalized cyclodextrin-based microporous organic network (α-CD-MON-BZ) was designed and synthesized through the specific thiol-yne click post-modification for the efficient removal of SAs. The prepared α-CD-MON-BZ exhibited ultrafast adsorption kinetics (<3 min) and an exceptionally high saturation adsorption capacity (571.4 mg/g) for sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP). This capacity was much higher than those of other reported adsorbents. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations revealed that the adsorption process involves hydrophobic, π–π, hydrogen bonding, host–guest, and electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, α-CD-MON-BZ exhibited favorable reusability and selectivity. This study introduces a new method to construct novel functionalized CD-MONs for highly efficient SAs removal and promotes the design and applications of such materials in contaminant removal.

Overview on Design and Synthesis of Sulfonamide Derivative through Condensation of Amino Group Containing Drug

In medicinal and non-pharmacological chemistry, sulfonamides (SN) are an advisory functional group that forms the basis of many drugs. As such, they are very important. Recently, very significant techniques for the synthesis of sulfonamides have been developed. Numerous pharmacologic activities, including anti-dydropteroate synthetase and anti-carbonic anhydrase, are displayed by sulfonamides. Derivatives of sulfonamides can be used to treat a range of medical conditions, including glaucoma, hypoglycemia, stasis, diarrhea, and inflammation. Our current work has concentrated on creating and synthesizing sulfonamide derivatives via condensation reaction between amino group-containingdrugs.The functionality of sulfonamideinthe clinical trial for the treatment of various medical conditions. For these reasons, development of an efficient process for the synthesis of sulfonamides has always been in the focus for research in organic field synthesis. The most typical method for the synthesis involves reaction between primary or secondary amines and sulfonyl chloride in presence of organic or inorganic bases. Although this method is effective, but the nucleophilicity of amines may vary depending on the groups attached to it. In general, primary amines are highly reactive, whereas secondary amines show very low to almost nil reactivity. In this study, we have reviewed past and recent biological effects of some sulfonamide derivatives and some advances efficient synthetic procedures for some types of sulfonamides. A sulfonamide is a functional group that is the basis of several sulfa drugs and thereby are very much important scaffolds in medicinal as well as in synthetic organic chemistry. Recently very important methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of sulfonamide. This complex review article covers the recent developments (mainly in period 2013- 2019) of powerful methodologies for the synthesis of sulfonamide compounds, particularly where SO2N(R) moiety is not present in a cyclic structure and their applications in various fields during this period. A critical view of the mechanisms of the developed methodologies together with the scope and limitation of these methods adds an extra dimension to the text

Enzymatic removal of the sulfa drugs sulfamethoxazole and sulfamerazine from synthetic wastewater by soybean peroxidase.

Sulfa drugs are a broad family of antibiotics widely used in the treatment of a range of infections. They have been found in surface and groundwater, as well as in sewage and effluent (treated sewage and sludge) of municipal or industrial wastewater treatment plants in concentrations of ng/L to >g/L. The continued presence of these so-called emerging contaminants (ECs) and their metabolites can cause adverse ecological effects, including bacterial resistance, even at very low concentrations. In this study, the first aim was to explore the feasibility of oxidation processes catalyzed by soybean peroxidase as an eco-friendly and economically advantageous alternative method for the conversion of the sulfonamides, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfamerazine. Optimum conditions were determined for 0.2 and 0.1 mM of the respective substrates. Optimum pHs were 1.6 and 3.6, respectively. Optimum molar peroxide ratios were 3.0 and 2.5 for the respective substrates. Enzyme activities of 4 and 2 U/mL showed 83 and 76% removal. With the redox mediator hydroxybenzotriazole, optimum pH was 3.6 for both substrates, optimum peroxide ratios were 1.5 and 1.25, and the optimum enzyme requirement decreased 40-fold. A time course study was conducted under optimal mediated conditions to determine the initial first-order rate constant and half-life of each substrate, from which half-lives were 0.0804 and 0.0608 min, normalized for substrate concentration. These two values were among the lowest when compared to 25 other compounds studied with the same enzyme. Finally, the oligomerization products of enzymatic treatment were characterized by mass spectrometry and showed the formation of oxidative dimers and azo compounds.

In-situ electrogenerated persulfate activated by co-existing Cu(II) for sustainable removal of sulfonamides from environmental waters

In this study, in-situ electrogenerated persulfate (E-PS) was proposed as an alternative to the conventional addition of persulfate for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) with facilitating conversion of co-existing Cu(II) to Cu(I) to degrade antibiotics without requiring any external supply of chemical additives. The degradation rate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by E/Cu(Ⅱ)/Na2SO4 system (C0(Cu(Ⅱ))=1 mM, C0(Na2SO4)=1 mM, E=25 V) was 93.3 % at t=90 min. Quenching combined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests revealed that SO4•-, •OH and Cu(Ⅲ) were the primary contributors to SMX degradation. Solution pH, co-existing anions and organic matter affected the degradation performance of SMX. Four degradation pathways were proposed based on transformed products (TPs) determination, with pathways I and II being the dominant ones involving the cleavage of S-N bond in SMX. Ecological structure activity relationships (ECOSAR) program analysis implied that the TPs exhibited lower toxicity levels toward aquatic organisms compared to that of SMX. Additionally, the E/Cu(II)/Na2SO4 system achieved decomposition rates over 80 % for various sulfonamides (SAs) and also demonstrated remarkable efficacy for SMX removal in different real waters, including tap water, lake water, river water and aquaculture wastewater, with all exceeding 80 % at t=90 min. E/Cu(Ⅱ)/Na2SO4 system developed in this study had the potential to be a prospective technique for SAs purification due to its outstanding performance in degrading and detoxifying SAs.

Adsorbent beads based on Fe-BTC@Chitosan/microcrystalline cellulose for simultaneous removal of sulfa drugs

Adsorbent beads based on Fe-BTC@Chitosan/microcrystalline cellulose for simultaneous removal of sulfa drugs

Degradation of sulfamethoxazole in a falling film dielectric barrier discharge system: Performance, mechanism and toxicity evaluation

The ubiquitous presence of sulfonamides (SAs) in wastewater poses serious risks to human health and ecosystem safety. This study evaluated the performance of a falling film dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) system on the removal of five SAs, namely sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfisoxazole (SIZ), sulfathiazole (STZ), sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfamerazine (SMR). Removal efficiencies >99 % were observed for all target SAs within 30 min of treatment, with pseudo-first order rate constants varying between 0.17 and 0.27 min−1. Superior removal efficiencies were achieved under acidic conditions compared to neutral and alkaline conditions. Using SMX as a model compound, mechanistic investigations revealed that the synergy of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) led to its efficient degradation, with peroxynitrites (ONOO−/ONOOH) and hydroxyl radical (OH) playing pivotal roles. SMX degradation pathways encompassing nitration/nitrosation, hydroxylation, deamination, CS and SN bond cleavage were proposed. The toxicity evaluation results demonstrated that the solution toxicity diminished following the plasma treatment under specific conditions. In particular, the solution treated with air or oxygen discharge enhanced the growth of wheat seedlings, suggesting the potential for reusing plasma-treated wastewater in agriculture. This study enhances our understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in the plasma degradation of SAs and reveals the significant potential of plasma technology as a sustainable approach for treating wastewater.

Ecological influences of sulfadiazine on rhizosphere soil microbial communities in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-soil potting systems: Perspectives on diversity, co-occurrence networks, and assembly processes

Microorganisms in the soil are crucial constituents of land ecosystems, significantly influencing their structure and functionality. However, the accumulation of antibiotics in agricultural practices may negatively affect these microbial communities. The objective of this study was to explore the ecological effects of the sulfonamide drug sulfadiazine (SDZ) on the rhizosphere soil microbial communities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). A potting system experiment was constructed by exposing for 45 days after treatments with different initial concentrations of SDZ (0, 1, 10, and 30 mg/kg) to assess the effects of SDZ on soil microbial diversity, bacterial-fungal co-occurrence networks, and community assembly processes. The findings indicated that SDZ treatment significantly altered the community composition, especially for bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria and Gemmatimonadota and fungi in the phylum Mortierellomycota and Aphelidiomycota. Network analysis revealed that SDZ stress caused alterations in microbial interaction patterns, especially at high treatment concentrations, and reduced network connectivity. In addition, SDZ significantly affected microbial community assembly processes, where stochastic processes were enhanced in bacterial communities, while fungal communities showed a balance of stochastic and deterministic processes. Analysis of environmental variables revealed that the presence of SDZ may disrupt the link between soil microorganisms and soil nitrogen compounds. The results provide new perspectives for understanding the ecological impacts of antibiotic residues in agroecosystems and provide a scientific basis for soil health management.

Rapid and Simultaneous Determination of 13 Sulfonamides in Soil by Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion With High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Sulfonamides, the most frequent antibacterial agent, are widely used due to their low cost and excellent antibacterial effect. With the emergence of the environment, the potential hazard to the ecological environment has attracted the great attention of humans. Based on matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, an accurate, fast, and sensitive analytical method was developed for the determination of sulfonamides (SAs) in soil. Several influencing factors including the type of dispersants, the ratio of sample-to-sorbent, eluents, and solvent volume were investigated, and the matrix effects were evaluated. Under optimized conditions, the calibration curves exhibited excellent linearity with correlation coefficients (r) exceeding 0.996. The limit of detection (based on signal-to-noise ratio [S/N]=3) and limit of quantification (based on S/N=10) were 0.024-0.058 and 0.079-0.195µg/kg, respectively. The recoveries ranging from 70.12% to 123.63% were obtained with a relative standard deviation of less than 15% at three levels (20, 40, and 200µg/kg). The developed method was successfully applied to analyze 13 SAs at trace levels in a real soil sample. This proposed method would be an alternative and suitable for routine application in the future owing to its rapidity, sensitivity, and affordability.

Polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous mat modified with cysteamine and ionic liquid as a recyclable and efficient adsorbent for selective removal of sulfonamides and Cu(II) from aqueous solution: Roles of multi-function adsorption

The combined contamination of heavy metals and antibiotics is a prevalent occurrence, yet the distinct chemical characteristics of these substances pose a significant obstacle to their simultaneous elimination. In this work, novel polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous mat (NFsM) modified with cysteamine and ionic liquid (IL@Cys@PAN NFsM) was developed using a cascade thiol-ene click reaction. The IL@Cys@PAN NFsM exhibits a rich array of functional groups and demonstrates strong binding affinity, fast mass transfer, and exceptional selectivity for sulfonamides (SAs) and Cu(II). The maximum adsorption capacities for SAs and Cu(II) in single-component systems were 122.3 and 97.4 mg/g respectively, according to the Langmuir isotherm model. The time dependent adsorption capacities followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, demonstrating a chemisorption-dominant process for each analyte. In binary pollutant systems, the co-occurrence of SAs and Cu(II) in water produced a competitive effect; however, the decrease in adsorption capacity was minimal. Through experimental analysis, FTIR characterization and density functional theory (DFT) studies, reasonable interactions of hydrogen-bond, electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking for SAs, and chelation effect for Cu(II) were proposed. Additionally, the reusability and recyclability of IL@Cys@PAN NFsM enhance its practicality for real-world applications. This paper presents the first systematic study on the simultaneous adsorption of heavy metals and antibiotics using NFsM, offering a novel perspective on the design of custom adsorbents capable of efficiently removing multiple contaminants with diverse characteristics while balancing eco-friendliness, excellent adsorption performance, and impressive recyclability for wastewater remediation.

Construction of “organic–inorganic” hierarchical structure of carbon fibers and the effect on the properties of epoxy composites

AbstractThe demand for epoxy (EP) in semiconductor, aerospace, and other applications is currently on the rise. However, pure epoxy is difficult to meet these requirements, such as low thermal conductivity and poor toughness. Therefore, in this paper, sulfonamides (SAs) and core‐shell silica (SLC‐SiO2) were grafted onto the surface of short carbon fibers (SCF) with sizes of 0.1–6 mm by the chemical grafting method. As a result, the surface activity of SCF was improved and the interfacial properties of the EP composites were enhanced. The interfacial compatibility of SCF grafted with SAs and SLC‐SiO2 in EP is greatly improved, resulting in stronger mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding ability between EP and SCF. The results showed that when the content of SCF@SAs@SLC‐SiO2/EP composites reached 0.3 wt% of SCF@SAs@SLC‐SiO2, the impact and tensile strengths were increased from 12.15 kJ·m−2 and 43.4 MPa to 16.93 kJ·m−2 and 74.97 MPa compared with the pure epoxy, which were improved 39.3% and 72.7%. In addition, the thermal conductivity of SCF@SAs@SLC‐SiO2/EP composites was also improved by 12.5% from 0.205 W·(m·K)−1 to 0.2306 W·(m·K)−1 compared with the pure EP. This is due to improved chemical interactions and mechanical interlocking at the fiber‐epoxy interface. This study provides a new method for the preparation of high‐performance SCF/EP composites.Highlights The amino group of sulfonamides was grafted with short carbon fiber to increase the surface active group of short carbon fiber. Sulfonamides react with carboxyl groups on the surface of core‐shell silica to form an “organic–inorganic” structure. Improve the surface roughness of short carbon fiber, and make it evenly dispersed in epoxy resin, so as to improve the performance of epoxy composite materials.