Fumaroles Research Articles

Impact of municipal wastewater and sulfur springs on the physicochemical properties of the Euphrates River, Western Iraq

Impact of municipal wastewater and sulfur springs on the physicochemical properties of the Euphrates River, Western Iraq

Новое озеро в кратере Корбута вулкана Эбеко (о. Парамушир, Курильские острова)

The paper reports the appearance of a new crater lake on the Ebeko volcano. There has been no thermal lake within the Northern Crater since mid-2006. The last eruption began on October 19, 2016 and ended on November 19, 2021. The pyroclastic cone of the new crater, which was named Korbut Crater, rose within the Northern Crater. There was strong fumarolic activity in the Korbut crater, which persists today. The lake in the still erupting Korbut crater was first recorded by the authors on a satellite image from September 17, 2021; already on a satellite image from September 25, the crater was dry again. After the end of the Ebeko eruption, due to the intensive flow of fluid with bottom fumaroles and due to a large amount of meteoric precipitation, a lake was formed in the Korbut crater (Sentinel 2 satellite data of December 11, 2021). In January 2022, the authors examined the Korbut crater: the diameters of the lake were 61 and 80 m (latitude and meridian, respectively), the mirror area was 4.5 thousand m2, and water temperature was 43°C. A brief literature review of the existence of thermal lakes on the northern flank of the Ebeko volcano is given.

Organic geochemistry of hydrocarbon seeps associated with sulfurous spring water, western Iraq: Biodegradation, source rock and sedimentary environment

Oil seep samples from Abu-Jir Fault Zone (AJFZ) were geochemically characterized to determine the level of biodegradation and the depositional environment of correlative source rocks. For this purpose, saturated and aromatic biomarkers and stable carbon isotopes of thirteen samples were analyzed and measured. Saturated hydrocarbons of the AJFZ are low; whereas polar fractions are relatively high. Normal alkanes and isoprenoids of these oil seeps are totally removed; steranes are still intact in some samples, and slightly to heavily degraded in other samples; whereas hopanes are intact These criteria indicate that these samples are moderately to heavily biodegraded. low C 24 /C 23, high C 22 /C 21 tricyclic terpanes and C 29 /C 30 hopane ratios suggest that these oil seeps were generated from carbonate source rocks. In addition, the high C 35 /C 34 hopanes and homohopane index values suggest deposition under marine anoxic conditions. Low values of diasteranes/regular steranes, Ts/Tm, and moretane/hopane for most samples suggest early-mature source rocks. Sterane distributions and carbon isotopic composition of the AJFZ oil seep samples suggest they are not genetically related with the oils of the southern oilfields (Majnoon, Nasiriyah, West Qurna, North Rumaila, Luhais, Abu Gharab, Faka, Buzergan), nor consistent with the main source rocks (Sargelu and Naokelekan), but they are closely related to the East Baghdad oilfield and Chia Gara extracts. This study suggests the oil seeps were generated from Chia Gara Formation (upper Jurassic-lower Cretaceous). • The oil seeps of the Abu-Jir Fault Zone are moderately-heavily biodegraded and water washed. • These oil seeps were generated dominantly from type II or type II-S kerogen contained in marine carbonate rocks. • The most likely source rock for these oil seeps is the Chia Gara Formation (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous). • These oil seeps are genetically related to East Baghdad oils.

An Interdomain Conjugation Protocol for Plasmid-DNA Transfer into Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus ΔH.

Methanogenic archaea of the order Methanobacteriales are widespread in anaerobic environments and play pivotal roles in microbial communities. The family of Methanobacteriaceae encompasses mesophilic and thermophilic hydrogenotrophic species. Mesophilic species are found in various natural and anthropogenic environments (e.g., are associated with the microbiome in animals and humans). Thermophilic species can be found in thermally active bogs and warm sulfuric springs, but also in anthropogenic environments, such as wastewater treatment plants and anaerobic digesters. Recently, genetic tools for Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus ΔH, as the first representative of this order of methanogenic archaea, were successfully implemented. This protocol describes the methods for interdomain conjugational DNA transfer from Escherichia coli to M. thermautotrophicus ΔH with shuttle-vector plasmid DNA, which allows the genetic manipulation of this microbe, and provides a basis for the development of further genetic methods for this and potentially other representatives of Methanobacteriales.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WATER FROM THE SOURCES OF THE CARPATHIAN BIOSPHERE RESERVE

The results of research into the sources of carbon dioxide underground water within the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (CBR) are presented. According to the results of statistical processing of the results of the analysis of the chemical composition of water, the limits of the content of the components of the salt composition — SO42–, Cl–, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3–, Na++K+, mineralization, pH value, temperature, as well as СО2 and a comparison with known mineral carbon dioxide were established the waters of the Caucasus — Arzni, Narzan, Borjomi. Possible sources of carbon dioxide inflow into groundwater are given. It has been established that the source of the Kveliv forestry of the Chornohirsky massif of the CBR is similar to the carbonated mineral waters of the Narzan type, the sources of the tracts of Hoverla, Piddil and Krasne Pleso are similar to the carbonated mineral spring of the Borjomi type. The microcomponent composition (As, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, V, Cr, F) of the sources of carbonated waters of the CBR was determined, the median content and concentration coefficients were calculated, on the basis of which the source located in the Hoverla tract (the village of Lugi, Chornohirsky massif) was singled out CBR) has a content of cadmium, 20 times, lead — 9 times, and arsenic and chromium — 5 times higher than background. The possibility of enrichment of spring waters with microcomponents due to their inflow into underground waters from polymetallic ore deposits is considered.

Tumnin mineral spring. History of development

The article dwells upon the history of the discovery of the Tumnin mineral spring, the establishment and development of the Far Eastern health resort «Goryachy Klyuch,» located in the basin of Chope creek, a tributary of the largest river in the eastern macroslope of Sikhote Alin, Tumnin river, located 25 km from the Strait of Tartary. A historical sketch since the first mentioning of the Tumnin mineral spring from 1903 to the present day, as well as the results of hydrogeological expeditions to determine the chemical composition and α-activity of Tumnin mineral water at different periods, are presented. A contribution of a geological expedition that established a large deep-lying tectonic structure permeable to upwelling thermal water flows is described. The role of the staff of the physiotherapy and balneology department of the Khabarovsk Medical Institute in the study of the mechanism of action and clinical effectiveness of the Tumnin mineral water is addressed. A balneological characteristic of nitric and siliceous thermal water, the basic therapeutic factor of «Goryachy Klyuch» health resort, which has always been popular among the Far East residents, but gained special importance and appreciation of patients during the pandemic of new coronavirus infection, is given. Currently, in the health resort «Goryachy Klyuch», patients with skin diseases, musculoskeletal, gynecologic, neurologic diseases, digestive tract disorders, metabolic conditions, upper airways, cardiovascular disorders, occupational diseases are treated using balneotherapy and other methods of non-drug therapy. At present, the health resort «Goryachy Klyuch» is going through a difficult but interesting period of improvement of recreation opportunities for the Far East residents.

Напочвенные лишайники термальных местообитаний южных Курильских островов

The paper presents the results of studying soil lichens in areas of thermal habitats on the Kuril Islands, including the features of lichen distribution on the isles. Totally four species of epigeic lichens were found when studying the thermal fields on Kunashir and Iturup isles: Cladonia graciliformis, C. granulans, C. vulcani, and C. furcata. First three species are closest to active fumaroles and have the highest rates of occurrence frequency for these habitats.

Use of Medicinal Springs as an Ecotourism Object in the Conservation of Biodiversity in Uzbekistan (On the Example of Namangan Region)

Use of Medicinal Springs as an Ecotourism Object in the Conservation of Biodiversity in Uzbekistan (On the Example of Namangan Region)

Utilizing Thermal Demagnetization Events to Evaluate Volcanic Unrest and the Prospects for Eruption Forecasting

Volcanoes with shallow hydrothermal systems are often accompanied by background volcanic activity such as fumarolic activity, microseismicity, and ground deformation even in the non-eruptive phase. When elevated, they are said to be in a state of “unrest.” It is not difficult to imagine that such events of unrest reflect changes in the state of the shallow hydrothermal system beneath a volcano. However, there is currently no method by which these events can be used to quantitatively evaluate eruption imminency or predict eruption intensity based on physical and/or chemical models. A potentially useful application of such unrest events for probabilistically forecasting eruptions is discussed. First, the method proposed by Hashimoto et al. (2019) for compiling and evaluating the sources of unrest events, such as thermal demagnetization, is described. Then, the volcanic unrest index (VUI) of Potter et al. (2015a) is proposed as another key tool. Finally, a concept is proposed for integrating the VUI and the unrest data to make probabilistically forecasting eruptions feasible. Also described is a recent attempt to introduce the VUI for evaluating a volcano in Japan. Information on sources of unrest in the form of the scatter plot of Hashimoto et al. (2019) can be used as one of the rating criteria on the VUI worksheet. The key idea is to divide the source diagram into regions based on the probability of posterior eruptions given unrest events and to assign VUI scores to these regions. Such a procedure may augment the VUI's function, partially enabling probability-based eruption forecasting. Irrespective of whether the VUI is applied or not, it is essential to obtain temporally homogeneous monitoring data during both eruptive and non-eruptive periods for a quantitative evaluation of unrest events. Surveys and analyses carried out regularly over long time periods also play an equally important role. Therefore, to realize of probabilistic eruption forecasting, it is fundamentally important that monitoring networks are run properly and the data are shared appropriately.

Problematic Sources

Traditional Russian worldviews explained healing from water sources in terms both Protestants and Catholics would have used elsewhere in Europe: as the grace of God or as the intervention of saints through associated relics or wonder-working icons. Holy wells were freely venerated within parishes until the eighteenth century when Peter the Great and the Holy Synod (the Russian Orthodox Church’s highest governing body) forbade pilgrimage to holy wells in a reformist drive to eradicate religious “superstitions.” This essay employs primary sources to consider how nineteenth-century developments at Russian holy wells and mineral springs related to social class, economics and those eighteenth-century reforms that merged the church with government structures. While liturgical activities at holy wells and the designation of new holy wells was criminalized, mineral springs gained appeal for “scientific” cures and as resort enterprises for the upper classes

Exploration of geothermal potential using integrated fuzzy logic and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in Ağrı, Eastern Turkey

The demand for energy is increasing day by day worldwide due to population growth, industrialization and rising living standards. Geothermal energy, one of the alternative energy sources, is preferred in terms of providing environmentally friendly, quality and regular energy. Our country is rich in geothermal resource potential. However, there are still many unexplored geothermal resources. In this study, fuzzy-AHP method was used to determine the geothermal potential of Ağrı province. Five criteria such as geological formations, hot / mineral springs, lineaments, land surface temperature and hydrothermal alteration zones were evaluated to determine the having geothermal potential. The maps of lineament, land surface temperature and hydrothermal alteration zones were prepared using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellite images. Each criterion was weighted with the fuzzy-AHP method, analyzed in the GIS environment, and the geothermal potential index (GPI) of the study area was calculated. As a result, areas with very high, high, medium and low geothermal potential were determined in the study area. According to the GPI map of the study area, Ağrı provincial center, Patnos, Eleşkirt, and Doğubayazıt regions have high geothermal potential. In addition, the known geothermal fields in the study area have been identified as areas with very high geothermal potential. These data reveal the accuracy of the study and used method.

Rutile Enriched in Chalcophile Elements (Sb, Sn, Te), and Ti-rich Varieties of Tripuhyute and Cassiterite from Sublimates of Active Fumaroles at the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia

Rutile Enriched in Chalcophile Elements (Sb, Sn, Te), and Ti-rich Varieties of Tripuhyute and Cassiterite from Sublimates of Active Fumaroles at the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia

Natural radionuclide concentrations in drinking water (well and spring mineral waters) samples from Bordj-Bouarreridj region, east Algeria

Natural radionuclide concentrations in drinking water (well and spring mineral waters) samples from Bordj-Bouarreridj region, east Algeria

English

When it comes to natural medicine, the use of water or hydrotherapy is as old as humankind. Hydrotherapy is also known as water therapy, pool therapy, balneotherapy and aquatic therapy. Water as a treatment aid was used in various parts of Rome, Greece, Egypt, China and Japan in the ancient period. Water therapy means using water for medicinal purposes like hot tubs, cold water treatments, ice packs, steam vapours, saunas, mineral springs, hot springs, wet towel applications, water exercises, and water massages. Therefore, the use of water at different temperatures and in different forms provides various effects on several systems of the body. Great results of hydrotherapy were experienced by people in physical functioning, energy, sleep, cognitive function, ability to work and participation in daily life. Based on the available data and literature this review propounds that water therapy has an empirical evidence-based outcome on various systems of the body. KEY WORDS Natural Medicine, Hydrotherapy, Empirical Evidence-Based, Various Systems.

The results of the treatment of eczema at the resort "Kuldur"

Spa treatment of skin diseases, in particular eczema, is relatively little used in comparison with other therapeutic methods of treatment, although sulfur springs in this regard have long been well-deserved practical fame.

Influence of the water of the Izhevsk mineral spring on duodenal secretion

By now, a wealth of practical experience has been accumulated on the positive results of the action of Izhevsk mineral water in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver, as evidenced by numerous reviews of professors-clinicians and practical doctors. However, observing in the sanatorium of the Izhevsk mineral spring patients suffering from decreased secretion and achilia of the stomach, catarrhal state of the biliary tract of the liver, one has to be surprised at the rapidly advancing positive results that are obtained after a month of treatment with water. Belching, heartburn, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea in patients with subacid catarrhs ​​and stomach achilia disappear amazingly quickly, liver soreness disappears in inflammatory processes of the biliary tract, food digestibility and weight gain increase. Research and observation by prof. BA Voltaire, Dr. Vilensky and Lande of gastric secretions during treatment with Izhevsk water show that St. HC1 and total acidity with subacid catarrh increases relatively little, while with complete organic achilia of St. HC1 did not appear at all or appeared in the form of traces, meanwhile, pronounced dyspeptic phenomena almost completely disappear ?, therefore, naturally, we had to assume that there were changes in the secretion of the pancreas and liver, and that their secretion increased under the influence of treatment with Izhevsk water. From this side, the water of the Izhevsk mineral spring has not yet been studied by anyone.

Influence of the Kuldur mineral spring on chronic prostatitis and spermatocystitis in rectal administration

The Kuldur mineral spring is located in the Far East, in the Birobidzhan region, 34 kilometers from the station. "Birakan" of the Ussuri railway etc.The source is weakly sulfurous, carbonic-alkaline, with a temperature of 70 C. Its composition according to the study of the Vladivostok Regional Chemical-Bacteriological Laboratory from 1/30 is as follows: the reaction is alkaline.

Silica Sinter and the Evolution of Hot Springs in the Alvord/Pueblo Valleys, Southeast Oregon, USA

Hot springs in the Alvord/Pueblo valleys in southeastern Oregon are analogous to Basin-and-Range hydrothermal systems where heat source and permeable pathways are met through crustal thinning. Silica sinter deposition at Mickey Springs, Alvord Valley, predates the late Pleistocene high stand of pluvial Lake Alvord. At Borax Lake, Pueblo Valley, sinter deposition occurred during the Holocene. This study examines the evolution of springs at Mickey Springs, where three morphologies of sinter are present: (1) basalt clasts surrounded by sinter in interbedded conglomerate and sandstone, (2) pool-edge and aprons of sinter surrounding depressions (12–32 m diameter), and (3) quaquaversal sinter mounds with pool-edge sinter. The oldest sinter occurs in silica-cemented conglomerate and sandstone, where deposition occurred prior to 30 kya. Deposition around broad depressions and mounds occurred after 30 kya but before water levels began to rise in pluvial Lake Alvord. Thermoluminescence dates suggest sinter deposition ceased before 18 kya when silt and clay filled inactive vents and buried aprons. A few mounds hosted active springs after sinter deposition ceased but while submerged in pluvial Lake Alvord. Now, high-temperature springs, steam vents, and mud pots are concentrated in a 50 × 50 m area near the southern edge of the spring area.

Natural tourist resources in Rhodope tourist region

Abstract Rhodope Tourist Region is one of the most attractive tourist regions in Bulgaria and one of the few that stand out with almost uniform year-round development of tourist activities. The outlines of the tourist area largely coincide with the outlines of the mountain of the same name. This fact predetermines the exceptional richness and diversity of natural tourist resources. Here are the largest coniferous forests in the country, some of the largest dams, the largest number of caves used for tourist purposes, many mineral springs, bizarre rock formations, etc. The relatively well-preserved natural environment is a prerequisite for the presence of extremely high biodiversity, as well as a large number of protected areas. The region is specialized in mountain tourism, incl. ski tourism and hiking. In connection with the available natural tourist resources, the tourism product is increasingly enriched with various specialized types of tourism, incl. balneotherapy tourism, ecotourism, rural tourism, etc. In connection with the increasingly intensive tourist load, the problem of protecting the natural tourist resources from the growing anthropogenic pressure, as well as the prospects for sustainable development of the tourist industry in the region are becoming especially relevant. The aim of the present paper is to valorize the natural tourist resources of the Rhodope tourist region and to give guidelines for their sustainable use.

On the Connection between the 2008\u20132009 Activation of the Koryakskii Volcano and Deep Magmatic Processes

—The last activation of the Koryakskii volcano in 2008–2009 was accompanied by intense fumarolic and seismic activity. Volcanic activity peaked in March–April 2009 when ash plume rose to a height of 5.5 km and extended laterally over more than 600 km. To understand the dynamics of the volcanic processes and to forecast the further course of the events, it is relevant to establish whether the eruption was associated with a rise of magma to beneath the volcanic edifice or caused by fracturing of the volcano’s basement and penetration of groundwater into a high temperature zone. Based on the analysis of the images from the Japanese satellite ALOS-1 using satellite radar interferometry methods, the slope displacements of the Koryakskii volcano during its last activation have been estimated for the first time. The displacements reach 25 cm and cannot be explained by the formation of a layer of volcanic ash deposits or by the slope processes. The most likely cause of the displacements should be recognized to be the intrusion of magmatic material into the volcano edifice with the formation of a fracture with its lower edge at a depth of 0.5 km above sea level, with a size of 1.0 and 2.4 km along the strike and dip, respectively, and with a dip angle from 45° to 60°. Therefore, the processes taking place beneath the volcano can be threatening to the nearby localities and infrastructure and require continuous monitoring.