Sulfur Amino Acids Research Articles

Assessment of limiting dietary amino acids in broiler chickens offered reduced crude protein diets.

As lowering crude protein (CP) in poultry diets continues to minimize amino acid excess, it is important to understand the limiting order of amino acids and the impact of their deficiencies. Therefore, a pair of experiments were conducted to observe the effects of individual amino acid deletions on growth performance, carcass traits, and nutrient utilization. Both experiments involved 3 control diets based on wheat and soybean meal, including a 210.0 g/kg CP industry control (IC), 186.7 g/kg CP positive control (PC) supplemented with feed-grade amino acids to match the IC amino acid profile, 186.7 g/kg CP negative control (NC) with reducing N corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) by 0.5 MJ/kg and removing feed-grade amino acids beyond L-Lys-HCl, DL-Met, and L-Thr from PC. Ten deletion diets where the following supplemented amino acids were individually removed from the PC: Val, Ile, Leu, Trp, Arg, His, Phe + Tyr, glycine equivalence (Glyequi), Pro, and Energy (0.5 MJ/kg reduction in AMEN of the PC). All diets were formulated to contain similar concentrations of digestible Lys, total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) and Thr. Experimental diets were offered to broiler chickens from 15 to 22 d post–hatch in a cage study (Exp. 1) to gain digestibility and nutrient utilization data; whereas they were offered from 15 to 35 d post–hatch in a floor-pen study (Exp. 2) to gain performance and carcass yield data. The removal of supplemented Val, Arg, and Ile resulted in reduction on broiler performance (P < 0.05), and the removal of Val, Arg, Ile, and Glyequi negatively influenced carcass traits (P < 0.05). Results from both experiments indicate that Val and Arg are co-limiting in wheat-soybean meal diets, but that Ile and Glyequi may potentially limit breast and thigh development.

Use of ultra high performance liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry to analyze urinary metabolome alterations following acute kidney injury in post-cardiac surgery patients

BackgroundCardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) can increase the mortalityandmorbidity, and the incidence of chronic kidney disease, in critically ill survivors. The purpose of this research was to investigate possible links between urinary metabolic changes and cardiac surgery-associated AKI. MethodsUsing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry, non-targeted metabolomics was performed on urinary samples collected from groups of patients with cardiac surgery-associated AKI at different time points, including Before_AKI (uninjured kidney), AKI_Day1 (injured kidney) and AKI_Day14 (recovered kidney) groups. The data among the three groups were analyzed by combining multivariate and univariate statistical methods, and urine metabolites related to AKI in patients after cardiac surgery were screened. Altered metabolic pathways associated with cardiac surgery-induced AKI were identified by examining the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. ResultsThe secreted urinary metabolome of the injured kidney can be well separated from the urine metabolomes of uninjured or recovered patients using multivariate and univariate statistical analyses. However, urine samples from the AKI_Day14 and Before_AKI groups cannot be distinguished using either of the two statistical analyses. Nearly 4000 urinary metabolites were identified through bioinformatics methods at Annotation Levels 1–4. Several of these differential metabolites may also perform essential biological functions. Differential analysis of the urinary metabolome among groups was also performed to provide potential prognostic indicators and changes in signalling pathways. Compared with the uninjured kidney group, the patients with cardiac surgery-associated AKI displayed dramatic changes in renal metabolism, including sulphur metabolism and amino acid metabolism. ConclusionsUrinary metabolite disorder was observed in patients with cardiac surgery-associated AKI due to ischaemia and medical treatment, and the recovered patients’ kidneys were able to return to normal. This work provides data on urine metabolite markers and essential resources for further research on AKI.

Uremic Toxin Lanthionine Induces Endothelial Cell Mineralization In Vitro.

Vascular calcification (VC) is a pathological event caused by the unusual deposition of minerals in the vascular system, representing the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). In CKD, the deregulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism, along with the effect of several uremic toxins, act as key processes conveying altered mineralization. In this work, we tested the ability of lanthionine, a novel uremic toxin, to promote calcification in human endothelial cell cultures (Ea.hy926). We evaluated the effects of lanthionine, at a concentration similar to that actually detected in CKD patients, alone and under pro-calcifying culture conditions using calcium and phosphate. In pro-calcific culture conditions, lanthionine increased both the intracellular and extracellular calcium content and induced the expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2) and RUNX Family Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2). Lanthionine treatment, in pro-calcifying conditions, raised levels of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), whose expression also overlapped with Dickkopf WNT Signaling Pathway Inhibitor 1 (DKK1) gene expression, suggesting a possible role of the latter gene in the activation of ALPL. In addition, treatment with lanthionine alone or in combination with calcium and phosphate reduced Inorganic Pyrophosphate Transport Regulator (ANKH) gene expression, a protective factor toward the mineralizing process. Moreover, lanthionine in a pro-calcifying condition induced the activation of ERK1/2, which is not associated with an increase in DKK1 protein levels. Our data underscored a link between mineral disease and the alterations of sulfur amino acid metabolisms at a cell and molecular level. These results set the basis for the understanding of the link between uremic toxins and mineral-bone disorder during CKD progression.

Increased Ingestion of Hydroxy-Methionine by Both Sows and Piglets Improves the Ability of the Progeny to Counteract LPS-Induced Hepatic and Splenic Injury with Potential Regulation of TLR4 and NOD Signaling.

Methionine, as an essential amino acid, play roles in antioxidant defense and the regulation of immune responses. This study was designed to determine the effects and mechanisms of increased consumption of methionine by sows and piglets on the capacity of the progeny to counteract lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge-induced injury in the liver and spleen of piglets. Primiparous sows (n = 10/diet) and their progeny were fed a diet that was adequate in sulfur amino acids (CON) or CON + 25% total sulfur amino acids as methionine from gestation day 85 to postnatal day 35. A total of ten male piglets were selected from each treatment and divided into 2 groups (n = 5/treatment) for a 2 × 2 factorial design [diets (CON, Methionine) and challenge (saline or LPS)] at 35 d old. After 24 h challenge, the piglets were euthanized to collect the liver and spleen for the histopathology, redox status, and gene expression analysis. The histopathological results showed that LPS challenge induced liver and spleen injury, while dietary methionine supplementation alleviated these damages that were induced by the LPS challenge. Furthermore, the LPS challenge also decreased the activities of GPX, SOD, and CAT and upregulated the mRNA and(or) protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, NOD1, NOD2, NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-8, p53, BCL2, and COX2 in the liver and (or) spleen. The alterations of GPX and SOD activities and the former nine genes were prevented or alleviated by the methionine supplementation. In conclusion, the maternal and neonatal dietary supplementation of methionine improved the ability of piglets to resist LPS challenge-induced liver and spleen injury, potentially through the increased antioxidant capacity and inhibition of TLR4 and NOD signaling pathway.

Nutritional Characteristics of the Seed Protein in 23 Mediterranean Legumes

The search for new sources of plant protein for food and animal feed is driven by an increasing demand in developing countries and the interest in healthy alternatives to animal protein. Seeds from 23 different wild legumes belonging to tribes Gallegeae, Trifolieae, and Loteae were collected in southern Spain and their total amino acid composition was analyzed, by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), in order to explore their nutritional value. Protein content in the seeds ranged from 15.5% in Tripodium tetraphyllum to 37.9% and 41.3% in Medicago minima and Medicago polymorpha, respectively. Species belonging to tribe Trifolieae, such as Melilotus elegans and Trifolium spp., showed the most equilibrated amino acid composition and the best theoretical nutritional values, although all species were deficient in sulfur amino acids. The amino acid composition of the seeds from some of these legumes was characterized by high levels of the anticancer non-proteic amino acid canavanine This amino acid was found free in the seeds from some of the species belonging to each of the three tribes included in the present work. Astragalus pelecinus in tribe Gallegea, Trifolium angustifolium in tribe Trifolieae, and Anthyllis vulneraria in tribe Loteae have 3.2%, 3.7%, and 7.2% canavanine, respectively. Seeds from Anthyllis vulneraria, Hymenocarpus lotoides, and Hymenocarpos cornicina have the highest contents in canavanine overall. In conclusion, the seeds from some of these legumes could be used for human consumption and for feeding animals because they contain protein of good nutritional quality. These plants could be useful in domestication and breeding programs for production of new varieties with improved nutritional and functional properties. In addition, some of these species may be of interest as a source of the bioactive compound canavanine.

Evaluating growth response of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with synthetic DL-methionine or DL-hydroxy methionine: a meta-analysis

Methionine (Met) is the first limiting amino acid in corn and soybean meal-based diets (containing L-Met) in broiler chickens, which are often supplemented with synthetic DL-Met or DL-Hydroxy Met (OH-Met). Our objective was to quantitatively assess the efficacy of synthetic Met sources and determine differences in growth rate of broilers fed at or below requirements in response to Met intake. A systematic literature search resulted in building a database containing 480 treatment means from 39 articles published between 1985 and 2019 globally. The database was divided into starter, grower, and finisher subsets based on the age of the broilers. For each subset, linear-plateau and quadratic-plateau models were fitted to determine Met or sulfur amino acid (SAA; Met + Cysteine) requirements using average daily gain as a response variable. For each phase, 4 new subsets were obtained by only retaining records with digestible Met or SAA intake at or below requirement by linear-plateau or quadratic-plateau models. Then, a linear model (without plateau) was fitted for all new subsets for each rearing phase using supplemental digestible synthetic Met or SAA intake (basal Met intake was subtracted from total Met intake) as independent variables. The basal diet was made of only raw materials without supplementation of any synthetic Met source. Finally, the models were extended to evaluate source of synthetic Met effects on the slope parameter. At all stages of model fitting, the inclusion of a random study effect was evaluated for each parameter. All models were fitted within a Bayesian framework, for which minimally informative priors were used. The best models, that is, the most accurate inclusion of random effects, were selected based on at least 10-point difference in leave-one-out cross-validation information criterion. Model selection criteria did not consistently favor either of the linear- and quadratic-plateau models to determine Met or SAA requirements across broiler growth phases. Extending models with covariates (e.g., dietary energy and amino acids) did not improve any model fit. Body weight gain response of broiler chickens to the 2 sources was not different when fed at or below Met requirements for any of the growth phases.

Antioxidant Activity of Milk and Dairy Products.

Simple SummaryConsumption of food products that are rich in natural antioxidants improves the antioxidant status of an organism through protection against oxidative stress and damage. Milk and dairy products (yogurt and cheese) accounting for approximately 25–30% of the average human diet are undoubtedly a rich source of compounds exhibiting antioxidant properties. The aim of the study was to present a review of literature data on the antioxidant potential of raw milk and dairy products (milk, fermented products, and cheese) and the possibility to modify its level at the milk production and processing stage. The antioxidant capacity of milk and dairy products is mainly related to the presence of sulfur amino acids, whey proteins (especially β-lactoglobulin), vitamins A, E, and C, or β-carotene. The processes of fermentation or cheese maturation are associated with the release of bioactive peptides, which are responsible for the level of the antioxidant status of the product. The use of probiotic strains significantly enhances the antioxidant status. The antioxidant status of milk and dairy products can be modified with the use of natural additives in animal nutrition or at the stage of milk processing. Herbal mixtures, seeds, fruits, and waste from the fruit and vegetable industry are used most commonly. It is worth emphasizing that regular consumption of natural dairy antioxidants minimizes the risk of development of civilization diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, cancer, or diabetes). It also slows down the aging process in the organism.The aim of the study was to present a review of literature data on the antioxidant potential of raw milk and dairy products (milk, fermented products, and cheese) and the possibility to modify its level at the milk production and processing stage. Based on the available reports, it can be concluded that the consumption of products that are a rich source of bioactive components improves the antioxidant status of the organism and reduces the risk of development of many civilization diseases. Milk and dairy products are undoubtedly rich sources of antioxidant compounds. Various methods, in particular, ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH assays, are used for the measurement of the overall antioxidant activity of milk and dairy products. Research indicates differences in the total antioxidant capacity of milk between animal species, which result from the differences in the chemical compositions of their milk. The content of antioxidant components in milk and the antioxidant potential can be modified through animal nutrition (e.g., supplementation of animal diets with various natural additives (herbal mixtures, waste from fruit and vegetable processing)). The antioxidant potential of dairy products is associated with the quality of the raw material as well as the bacterial cultures and natural plant additives used. Antioxidant peptides released during milk fermentation increase the antioxidant capacity of dairy products, and the use of probiotic strains contributes its enhancement. Investigations have shown that the antioxidant activity of dairy products can be enhanced by the addition of plant raw materials or their extracts in the production process. Natural plant additives should therefore be widely used in animal nutrition or as functional additives to dairy products.

Plumage Response of Young Turkeys to Diets with Increased Methionine to Lysine Ratios at Three Dietary Arginine Levels.

Simple SummaryAn adequate supply of essential amino acids through the diet is critical for maintaining a fast growth rate, good health, and proper immune function as well as feather-cover development in poultry species. Feathers contain about 90% of protein, therefore the optimal ratios of limiting amino acids, in particular the sulfur-containing amino acids are indicated as necessary for the synthesis of feather keratin. This study evaluated the effects of different dietary methionine (Met) and arginine (Arg) levels on plumage development in young turkeys. An increased supply of sulfur-containing amino acids via supplemental Met promoted feather growth in turkeys at 16 weeks of age. Different concentrations of Arg (90%, 100%, and 110% of lysine content) had no influence on plumage development. The data on feather growth can contribute to a better understanding of the amino acid requirements in modern commercial turkey-farming systems.A 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two dietary methionine levels (Met; 30% and 45% of Lys content) and three arginine levels (Arg; 90%, 100%, and 110% of Lys content) on plumage development in 4- and 16-week-old female turkeys. One-day-old turkey poults were assigned to six groups (eight replicate pens per group and 18 birds per pen) and fed experimental diets containing 1.6%, 1.5%, 1.3%, and 1.0% of Lys in four successive four-week periods. After weeks 4 and 16 of feeding, eight turkeys per group were selected for plumage evaluation. Feathers were collected from the outer side of one thigh and from an area of 4 cm2 in the interscapular region. Plumage was evaluated based on an established pattern of five feather development stages in turkeys, from stage I (pinfeathers covered in sheaths) to stage V (mature feathers). An increase in the Met inclusion rate to 45% of Lys content had no significant effect on feather growth in 4-week-old turkeys, but it accelerated the development of feathers in 16-week-old birds. A lower percentage of stage II (p = 0.035), stage III (p = 0.019), and stage IV (p = 0.003) immature feathers, and a higher percentage of stage V (mature) feathers (p = 0.001) were observed. Methionine exerted a greater effect on the development of thigh feathers (p = 0.001) than interscapular feathers (p = 0.074). Unlike Met, different Arg concentrations had no influence on plumage development in turkeys. Overall, the present results indicate that supplemental Met has a potential for accelerating feather development in 16-week-old turkeys via an increased supply of total sulfur amino acids.

Alteration of the dietary methionine: Cysteine ratio modulates the inflammatory response to an inter-peritoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide in wistar rats

Sulphur amino acids (SAA) are essential for multiple physiological/metabolic processes, with the ratio of dietary methionine: cysteine (Met:Cys) being an important contributor to pro-inflammatory responses, including TNF-α activity. The current study was designed to determine the effect an altered dietary SAA ratio, and the resulting reliance on the transsulfuration pathway to supply Cys, will have on the inflammatory response. In the present study, 100 µg/kg of an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as a model for systemic inflammation. Male Wistar rats were randomized to one of two amino acid-defined diets, (100Met:0Cys or 50Met:50Cys) and subdivided to receive either IP LPS or saline injections. LPS significantly increased total plasma Cys, homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH) 240 min post-IP injection in rats fed a 50Met:50Cys ratio compared to other treatments. The TNF-α area under the curve for LPS-treated rats consuming a dietary 50Met:50Cys ratio was significantly higher (P < .004) compared to those consuming a dietary 100Met:0Cys ratio. A significant increase in the percentage of leukocytes that were neutrophils was observed in rats injected with LPS when compared to saline with no effect of diet. These results demonstrate that an alteration of the dietary Met:Cys ratio did not attenuate the inflammatory response to an IP injection of LPS in Wistar rats; however, a diet with a balanced Met:Cys ratio increased concentrations of Cys and GSH which may result in a more rapid response to an LPS challenge.

Mixotrophic cultivation of Galdieria sulphuraria for C-phycocyanin and protein production

G. sulphuraria is a polyextremophilic microalga that can tolerate low pH, high temperature and high osmotic pressure. We cultivated G. sulphuraria ACUF 064 in chemostat at a biomass concentration of 134 to 243 g·m−2 aiming for maximal pigment content without compromising biomass productivity. Autotrophy was compared to ‘oxygen balanced’ mixotrophy with intracellular recirculation of oxygen and carbon dioxide. No differences were found in C-phycocyanin (C-PC) and protein content between autotrophic and mixotrophic cultures. In mixotrophy the biomass productivity and concentration were doubled compared to the photoautotrophic counterpart. In mixotrophy aeration was not needed and 89% of the substrate carbon was converted into biomass.Mixotrophically grown biomass contained 10% w/w C-PC which, combined with its high areal biomass productivity (49 g·m−2·day−1), sums up as one of the highest C-PC areal productivities ever reported (5 g·m−2·day−1) under 24 h/24 h illumination. C-PC extracted from G. sulphuraria was more stable than the currently used C-PC extracts from Spirulina. No significant loss of color was observed down to a pH of 3 and up to a temperature of 55 °C. G. sulphuraria had a protein content of 62% w/w and compared favorably with FAO dietary recommendation of adults regarding amino acid composition. G. sulphuraria contains a high proportion of essential, sulfur amino acids compared to Chlorella, Spirulina and soybean protein.Due to its attractive amino acid profile and high protein content, G. sulphuraria is a good candidate for food and feed applications to overcome sulfur amino acid deficiencies. In addition, oxygen balanced mixotrophy allows for efficient and productive cultivation of G. sulphuraria biomass.

Nutritional Evaluation of Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia quineesis Fishes from River Doma in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Aims: This work evaluates the nutritional quality of Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia guineensis fishes from River Doma in Nasarawa State, Nigeria.&#x0D; Study Design: African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and tilapia (Tilapia guineensis) contribute enormously to the developing nation's nutritional, growth, and development needs, especially in terms of high protein retention in the human body. &#x0D; Methodology: Oven-dried Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia guineensis were analyzed using standard analytical techniques for proximate, mineral and amino acids compositions.&#x0D; Results: The respective proximate values (g/100 g sample dry weight) of Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia guineensis were high in crude protein (48.33 and 67.82) and crude fat (26.11 and 14.83) but low in crude fibre (3.22 and 3.91) and moisture (0.23 and 0.33). The calculated fatty acids and metabolizable energy for the two fish samples were (20.89 and 11.86 %) and (2004.98 and 1799.48 KJ/100 g), respectively. The most abundant minerals in the samples were potassium (321.72 and 364.23 mg/100 g) and phosphorus (210.54 and 213.74 mg/100 g), whereas manganese, iron, and copper were of low concentration (&lt; 0.5 mg/100 g). Leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine were the most abundant essential amino acids in both samples. At the same time, glutamic and aspartic acids together with arginine account for more than 35 % of total amino acids in each of the investigated samples. Total essential amino acids (TEAA) with histidine and total sulphur amino acids (TSAA) were (33.10 and 2.54 g/100 g cp) for Clarias gariepinus and (36.18 and 2.92 g/100 g cp) for Tilapia quineensis, respectively. Meanwhile, valine and lysine were the first and second limiting amino acids in this study's samples, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The fish samples were found to be good sources of quality proteins and both have the functional and essential amino acids.

Differential Response of the Proteins Involved in Amino Acid Metabolism in Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains during the Second Fermentation in a Sealed Bottle

The traditional method for sparkling wine making consists of a second fermentation of a base wine followed by ageing in the same bottle that reaches the consumers. Nitrogen metabolism is the second most important process after carbon and takes place during wine fermentation by yeast. Amino acids are the most numerous nitrogen compounds released by this process. They contribute to the organoleptic properties of the wines and, therefore, to their sensory quality. The main objective of this study is to compare the differential proteomic response of amino acid metabolism, specifically their proteins and their interactions in the G1 strain (unconventional yeast) during sparkling wine production versus the conventional P29 strain. One of the new trends in winemaking is the improvement of the organoleptic diversity of wine. We propose the use of unconventional yeast that shows desirable characteristics for the industry. For this purpose, these two yeasts were grown at sealed bottle conditions for the second fermentation (Champenoise method). No differences were obtained in the middle of fermentation between the yeast strains. The number of proteins identified, and the relationships established, were similar, highlighting lysine metabolism. At the end of the second fermentation, the difference between each strain was remarkable. Hardly any proteins were identified in unconventional versus conventional yeast. However, in both strains, the metabolism of sulfur amino acids, methionine, and cysteine obtained a greater number of proteins involved in these processes. The release of these amino acids to the medium would allow the yeast to balance the internal redox potential by reoxidation of NADPH. This study is focused on the search for a more complete knowledge of yeast metabolism, specifically the metabolism of amino acids, which are key compounds during the second fermentation.

Chloroplast development in green plant tissues: the interplay between light, hormone, and transcriptional regulation.

Chloroplasts are best known for their role in photosynthesis, but they also allow nitrogen and sulphur assimilation, amino acid, fatty acid, nucleotide and hormone synthesis. How chloroplasts develop is therefore relevant to these diverse and fundamental biological processes, but also to attempts at their rational redesign. Light is strictly required for chloroplast formation in all angiosperms and directly regulates the expression of hundreds of chloroplast-related genes. Light also modulates the levels of several hormones including brassinosteriods, cytokinins, auxins and gibberellins, which themselves control chloroplast development particularly during early stages of plant development. Transcription factors such as GOLDENLIKE1&2 (GLK1&2), GATA NITRATE-INDUCIBLE CARBON METABOLISM-INVOLVED (GNC) and CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA FACTOR 1 (CGA1) act downstream of both light and phytohormone signalling to regulate chloroplast development. Thus, in green tissues transcription factors, light signalling and hormone signalling form a complex network regulating the transcription of chloroplast- and photosynthesis-related genes to control the development and number of chloroplasts per cell. We use this conceptual framework to identify points of regulation that could be harnessed to modulate chloroplast abundance and increase photosynthetic efficiency of crops, and to highlight future avenues to overcome gaps in current knowledge.

The Influence of UV Varnishes on the Content of Cysteine and Methionine in Women Nail Plates-Chromatographic Studies.

The main purpose of this work was to determine if the use of hybrid nail polishes causes changes in concentration of the most important sulfur amino acids that build nail plate structures, cysteine and methionine. We found that the average contents of cysteine and methionine in studied samples before the use of hybrid manicure were 1275.3 ± 145.9 nmol mg−1 and 111.7 ± 23.8 nmol mg−1, respectively. After six months of hybrid manicure use, the average amount of these sulfur amino acids in studied samples were 22.1% and 36.5% lower in the case of cysteine and methionine, respectively. The average amounts of cysteine and methionine in nail plate samples after the use of hybrid manicures were 992.4 ± 96.2 nmol mg−1 and 70.9 ± 14.8 nmol mg−1, respectively. We also confirmed that in studied women the application of UV light varnishes reduced the thickness of the nail plate, from 0.50 ± 0.12 mm before to 0.46 ± 0.12 mm after the use of the hybrid manicure.

Optimal Standardized Ileal Digestible Total Sulfur Amino Acids to Lysine REQUIREMENTS Are Increased in Nursery Pigs Raised under Antibiotic-Free Feeding Regime.

Simple SummaryTotal sulfur amino acids play a critical role in numerous biological functions, including antioxidative status and immunity, as well as protein synthesis. Weaning pigs commonly face multiple stressors which can impair their gut integrity and growth performance. Antibiotic removal from the diets in weaning pigs can stimulate immune response and divert nutrients from growth to optimize immune function. The objective of the current two studies was to determine the optimal ratio of the standardized ileal digestible (SID) total sulfur amino acid to lysine (TSAA:Lys) in nursery pigs under an antibiotics-free feeding regime. The results demonstrated that the optimal SID TSAA:Lys for nursery pigs raised without antibiotics during the first 21 d post-weaning was 62 to 72% in terms of growth performance, whereas the optimal SID TSAA:Lys was approximately 58% in terms of growth performance in the late nursery phase.This study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing the standardized ileal digestible (SID) total sulfur amino acid to lysine (TSAA:Lys) on the growth performance of nursery pigs raised with or without antibiotics (AGP) and to determine the optimal SID TSAA:Lys in nursery pigs raised without AGP. In Exp. 1, 924 nursery pigs (7.9 ± 1.3 kg), blocked by initial BW and sex, were randomly allotted to one of six treatments, with seven pens per treatment and twenty-two pigs per pen. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design, with two AGP levels (0 or 50 mg/kg Carbodox) and three levels of SID TSAA:Lys (51.0, 58.5 or 66.0%). In Exp. 2, 990 weaned piglets (5.1 ± 0.9 kg), blocked by initial BW and sex, were randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments (SID TSAA:Lys at 51, 58, 65, 72 or 79%) in the absence of AGP, with nine pens per treatment and twenty-two pigs per pen. Competing heteroskedastic models including broken-line linear (BLL), broken-line quadratic (BLQ), and quadratic polynomial (QP) were fitted for the growth performance data to estimate the optimal TSAA:Lys. In Exp. 1, AGP supplementation increased (p < 0.05) ADG and ADFI during the 21 d period. Increasing SID TSAA:Lys in the diets with AGP did not affect growth performance; however, increasing SID TSAA:Lys in the diets without AGP resulted in a linear increase (p < 0.05) in ADG and G:F. In Exp. 2, the best-fitting models for ADG and G:F from d 0 to 21 post-weaning were BLL, which yielded the optimal SID TSAA:Lys of 62% and 72%, respectively. The best-fitting models for ADG and G:F from d 21 to 42 post-weaning were BLL, which yielded the optimal SID TSAA:Lys of 59% and 58%, respectively. In conclusion, SID TSAA to Lys requirements under an antibiotic-free feeding regime during the first 21 d post-weaning were 62% and 72% in terms of ADG and G:F, respectively, whereas an SID TSAA:Lys of approximately 58% was required to maximize ADG and G:F for the late nursery phase.

Influences of total sulfur amino acids and photoperiod on growth, carcass traits, blood parameters, meat quality and cecal microbial load of broilers

The current study aimed to discuss the impact of total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) %, photoperiod, and their interaction on growth performance, carcass and blood indices of broiler chicks. A total of 300 unsexed IR broiler chicks one-week old were used in a factorial arrangement (2 × 3), including two photoperiod systems (22 L: 2 D and 16 L: 8 D) and three experimental rations having three grades of Met + Cyst (TSAA) (70%, 85% and 100% of digestible lysine in starter and finisher diets). Results revealed that the higher LBW and BWG were noticed in birds given TSAA at grades of 1.1 or 0.90 % under 22L: 2D photoperiod at five weeks of age and the whole experimental period (1–5 weeks of age), respectively. The highest live body weight (LBW (and body weight gain (BWG) were recorded in birds received 1.1% TSAA under the long photoperiod compared to the control and the other groups. Birds fed 1.3% TSAA consumed more feed than the other groups. The opposite was found in birds fed 1.1% TSAA under the short photoperiod (16L: 8D). The best feed conversion (FCR) was detected by birds fed 1.1% and 0.90% TSAA diets during the whole experimental period. All carcass traits studied were significantly influenced by TSAA levels, except for the relative weights of abdominal fat and spleen. The interaction effect on was significant on all carcass traits except spleen %. In conclusion, the addition of TSAA at level 1.1 and 0.9 % to starter and finisher diets under a long photoperiod regime improved broiler’s performance, carcass traits, and blood parameters studied.

The response of different kinds of rapeseed cultivars to foliar application of nitrogen, sulphur and boron

The study was based on in 2016–2017, 2017–2018, 2018–2019 field experiment conducted at the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce (Zawady Agricultural Experimental Station), eastern Poland. The studied factors were: I. winter rape cultivars: Monolit—open pollinated cultivar; PT248-F1 hybrid cultivars with traditional growth type; PX115-F1 hybrid cultivars with a semi-dwarf growth type and types of foliar nutrition: (1) control variant without foliar nutrition and amino acids; (2) amino acid; (3) foliar fertilizer sulphur and boron; (4) foliar fertilizer sulphur with foliar fertilizer boron and amino acid. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of foliar application of sulphur, boron, amino acids on the use and feed value of seeds of three winter rape morphotypes. The highest content of crude fat in seeds of the studied morphotypes was found after foliar fertilization with sulphur and boron and amino acids, while the lowest under the influence of amino acids. The highest concentration of total protein was obtained after the application of amino acids, and regardless of the morphotype studied on this object, the same value of this trait was demonstrated. In restored morphotypes, the use of additional foliar fertilization S and B in combination with amino acids did not significantly increase this characteristic compared to the amino acid variant. As a result of the application of amino acids and foliar feeding of S and B, and amino acids, the largest increase in crude fibre content in rapeseeds was obtained, while the application of S and B did not significantly increase this characteristic compared to the control variant. The best feed and use value of seeds were noted in restored morphotypes, with the semi-dwarf variety having the highest fat and crude fibre content. Climatic conditions in the years of research significantly determined the value of seeds. The highest values of the examined traits were obtained in the last year of the study, and the lowest in the growing season 2016–2017.

Yeast stress and death caused by the synergistic effect of ethanol and SO&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt; during the second fermentation of sparkling wines

Problems can often arise at the beginning of the second fermentation (prise de mousse) of sparkling wines, such as no start, a long lag period or slow fermentation. These problems are generally associated with yeast stress when inoculated in a base wine with high ethanol content and low pH. However, few studies focus on sulphites, which are often added to base wines to prevent malolactic fermentation, microbiological instability, and wine oxidation. This study aimed to evaluate the joint effect of ethanol and sulfur dioxide on yeasts during the second fermentation. For this purpose, yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC1118) were subjected to ethanol, sulfur dioxide and ethanol/sulfur dioxide at the beginning of fermentation, and their vitality and viability, as well as the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and intracellular pH, were evaluated by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in sulfur transport and metabolism was determined. The results showed high mortality, ROS accumulation and intracellular pH reduction in fermentations with both ethanol and sulfur dioxide. The negative effect of ethanol, sulfur dioxide and ethanol/sulfur dioxide on yeasts was found to be dose-dependent and high in those commonly found in some base wines. Cells treated with ethanol/sulfur dioxide showed over-expression of genes involved in sulphite transport (SUL1 and SUL2), efflux pump (SSU1 and FZF1) and metabolism of sulfur amino acids (MET14). Altogether, our data indicate that ethanol and sulfur dioxide have a synergistic effect on yeasts, which may be the root cause of the problems encountered at the beginning of the second fermentation of sparkling wines, and should thus be seriously taken into consideration by winemakers.

111 Validation of the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Technique in the Domestic Cat

Abstract There is a lack of data on the minimum Met or total sulfur AA (SAA) requirements for adult cats. Non-invasive and precise techniques, such as indicator AA oxidation (IAAO) can be used for these purposes. This pilot study aimed to validate the IAAO technique in cats and investigate the effect of dietary Met concentrations and sources on fasted plasma SAA concentrations. Six cats were fed three experimental diets in random order: Met-deficient diet (BASAL; 0.23% Met+Cys-DM) and two Met-sufficient diets in which either DL-Met (DLM) or Met-hydroxy-analogue (MHA) were supplemented, respectively, on an equimolar basis to meet the total SAA requirement (0.34%-DM). After 2d diet adaptation, IAAO studies were performed. Cats were offered 13 ½-hourly small meals. The 6th meal contained a priming dose (4.8 mg/kg-BW) of L-[1-13C]-Phe and the remaining meals the constant dose (1.04 mg/kg-BW). Breath samples were collected ½-hourly to measure 13CO2 enrichment. The following morning after an 16hr fast, blood samples were collected. Isotopic steady-state was evaluated through linear regression models. Plasma AA data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (Version 9.4). Met concentrations tended to be higher in cats fed DLM compared to BAS (P = 0.0877), but similar to those fed MHA (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Total cysteine plasma concentrations were similar between treatments (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Cats fed BAS had greater concentrations of plasma HCys compared to DLM and MHA (P = 0.0093). Cats did not reach isotopic steady-state in atom percent excess (P &amp;gt;0.05) regardless of the dietary treatment provided. Non-steady-state kinetics models are under development to predict 13CO2 flux. This study indicates that the short-term feeding of a Met-deficient diet in cats results in greater plasma Hcys and a tendency for lower plasma Met concentrations. A higher prime dose of L-[1-13C]-Phe is warranted to achieve isotopic steady-state and successfully apply the IAAO to estimate AA requirements.

475 The Effect of Increasing Total Sulfur Amino Acids to Lysine Level and Methionine Source on Growth Performance and Oxidative Parameters of Nursery Pigs Fed Oxidized Soybean Oil

Abstract Total sulfur amino acids (TSAA): Lys level and Met source effects on growth performance and oxidative status were evaluated in nursery pigs fed oxidized soybean-oil. A total of 240 weaned pigs (BW=5.84± 0.96kg) were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 60 pens. Treatments included a positive control containing fresh soybean-oil (PC) and 4 peroxidized soybean-oil treatments in a 2×2 factorial of 2 Met sources (DL-Met vs. 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoate [HMTBa]) and 2 standardized ileal digestible TSAA: Lys levels (L1=0.58 vs. L2=0.65). Diets were fed for 42d. One pig per pen was euthanized at d42 for tissue analyses. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. TSAA: Lys ratio did not affect ADG and ADFI. Met source did not affect ADG. HMTBa tended to increase ADFI compared to DL-Met (P = 0.08). There was a tendency for interaction between TSAA: Lys level and Met source for G: F (P = 0.07); pigs fed HMTBa-L1 tended to have decreased G: F compared to HMTBa-L2 and DL-Met-L1-L2. HMTBa had increased liver total antioxidant status (TAS) compared to DL-Met (P = 0.02). There was no TSAA:Lys level effect on TAS. Comparing PC to peroxidized treatments: pigs fed HMTBa-L1 and DL-Met-L1 tended to have decreased ADG (P ≤ 0.10) and DL-Met-L2 had decreased ADG (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than PC. HMTBa-L2 was similar to PC. Pigs fed DL-Met-L1 had decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and DL-Met-L2 tended to have decreased ADFI (P ≤ 0.10) than PC. HMTBa-L1-L2 were similar to PC. All peroxidized treatments had similar G:F compared to PC. Pigs fed DL-Met-L2 tended to have decreased TAS compared to PC (P ≤ 0.10), but PC was similar to pigs fed DL-Met-L1 and HMTBa-L1-L2. In conclusion, under an oxidative challenge, HMTBa, at a TSAA: Lys ratio of 0.65, maintained nursery pigs’ growth performance and oxidative status.