Sulfite Pulp Research Articles

Spectroscopic Investigations for the Dating of Paper from the Nineteenth Century.

The knowledge of the detailed material composition of paper can help art historians, archivist, librarians, paper historians, and conservators to determine the possible age of a document or a work of art. The dating of paper by the identification of specific paper components is especially applicable to paper from the 19th century. In this era, many changes in the paper production technology occurred and new raw materials were introduced in relatively short time intervals. ATR-IR and Raman spectroscopic measurements were used to analyze the chemical composition and structure of papers from the 19th century. The infrared spectra showed the general material composition of the papers. More specific information on the different paper components and their distribution in the paper were obtained by Raman microscopic measurements. The resulting Raman images visualize the detailed chemical structure of the papers including all components such as paper fibers, filler pigments, sizing agents, and color pigments. Special emphasis was made on the spectroscopic identification of different paper fiber types, like straw, esparto, and sulphite and sulfate chemical wood pulp, which were introduced to paper production during the second half of the 19th century. It could be shown that the specific spectral differences in the Raman spectra of the different paper fiber types are related to different amounts of hemicellulose xylan compounds on or in the cellulose fibers.

Construction of hierarchical porous carbon with mesopores-enriched from sodium lignosulfonate by dual template strategy and their diversified applications for CO2 capture, radioactive iodine adsorption, and RhB removal

Lignosulfonate, as the large-scale by-products from the sulfite pulping, converting them to porous carbon is an alternative potential path. However, most sodium lignosulfonate (LS-Na) derived porous carbon all belonged to the dominated microporous carbon materials, and had poor graphitization degree and low heteroatoms content. Here, a series of hierarchically porous carbon with rich and controllable mesopores were firstly prepared from LS-Na by two dual template strategies. These carbon materials showed high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas (SBET) of 230.6–1483.3 m2/g, hierarchical porous structure (mesopore content up to 84.5%), rich heteroatoms (N, O, S) doping (9.22–22.53%), and good graphitization structure. The incorporation of SBA-15 and Ni species as the nano-templates not only brought the unique micro-structure, but also enhanced mesoporous properties. SLS-C had the largest CO2 uptake (206.2 mg/g) due to the largest micropore volume (Vmicro) and ultramicropore volume (Vultra) by micropore filling mechanism. SLS-S-Ni-C possessed effective iodine capacity (∼2.2 g/g) and good recycling (∼90.9%), the adsorption process was based on the dominated physical adsorption, meanwhile, also along with the weak chemical interaction for some iodine molecules by little strong binding sites. SLS-Ni-C had the largest equilibrium capacity of RhB (350.6 mg/g) and the fast adsorption kinetic (about 50 min) due to the large SBET, suitable micro-mesopores size and proportion. This work provided a kind of hierarchical porous carbon from LS-Na by dual template routes, and matched adsorbents for the removal of targeted contaminants.

DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY OF SULFITE PULP TCF BLEACHING FOR CHEMICAL PROCESSING

An environmentally friendly chlorine-free technology for producing wood sulfite soluble pulp using only one oxidizing bleaching agent – hydrogen peroxide has been developed: unconventional catalyzed peroxide delignification and hydrogen peroxide bleaching. The conditions of cooking, delignification, extraction and bleaching of spruce sulfite pulp obtained as a result of studies, as well as successful combinations of conditions of all stages made it possible to obtain two types of soluble pulp by one technology: soluble pulp for nitration (for gunpowder) was obtained under a short scheme including a delignification step and hot alkaline extraction; by continuing this scheme with hydrogen peroxide bleaching in two steps, viscose pulp was obtained. The use of this technology will make it possible to implement a double import substitution – in raw materials (wood instead of cotton) and in finished products (pulp for chemical processing - for nitration and viscose pulp, which are currently imported).

Molybdenum Carbide Anchored on N,S Co-Doped Carbon Composite Derived from Lignosulfonate as a High Performance Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

A composite of Mo2C nanoparticles dispersed onto a nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon scaffold (Mo2C/N,S-C) was prepared by a simple and environmentally friendly method of one-pot annealing of MoCl5, urea, and lignosulfonate under a N2 atmosphere at 700 °C. Lignosulfonate, a by-product of the sulfite pulping process, was employed as a feedstock to fabricate the S-doped carbon scaffold and carbide simultaneously, and urea acted as a nitrogen source for N-doping to carbon. The as-prepared Mo2C/N,S-C catalyst showed high performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), with a small overpotential of 105 mV at 10 mAcm−2, and good stability for 3000 cycles. The improved HER performance of the Mo2C/N,S-C originated from the interplay between the highly active Mo2C nanoparticles and the N,S co-doped carbon scaffold with its high electrical conductivity and large surface area. Furthermore, N,S co-doping to carbon improved the hydrophilicity of the catalyst surface, thus further enhancing the HER activity.

Effect of Plasticizer on Hydration and Rheological Behavior of Cement Pastes

Lignosulfonate-based admixtures (LS) obtained from sulfite pulping processes were the first dispersants added as a water-reducer to concrete. Less effective than the latest superplasticizers, the low cost and low environmental footprint of LS continue to allow these materials to compete in the building and construction market. In addition to the dispersion effect, LS is known to retard cement hydration. The aim of this paper is to characterize the effect of LS on the hydration and rheology of cement paste. The effect of the time at which the LS is added, either by immediate addition or after ten minutes of hydration, has been investigated. It appears that the immediate addition of LS is less effective than the delayed addition when it comes to dispersion of cement, likely due to the initial ettringite formation.

Concept of PPI energy technology complex upgrading

THE PURPOSE. Development and implementation of a set of theoretical and practical recommendations for creating scientifically founded heat flow diagrams for pulp and paper processes, intensifying heat exchanging processes under the economical use of energy resources. METHODS. The method of thermodynamic analysis on the basis of exergy increments in the process of interaction of heat flows is proposed, it allows evaluating the energy efficiency of both individual PPI units and the entire process flow; mathematical relationship between exergy efficiency of process elements and that of a complex heat flow diagram; schematic diagram of a heat recuperator of PBM drying section with a closed loop for the air delivered to drying. RESULTS. Thermodynamic analysis was made to evaluate energy efficiency of PPI equipment; the relationship between conversion factor of thermal pumping plant and thermodynamic properties of actuating media was obtained. Sulfate pulp production was considered in detail. The low energy efficiency of the existing process flow diagram is shown, with its exergy efficiency being equal to 48%. A main share of the consumed exergy (71% of the incoming one) relates to the recovery boiler processes. The process flow diagram consisting of hydrochemical pulpchips processing is suggested. The recovery boiler and rotary-type lime kiln are removed from that flow diagram. Risks of air and water basins pollution fall. The main ways for increasing energy efficiency of lignosulfonates production at sulfite pulp plants are mentioned. DISCUSSION. Further development of energy efficient pulp technologies can be forecasted on the basis of application of fluid technologies such as supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). The positive results of research in water chemistry under supercritical parameters give promise to predict success in developing the energy efficient pulp technology by exposing pulpchips to water at the subcritical and supercritical parameters. Paper and board production relates to the complex physical–chemical and heat-wet processes. The thermodynamic studies allowed determining low exergy efficiency of a drying section of paper and board machine that is because of inefficient operation of the heat recuperation unit. This circumstance is responsible for the bulk supply of low pressure steam from a heat and power plant. The main ways for improving the heat flow diagram of PBM drying section are shown. Cogeneration issues in the pulp and paper industry are considered. The essential attention is given to environmental safety of energy efficient technologies. CONCLUSION. The paper presents main ways for increasing energy efficiency of basic production processes at pulp and paper enterprises. Based on the analysis of exergy efficiency of individual equipment elements and the entire process flow diagrams bottlenecks were revealed and measures for their removal were suggested.

Properties of Rubber Blends Filled with Calcium Lignosulfonate

AbstractThe lignosulfonates are water‐soluble anionic polymers, which are considered as byproducts from the production of wood pulp using sulfite pulping. Calcium lignosulfonate is chosen as a filler according to previous research due to its effect on the properties of the blends. It is added in the concentration range from 10 to 60 phr to the blends with NBR, SBR, and EPDM. It is found out that the increasing concentration of filler has a favorable effect on the values of physical—mechanical properties of vulcanizates.

Study of the anions profile throughout the sulphite pulp line

In this study, the sulphur oxide anions profile at all stages of the Mg acid sulphite pulping process was evaluated by Ion Chromatography (IC). The concentration of bisulphite anions decreased almost two-third along the cooking, while the sulphate concentration increased progressively. Of the bisulphite consumed, only a third was converted to sulfates. Unexpectedly, the maximum thiosulphate concentration was found in the pulping acid filling step, being further decreased along the cooking. The chloride ions rise progressively during the cooking being extracted essentially from the wood, although a noticeable part of the phosphate anions belongs to pulping reagents and inlet water. The low molecular weight fraction of lignosulphonates (LS) appeared in the cooking liquor in the residual delignification step and, together with xylonic acid, contributed to an overestimation of the fluoride concentration determined by the IC due to the same retention time in the chromatographic column during the analysis.

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BLEACHING OF DISSOLVING CHEMICAL SULPHITE WOOD PULP AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE WATER

The aim of the work is the environmental assessment for bleaching and alkali treatment of dissolving chemical pulp. Samples of the original unbleached pulp: industrial hard bisulfite pulp with a high mass fraction of lignin, traditionally used for the production of paper, and soft sulfite pulp with a low content of lignin, usually used to produce dissolving chemical pulp. In order to reduce the environmental impact, bleaching and alkali treatment were carried out according to the original technologies developed by the authors: bisulfite pulp - according to the ECF technology using two oxidizing bleaching reagents by scheme Pa-E-Ch1-HE-Ch2-A; sulfite pulp - according to the TCF-technology using one oxidizing bleaching agent by scheme Pa-E-HE-P-A in just 4 stages. Produced samples of pulp according to the standardized quality indicators, meet the requirements of the norms for wood sulphite pulp CA grade P (for nitration). The environmental characteristics of wastewater from bleaching and alkali treatment of both samples using the developed ECF and TCF technologies after biological treatment in terms of the main indicators (COD, BOD, AOX) comply with EU standards.

Rational and evolutionary engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of dicarboxylic acids from lignocellulosic biomass and exploring genetic mechanisms of the yeast tolerance to the biomass hydrolysate

BackgroundLignosulfonates are significant wood chemicals with a $700 million market, produced by sulfite pulping of wood. During the pulping process, spent sulfite liquor (SSL) is generated, which in addition to lignosulfonates contains hemicellulose-derived sugars—in case of hardwoods primarily the pentose sugar xylose. The pentoses are currently underutilized. If they could be converted into value-added chemicals, overall economic profitability of the process would increase. SSLs are typically very inhibitory to microorganisms, which presents a challenge for a biotechnological process. The aim of the present work was to develop a robust yeast strain able to convert xylose in SSL to carboxylic acids.ResultsThe industrial strain Ethanol Red of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered for efficient utilization of xylose in a Eucalyptus globulus lignosulfonate stream at low pH using CRISPR/Cas genome editing and adaptive laboratory evolution. The engineered strain grew in synthetic medium with xylose as sole carbon source with maximum specific growth rate (µmax) of 0.28 1/h. Selected evolved strains utilized all carbon sources in the SSL at pH 3.5 and grew with µmax between 0.05 and 0.1 1/h depending on a nitrogen source supplement. Putative genetic determinants of the increased tolerance to the SSL were revealed by whole genome sequencing of the evolved strains. In particular, four top-candidate genes (SNG1, FIT3, FZF1 and CBP3) were identified along with other gene candidates with predicted important roles, based on the type and distribution of the mutations across different strains and especially the best performing ones. The developed strains were further engineered for production of dicarboxylic acids (succinic and malic acid) via overexpression of the reductive branch of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). The production strain produced 0.2 mol and 0.12 mol of malic acid and succinic acid, respectively, per mol of xylose present in the SSL.ConclusionsThe combined metabolic engineering and adaptive evolution approach provided a robust SSL-tolerant industrial strain that converts fermentable carbon content of the SSL feedstock into malic and succinic acids at low pH.in production yields reaching 0.1 mol and 0.065 mol per mol of total consumed carbon sources.. Moreover, our work suggests potential genetic background of the tolerance to the SSL stream pointing out potential gene targets for improving the tolerance to inhibitory industrial feedstocks.

Valorisation of sodium lignosulfonate by ultrafiltration of spent sulphite liquor using commercial polyethersulfone membrane

ABSTRACT Ultrafiltration of spent sulphite liquor, generated from a laboratory sulphite pulping using chopped stems of Prosopis juliflora, was carried out to recover sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). A commercial hydrophilised polyethersulfone flat-sheet membrane with a molecular weight cut-off of 5 kD was used for the experiments. Effects of the feed dilution factor on the permeate flux were observed, and actual solute rejection coefficients were investigated due to the formation of the concentration polarised layer on the membrane surface. In addition, flux decline and the fouling index of the membrane were determined under the present experimental conditions. SLS obtained in the reject stream was characterised following UV–VIS and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The spectroscopic analysis confirmed the reduction of the lignin and hemicelluloses component of wood sample effectively into SLS during sulphite pulping with a considerable degree of similarity with the control sample. The results could be useful as guidelines for the scale-up of SLS production and simultaneous treatment of sulphite liquor from the paper and pulp industry.

Developing a novel direct liquid fuel cell based on pulping liquors

AbstractThis work reports preliminary studies to develop new direct liquid fuel cells that employ two by‐products from kraft and sulfite pulp mills as the fuel, namely kraft black liquor (BL) and spent sulfite liquor (SSL). The composition and properties of BL and SSL are characterized, being determined a conductivity 40 times higher for BL than for SSL. The performance of the BL fuel cell (BLFC) and the SSL fuel cell (SSLFC) is assessed employing 5 M hydrogen peroxide solution as the oxidant at different pH values. For the BLFC, an anion‐exchange membrane (AEM) is used, and for the SSLFC, both AEM and cation‐exchange membrane (CEM) are tested. Different parameters that characterize the fuel cell performance (e.g., peak power density) are determined and compared with similar wastewater‐based fuel cells described in the literature. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first time two pulp mill by‐products (BL and SSL) are reported as fuels for application in fuel cells.

Structural basis for lignin recalcitrance during sulfite pulping for production of dissolving pulp from pine heartwood

Dissolving pulps are technically produced by prehydrolysis kraft, one-stage or two-stage acid sulfite pulping. Like other pulping methods, the delignification process is incomplete and bleaching is required for complete lignin removal. Here, we explored the molecular aspects of lignin recalcitrance during the pulping, in order to gain insights that could inform future pulping efforts. For this purpose, we adopted a protocol for the controlled fractionation of pulp into soluble fractions that could be analyzed by spectroscopic methods including size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and 2D NMR methods. In addition, lignosulfonates (i.e. technical lignin) was analysed as a reference to gain insights on the structural basis for dissolution. Overall, the results identify a sequence of reactions responsible for the dissolution of lignin. In the first stage, the sulfonation of lignin begins and occurs at the α-carbon of β-O-4 and β-5 sub-structures. In the second stage the cleavage of lignin carbohydrate bonds (LCC) of benzyl ether, gamma ester and phenylglycosides types, all of which were detected in the residual lignin of the earlier phases, occurs and enhances lignin dissolution. Finally, condensation reactions of benzylic cations with activated positions on aromatic ring were detected in lignosulfonates. This suggest that a competing reaction mode to the sulfonation at C-α position in lignin was occurring at prolonged pulping conditions, here considered to be unproductive.

Synthesis of Lignosulfonate-Based Dispersants for Application in Concrete Formulations.

Lignosulfonates (LS) are products from the sulfite pulping process that could be applied as renewable environmentally-friendly polymeric surfactants. Being widely used as plasticizers and water-reducing admixtures in concrete formulations LS compete in the market with petroleum-based superplasticizers, such as naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde polycondensate (NSF) and copolymer polycarboxylate ethers (PCE). In this work, different chemical modification strategies were used to improve LS performance as dispersants for concrete formulations. One strategy consisted in increasing the molecular weight of LS through different approaches, such as laccase and polyoxometalate-mediated polymerization, glyoxalation, and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The other strategy consisted of preparing LS-based non-ionic polymeric dispersants using two different epoxidized oligomer derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG). Modified LS were used to prepare cement pastes, which were examined for their fluidity. Results revealed that the most promising products are PPG-modified LS due to the introduction of PPG chains by reaction with phenolic moieties in LS. The enhanced dispersant efficiency of the ensuing products is probably related not only to electrostatic repulsion caused by the sulfonic ionizable groups in LS but also to steric hindrance phenomena due to the grafted bulky PPG chains.

Lignosulphonates as an Alternative to Non-Renewable Binders in Wood-Based Materials.

Lignin is a widely abundant renewable source of phenolic compounds. Despite the growing interest on using it as a substitute for its petroleum-based counterparts, only 1 to 2% of the global lignin production is used for obtaining value-added products. Lignosulphonates (LS), derived from the sulphite pulping process, account for 90% of the total market of commercial lignin. The most successful industrial attempts to use lignin for wood adhesives are based on using this polymer as a partial substitute in phenol-formaldehyde or urea-formaldehyde resins. Alternatively, formaldehyde-free adhesives with lignin and lignosulphonates have also been developed with promising results. However, the low number of reactive sites available in lignin’s aromatic ring and high polydispersity have hindered its application in resin synthesis. Currently, finding suitable crosslinkers for LS and decreasing the long pressing time associated with lignin adhesives remains a challenge. Thus, several methods have been proposed to improve the reactivity of lignin molecules. In this paper, techniques to extract, characterize, as well as improve the reactivity of LS are addressed. The most recent advances in the application of LS in wood adhesives, with and without combination with formaldehyde, are also reviewed.

Lignosulfonate-Based Polyurethane Adhesives.

The feasibility of using lignosulfonate (LS) from acid sulphite pulping of eucalyptus wood as an unmodified polyol in the formulation of polyurethane (PU) adhesives was evaluated. Purified LS was dissolved in water to simulate its concentration in sulphite spent liquor and then reacted with 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) in the presence or absence of poly(ethylene glycol) with Mw 200 (PEG200) as soft crosslinking segment. The ensuing LS-based PU adhesives were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis techniques. The adhesion strength of new adhesives was assessed using Automated Bonding Evaluation System (ABES) employing wood strips as a testing material. The results showed that the addition of PEG200 contributed positively both to the homogenization of the reaction mixture and better crosslinking of the polymeric network, as well as to the interface interactions and adhesive strength. The latter was comparable to the adhesive strength recorded for a commercial white glue with shear stress values of almost 3 MPa. The optimized LS-based PU adhesive formulation was examined for the curing kinetics following the Kissinger and the Ozawa methods by non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry, which revealed the curing activation energy of about 70 kJ·mol−1.

Acid sulfite pulping of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita as a pretreatment method for multiproduct biorefineries

AbstractConversion of biomass into saleable biochemicals and fuels requires the use of a pretreatment to enable subsequent processing. Acid sulfite pulping is one of the most cost‐effective strategies, because the chemicals are inexpensive and the technology is available on an industrial scale. It also allows the simultaneous production of cellulosic fibers and lignosulfonate. However, too little is known about the feasibility of acid sulfite pulping of tropical hardwoods. The objective of this research was to gain a better understanding of the response of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita in acid sulfite pulping. The plantation‐grown hardwood chip samples were obtained from Sabah, Malaysia. The sulfite cooking experiments were carried out in autoclaves with temperatures of 130°C and 140°C and varied chemical charges. The results revealed that a cooking temperature of 140°C was needed to reach kappa numbers below 30, but this also resulted in much reduced fiber length and higher fines content than 130°C, probably due to the intensified acid hydrolysis. To reach kappa numbers below 20, more severe cooking conditions are needed. These results demonstrate that using A. mangium and E. pellita as feedstocks allows feasible production of chemical pulp and sulfonated lignin, which are intermediate products for biorefineries.

Lignosulfonate-Based Conducting Flexible Polymeric Membranes for Liquid Sensing Applications.

In this study, lignosulfonate (LS) from the acid sulfite pulping of eucalypt wood was used to synthesize LS-based polyurethanes (PUs) doped with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) within the range of 0.1–1.4% w/w, yielding a unique conducting copolymer composite, which was employed as a sensitive material for all-solid-state potentiometric chemical sensors. LS-based PUs doped with 1.0% w/w MWCNTs exhibited relevant electrical conductivity suitable for sensor applications. The LS-based potentiometric sensor displayed a near-Nernstian or super-Nernstian response to a wide range of transition metals, including Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Hg(II), and Ag(I) at pH 7 and Cr(VI) at pH 2. It also exhibited a redox response to the Fe(II)/(III) redox pair at pH 2. Unlike other lignin-based potentiometric sensors in similar composite materials, this LS-based flexible polymeric membrane did not show irreversible complexation with Hg(II). Only a weak response toward ionic liquids, [C2mim]Cl and ChCl, was registered. Unlike LS-based composites comprising MWCNTs, those doped with graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO (rGO), and graphite (Gr) did not reveal the same electrical conductivity, even with loads up to 10% (w/w), in the polymer composite. This fact is associated, at least partially, with the different filler dispersion abilities within the polymeric matrix.

Optimization of Technological Parameters of Straw Fiber-Based Plant Fiber Seedling Pot Raw Materials

Straw fiber seedling pots are a promising substitute for plastic seedling pots. The mixing mode of straw fiber affects the mechanical properties of the raw material membrane of the seedling pot. To explore the processing technology of making the raw material membrane of the seedling pot with two kinds of plant fibers in a layered manner, the optimal combination of the process parameters of the raw material membrane of the seedling pot without additives in the production process was studied experimentally. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the parameters (beating degree of unbleached softwood kraft pulp fiber, beating degree of wheat straw fiber, wheat straw fiber quality percentage content, and film grammage) with regard to the dry tensile index and Z-direction tensile index of the seedling pot body. The optimal process parameter combination with a certain dry tensile index and Z-direction tensile index of seedling pot raw material was obtained by using four factors and five levels of a quadratic regression orthogonal rotation center combination design parameter optimization experiment. The optimal technical parameters were optimized as wheat straw fiber quality percentage content 70%, film grammage 70 g/m2, unbleached softwood kraft pulp fiber beating degree 47–48 °SR, and wheat straw fiber beating degree 65–75 °SR. With the optimal conditions, the dry tensile index of the seedling bowl raw material film was between 21 and 22 N·(m·g−1), and the Z-direction tensile index was greater than 2.1 N·(m·g−1). Using wheat straw fibers and unbleached sulfite wood pulp fibers as raw materials for seedling pots, the raw material membrane of the seedling pots was made in a layered manner. The experimental study proved this feasibility. With this mixing process of raw materials, the straw fiber-based plant fiber seedling pot would meet the demands of a crop nursery after adding chemical additives. The research results provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the manufacture of the raw material membrane of the seedling pot body.

Lignosulfonate for improving electrochemical performance of chitin derived carbon materials as a superior anode for lithium-ion batteries

Lignosulfonate, a by-product spent sulfite pulping liquor from the paper and pulping industry, was a suitable natural sulfur dopant for improving electrochemical performance of chitin derived carbon materials. Herein, a cost-effective method of possible large-scale production was reported to fabricate heteroatoms-doped porous carbon (CLs) as advanced electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries applications. After a simple pyrolysis process of chitin mixed with lignosulfonate, generated CLsequipped with abundant defect structures. Remarkably, although portion of lignosulfonate (1/3 of chitin) was introduced, the specific surface area (SSA) of CLs enhanced to 411.64 m2g−1 (CL800). In addition, its capacitive characteristic improved, effectively, delivering high a reversible specific capacity of up to 644.5 mA h g−1 at current density of 50 mA g−1. After 300 cycles at the current density of 100 mA g−1, it still remained a specific capacity of 350.7 mA g−1. Such anode material presented excellent electrochemical performance, good rate capability and cycling stability, attributed to containing abundant N and S elements, providing a green avenue for converting biomass waste to high electrochemical performance heteroatoms-doped carbon materials, having promising application in the energy storage field.