Sulfated Polysaccharide Fractions Research Articles

Extraction and Purification of a Phycocolloid from Chaetomorpha aerea

AbstractPhycocolloids are gelling polysaccharides extracted from algae that have found applications as microbiological culture media, food thickener, and cosmetic rheological modifiers. The extensive use of algae species that have not yet been domesticated has led to overexploitation or supply shortages. Thus, extending the library of phycocolloids would permit to support the industrial changes toward renewable polymer feedstocks but if the source of algae is limited to wild algae species, this may raise issue on the scalability and hinder the creation of a reliable supply chain. In this study, a new phycocolloid extracted from Chaetomorpha aerea, a green seaweed that can be cultivated in open ponds, is identified. Through elucidation of its chemical structure, a gelation mechanism for an extracted sulfated polysaccharide fraction that form stable, transparent hydrogels that can be used for microbiological culture, is proposed

Inhibitory effect of sulfated polysaccharide from Sargassum thunbergii in PA-induced lipid accumulation in vitro

This study aimed to investigate the In vitro lipid inhibitory effects of sulfated polysaccharide fractions derived from fractional ethanol precipitate 1 of Celluclast assisted hydrolysate from Sargassum thunbergii (STCF1-PSs). Three polysaccharide fractions were obtained, and physical characteristics were determined by SEM, FTIR, and MALS analysis. Monosaccharide analysis indicated that STCF1-PS3 contained high fucose and galactose contents. The intracellular lipid inhibitory effects of STCF1-PS3 were evaluated on PA-treated 3T3-L1 and HepG2 cells and was found to be significant. Furthermore, it suppressed intracellular triglyceride and free fatty acid levels in these cells. Western blot analysis showed that the lipid inhibitory activity was achieved through the regulation of the adipogenesis and lipolysis pathway in PA-treated 3T3-L1 cells and the free fatty acid oxidation pathway in PA-treated HepG2 cells. Overall, sulfated polysaccharide from Sargassum thunbergii has a beneficial effect on intracellular lipid metabolism and it could be used as a functional ingredient in functional food industry.

ANTIPROLIFERATIVE AND APOPTOTIC ACTIVITY OF SULFATED POLYSACCHARIDE ISOLATED FROM HYPNEA VALENTIAE RED SEAWEED IN HUMAN SKIN MALIGNANT MELANOMA CELLS

Objective: Malignant melanoma is a highly metastatic cutaneous cancer. Deregulated apoptosis has been identified as a major cause of cancer drug resistance. The objective of the study is to evaluate antiproliferative activity of Hypnea Valentiae extract in human skin malignant melanoma (SK-MEL) cells. Methods: In this study, sulfated polysaccharide fraction was precipitated from aqueous extract obtained from H. valentiae. MTT assay was used to determine the cell viability of the crude sulfated polysaccharide against SK-MEL cells and normal L6 cell line (Rat skeletal muscle). Acridine orange (AO) and Ethidium bromide (EB) staining method was applied to study induction of apoptosis in SK-MEL cells. Results: Dose-dependent reduction in cell viability was observed with an IC50 of 30 μg/ml in SK-MEL cancer cells. The sulfated polysaccharide treated SK-MEL cells followed by AO, EB staining, showed typical early apoptotic, and late apoptotic morphological changes. Conclusion: The isolated crude sulfated polysaccharide from H. valentiae produced potent growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in SK-MEL cells but caused no cytotoxicity in normal L6 skeletal muscle cells.

In vitro effects of an Acanthophora muscoides (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) native and modified sulfated polysaccharide fraction on thrombin generation

The structural complexity of the agaran type-sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) found in Acanthophora muscoides limits its investigation as anticoagulant alternative to heparin which induces clot complications. This study was extended to evaluate the properties of a SPs fraction and its alkali/desulfated derivatives on an intrinsic pathway-induced thrombin generation (TG) continuous model using 60-fold diluted normal or serpins-depleted human plasma. 0.75 M NaCl-eluted SPs fraction by DEAE-cellulose chromatography containing sulfate (35.20%), total sugars (55.97%) and no proteins showed charge homogeneity and heterogeneous molecular weight by agarose/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively, using sequential staining with toluidine blue and Stains-All. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy confirmed agaran-structure. Intact fraction poorly acted on the activated partial thromboplastin time (3.10 IU) than heparin (193 IU), but there was a preponderance of the serpin-independent effect than serpin-dependent one in TG assay comparing both systems was continually recorded. Heparin abolished plasma TG, but was inactive in depleted human plasma. While desulfated derivative of the respective fraction anticipated and induced thrombin formation vs. untreated plasma. The results suggested that sulfated sugars residues in the sacharide units of the polymer appear to be important to attenuate TG in vitro.

Chemical structure, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of a sulfated polysaccharide from Gracilaria intermedia algae

The present work aimed at carrying out the isolation and biochemical characterization of a sulfated polysaccharide fraction (PLS) from the marine algae Gracilaria intermedia and investigating its anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential. PLS was obtained through enzymatic digestion with papain and analyzed by means of gel permeation chromatography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to 1H and 13C. In order to evaluate the potential of anti-inflammatory action of PLS, we performed paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran, compound 48/80, histamine and serotonin. In addition, we also measured the concentration of myeloperoxidase, cytokines, the count of inflammatory cells and performed tests of the nociception. The PLS isolated was of high purity and free of contaminants such as proteins, and had molecular weight of 410 kDa. The same macromolecule was able to decrease the paw edema induced by all inflammatory agents (P < 0.05), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, neutrophil migration and IL-1β levels. It also decreased acetic acid-induced writhing (P < 0.05) and formalin-induced paw licking time (P < 0.05), but no in hot plate test. In summary, the PLS decreased the inflammatory response by reducing neutrophil migration and modulating IL-1β production and antinociceptive effects by a peripheral mechanism dependent on the down-modulation of the inflammatory mediators.

Sulfated fucan/fucosylated chondroitin sulfate-dominated polysaccharide fraction from low-edible-value sea cucumber ameliorates type 2 diabetes in rats: New prospects for sea cucumber polysaccharide based-hypoglycemic functional food

Sulfated fucan chondroitin sulfate-dominated polysaccharide fraction from low-edible-value sea cucumber may be a good alternative to high-edible-value sea cucumber-derived polysaccharide for application in hypoglycemic functional foods. To evaluate the potential effect of low-edible-value sea cucumber-derived polysaccharide fraction on type 2 diabetes (T2DM), two sulfated fucan/fucosylated chondroitin sulfate-dominated polysaccharide fractions screening from 10 global commercial low-edible-value sea cucumber species were investigated to identify their anti-diabetics efficacies using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced T2DM rat model. Sulfated fucan-dominated polysaccharide fraction from Thelenota ananas and fucosylated chondroitin sulfate-dominated polysaccharide fraction from Cucumaria frondosa ameliorated hyperglycemia, restored hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, decreased inflammatory status and oxidative stress, protected against liver injury, as well as improved insulin resistance and promoted accumulation of hepatic glycogen by activating IRS/PI3K/AKT signaling and regulating GSK-3β gene expression in T2DM rats. The current findings provide an available strategy for the commercialization of sea cucumber polysaccharide based-hypoglycemic functional food.

Polysaccharides of red alga Gracilaria intermedia: structure, antioxidant activity and rheological behavior

Abstract A sulfated polysaccharide fraction from the red alga Gracilaria intermedia (PLS) was obtained by papain digestion (60 °C, 30 min). The extract was subjected to colorimetry and turbidimetry analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H, 13 C and 2D 1H COSY nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Antioxidant activity tests were performed (chelation of ferrous ion, total antioxidant capacity, and scavenging of DPPH radicals); significant activity of the extract indicated that these polysaccharides may be used as non-synthetic antioxidants. The rheological behavior of aqueous polysaccharide solutions was studied at 25 ± 1 °C using steady-shear and dynamic oscillatory measurements. All the solutions analyzed showed pseudoplastic behavior and potential to act as a thickening agent, as proved through a preliminary comparison with a commercial product used for this application.

Isolation, Structural characterization, and antiproliferative activity of phycocolloids from the red seaweed Laurencia papillosa on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

Hydrocolloids from seaweeds (phycocolloids) have interesting functional properties like antiproliferative activity. Marine algae consumptions are linked to law cancer incidences in countries that traditionally consume marine products. In this study, we have investigated water-soluble sulfated polysaccharides isolated from the red seaweed Laurencia papillosa and determined their chemical characteristics and biological activities on the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Total polysaccharides were extracted and fractionated from L. papillosa and characterized using FTIR-ATR and NMR spectrometry. In addition, their approximate molar mass was determined by GPC method. The chemical characterization of purified polysaccharides reveals the presence of sulfated polysaccharides differentially dispersed in the algal cell wall. They are the three types of carrageenan, kappa, iota and lambda carrageenans, named LP-W1, −W2 and −W3 respectively. Biological effects and cytotoxicity of the identified of the three sulfated polysaccharide fractions were evaluated in MCF-7 cell line. Our results showed a significant inhibition of MCF-7 cell viability by dose-dependent manner for cells exposed to LP-W2 and LP-W3 polysaccharides for 24h. The mechanistic of LP fractions-mediated apoptosis in MCF-7 cells was demonstrated. The biological effects of L. papillosa SPs indicate that it may be a promising candidate for breast cancer prevention and therapy.

Renoprotective effect of low-molecular-weight sulfated polysaccharide from the seaweed Laminaria japonica on glycerol-induced acute kidney injury in rats

We investigated the renal protective effect of low-molecular-weight sulfated polysaccharide (LMWSP) fractions extracted from Laminaria japonica on glycerol-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats. Glycerol treatment significantly increased serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Intraperitoneal injection of LMWSP fractions markedly decreased SCr and BUN levels and reduced renal swelling. The fraction of 1.0M NaCl displayed the best renal protective effect of all fractions in attenuating AKI and maintaining blood glucose.

Purification, partial characterization and bioactivity of sulfated polysaccharides from Grateloupia livida

Purification, preliminary characterization and bioactivity of polysaccharides from Grateloupia livida (GL) were investigated. Three water-soluble sulfated polysaccharide fractions (GLP-1, GLP-2 and GLP-3) were isolated and purified from the edible and medicinal red seaweed, Grateloupia livida (Harv.) Yamada by DEAE Sepharose CL–6B and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography, and chemical characterization was performed by HPGPC, GC–MS, FT-IR and SEM. In addition, anticoagulant activities were determined by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT) using normal human plasma in vitro. The antioxidant activities against DPPH and ABTS+ radicals were evaluated and compared. The molecular weights of GLP-1, GLP-2 and GLP-3 were 39.5, 60.4 and 3.36kDa, respectively. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that three polysaccharide fractions were homopolysaccharides and comprised of galactose only. Anticoagulant assays indicated that crude GLP, and purified GLP-1 and GLP-2 effectively prolonged APTT and TT, but not PT. All polysaccharide fractions exhibited significant in vitro antioxidant activities in a dose-dependent manner. GLP-2 showed consistently better anticoagulant and antioxidant activities compared with GLP, GLP-1 and GLP-3. These results demonstrate that sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Grateloupia livida can serve as readily available alternative natural sources of anticoagulant and antioxidant agents.

Chemical structure of sulfated polysaccharides from brown seaweed (Turbinaria turbinata)

ABSTRACTThe chemical structure of three sulfated polysaccharides fractions (TtF1, TtF2, and TtF3) obtained from anion-exchange separation of aqueous extracts of brown seaweed (Turbinaria turbinate) were studied. The infrared spectra patterns showed that the fractions possess functional groups similar to that of sulfated polysaccharides. The sulfated polysaccharides fractions exhibited molecular weights of 223.5, 495.5, and 326.05 kDa, respectively, for TtF1, TtF2, and TtF3. 1H NMR spectra of TtF2 and TtF3 contain α-anomeric protons (5–5.6 ppm), ring protons (3.4–4.4), and methyl protons (1–1.3 ppm) while that of TtF1 only exhibited ring protons and methyl protons. Rheological data were fitted to power law which revealed that the fractions were Newtonian and/or presented weak pseudoplastic behavior. Consistency values increased with concentration in all fractions. Consistency values of TtF2 were the highest, followed by TtF1 and then TtF3. Thermal degradation patterns of TtF1 and TtF2 were similar but different from that of TtF3. This study confirmed that chemical and physical characteristics of sulfated polysaccharides fractions are interrelated and provided in-depth understanding of sulfated polysaccharides of brown algae.

Sulfated polysaccharide fraction from marine algae Solieria filiformis: Structural characterization, gastroprotective and antioxidant effects

A sulfated polysaccharide (SFP) fraction from the marine alga Solieria filiformis was extracted and submitted to microanalysis, molar mass estimation and spectroscopic analysis. We evaluated its gastroprotective potential in vivo in an ethanol-induced gastric damage model and its in vitro antioxidant properties (DPPH, chelating ferrous ability and total antioxidant capacity). Its chemical composition revealed to be essentially an iota-carrageenan with a molar mass of 210.9kDa and high degree of substitution for sulfate groups (1.08). In vivo, SFP significantly (P<0.05) reduced, in a dose dependent manner, the ethanol-induced gastric damage. SFP prevents glutathione consume and increase of malondialdehyde and hemoglobin levels. SFP presented an IC50 of 1.77mg/mL in scavenging DPPH. The chelating ferrous ability was 38.98%, and the total antioxidant capacity was 2.01mg/mL. Thus, SFP prevents the development of ethanol-induced gastric damage by reducing oxidative stress in vivo and possesses relevant antioxidant activity in vitro.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of sulfated polysaccharide fractions from Sargassum wightii and Halophila ovalis in male Wistar rats.

Aim:The aim of this objective is to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential of sulfated polysaccharide purified fractions isolated from brown seaweed Sargassum wightii and seagrass Halophila ovalis in male Wistar rats.Subjects and Methods:Crude sulfated polysaccharide from S. wightii and H. ovalis was subjected to anion exchange chromatography, and the chemical composition was investigated. The antinociceptive activity of purified fractions was investigated using formalin and hot plate test. Carrageenan-induced paw edema, peritonitis model, and Freund's Complete Adjuvant-induced arthritis model were employed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity.Results:In the formalin test, there was a significant reduction in licking time in both phases of the test at a dose of 10 mg/kg. In the hot plate test, the antinociceptive effect was observed only in animals treated with 5, 10 mg/kg suggesting that the analgesic effect occurs through a central action mechanism. Sw FrIV and Ho FrIV significantly inhibited paw edema induced by carrageenan, especially at 3 h after treatment and potentially decreased neutrophil migration at 10 mg/kg, respectively. In Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rats, a significant reduction in paw volume was observed in Sw FrIV and Ho FrIV-treated groups (10 mg/kg).Conclusion:Purified components from S. wightii and H. ovalis have strong antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect on animal model. However, to determine the molecular mechanism, it is necessary to investigate the effect of purified fractions on inhibition of nitric oxide synthase expression mediated by inhibiting the phosphorylation of various signal proteins in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

&lt;b&gt;Structural analysis of a sulfated polysaccharidic fraction obtained from the coenocytic green seaweed &lt;i&gt;Caulerpa cupressoides&lt;i&gt; var. &lt;i&gt;lycopodium&lt;i&gt; &lt;/b&gt;

Researches on structural chemistry of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) have been mainly focused on red and brown algae. Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium (Chlorophyta) contains three SPs fractions (Cc-SP 1 , Cc-SP 2 and Cc-SP 3 ). Cc-SP 1 and Cc-SP 2 had anticoagulant ( in vitro ) and anti- and prothrombotic, antinociceptive and/or anti-inflammatory ( in vivo ) effects. However, their structural features have not yet been investigated. This study analyzed the chemical composition, elemental microanalysis and structural features by infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectroscopy of Cc-SPs. Fractionation of SPs by DEAE-cellulose yielded Cc-SP 1 , Cc-SP 2 and CcSP 3 containing differences among the relative proportions of sulfate (14.67-26.72%), total sugars (34.92-49.73%) and uronic acid (7.15-7.22%). Carbon (21.76-29.62%), sulfate (2.16-4.55%), nitrogen (0.85-1.57%) and hydrogen (4.57-5.86%) contents were obtained using a CHN equipment. Data from IR indicated occurrence of sulfate ester, galactose-6-sulfate, uronic acid and glycoside linkages. For 1 H NMR spectrum of the soluble Cc-SP1 fraction, it was mainly found β-galactopyranose residues and CH 3 group. The results showed that Cc-SPs fractions have some structural features similar to others studied Caulerpaceae SPs.

Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activities of Different Sulfate Content of λ-Carrageenan Fractions from Edible Red Seaweed Chondrus ocellatus

In recent years, sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae have been demonstrated to have many activities including antioxidant activities. But whether degraded sulfated polysaccharides from Chondrus ocellatus have antioxidant activities, and what effects their sulfate content may have on those activities has not been reported. The aim of this study is to explore the antioxidant activities of λ-carrageenan fractions from edible red seaweed Chondrus ocellatus. In the present study, λ-carrageenan from Chondrus ocellatus was degraded by microwave, yielding five products of different molecular weights. Three sulfated polysaccharide fractions (CF1, CF2, and CF3) were isolated from one of the degraded λ-carrageenans (PC2) by anion-exchange column chromatography. In this study, the effects of the three polysaccharide fractions on hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, organic free radical DPPH, H2O2 induced hemolysis of rat erythrocytes and lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsome were investigated. The results indicated that IR spectrum results indicated that these sulfated polysaccharide fractions had similar structures, but differed in their sulfate content. Chemical analysis indicated that CF1 had the lowest sulfate content (2.9%), while sulfate content in CF2 and CF3 was 7.8% and 37.5% respectively. CF3 had stronger scavenging activity on superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical than the other fractions (P<0.05). CF3 had the strongest scavenging activity on DPPH. the highest inhibitor of lipid peroxidation was CF3, with an IC50 of 0.087 mg/mL, and inhibitory rate reaching 90% at 1 mg/mL. All of the three fractions exhibited stronger scavenging activity at high concentration. In conclusion, sulfate group content of polysaccharides also effect on their biological activities, and which is important for antioxidant activities.

Fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides from brown macroalgae Lobophora variegata with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumoral effects

This study analyzed sulfated polysaccharides, such as fucans, from the brown alga Lobophora variegata to verify their antioxidant activity in vitro, antitumoral effect on human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29, and anti-inflammatory activity. Sulfated polysaccharide fractions containing fucans were obtained after fractionation with increasing volumes (v) of acetone (0.3–2.0 v). The polysaccharide was eluted with 1.5 v of acetone and named F1.5. The results showed that F1.5 contained a high yield. Chemical and structure analyses were performed by infrared spectroscopy, electrophoresis in agarose gel, and chemical dosages (sugar, protein, phenolic compounds, and sulfate). We observed that this sulfated polysaccharide had antioxidant activity and antitumoral effect. Anti-inflammatory activity in vivo of F1.5 was observed in the croton oil mouse-ear model at 75 mg kg-1. The results were correlated with histopathological analysis.

Polysaccharide isolated from Agardhiella ramosissima: Chemical structure and anti-inflammation activity

The sulfated polysaccharide (PLS) fraction of Agardhiella ramosissima was characterized by microanalysis, infrared spectroscopy, NMR and gas–liquid-chromatography–mass-spectrometry. The main constituent of PLS was the ι carrageenan. The monosaccharide composition of the PLS showed galactose, 3,6-anhydrogalactose and 6-O-methylgalactose. The PLS (30mgkg−1) significantly reduced the paw oedema induced by carrageenan, dextran, histamine and serotonin and also was able to significantly inhibit leucocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity and decrease the concentration of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in paw tissue. In the antinociceptive tests, the pre-treatment with PLS reduced the number of writhes, the licking time but did not increase the latency time of response. This study demonstrates for the first time the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of PLS from A. ramosissima. Thus, we concluded that PLS could be a new natural tool in pain and acute inflammatory conditions.

Antitumor activity of a polysaccharide fraction from Laminaria japonica on U14 cervical carcinoma-bearing mice.

In the present study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of a sulfated polysaccharide fraction from the brown alga Laminaria japonica (LJSP) on cervical carcinoma. In vitro, the results showed that LJSP exhibited the highest cell growth inhibitory effect on cervical carcinoma U14 cells among five tumor cell lines. In vivo, the results showed that LJSP could not only inhibit the growth of the tumor but also enhance the spleen and thymus indexes, as well as the body weight of U14 tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, the white blood cell count of H22 tumor-bearing mice showed no change in the LJSP-treated groups and little toxicological effects were observed on hepatic function and renal function in LJSP-treated mice bearing U14 tumor cells. Besides, LJSP induced apoptosis of transplanted tumor tissues by increasing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. These data showed that LJSP exhibited prominent antitumor activities and low toxic effects; thus, it could be developed to a safe and effective anticancer agent.

&lt;b&gt;Antinociceptive activity and acute toxicological study of a novel sulfated polysaccharide from &lt;em&gt;Caulerpa cupressoides&lt;/em&gt; var. &lt;em&gt;lycopodium &lt;/em&gt;(Chlorophyta) in Swiss mice&lt;/b&gt; - doi: 10.4025/actascitechnol.v35i3.15365

Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium (Chlorophyta) contains three sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) fractions (SP 1 , SP 2 and SP 3 ); but, their pharmacological properties have been limited. We investigated the antinociceptive activity of non-anticoagulant fraction (SP 1 ) and then its acute toxicological study in male Swiss mice was performed. Animals (19-25 g) received i.v. SP 1 30 min. prior to injection 0.8% acetic acid (10 mL kg -1 , i.p.); 1% formalin (20 µL, i.pl.) or were subjected to thermal stimuli. Open-field test was also performed. Mice were treated i.p. with SP 1 or 0.9% saline (0.1 mL 10 g -1 ) for 72h. On the 4 th day, the animals were anesthetized and sacrificed in order to collect blood and organs. SP 1 (3, 9 or 27 mg kg -1 ) reduced (p < 0.05) the number of writhes induced by acetic acid by 44.21, 47.72 and 90.87%, respectively. SP 1 inhibited (p < 0.05) the second phase of the formalin test, without antinociceptive effect in the hot-plate test, suggesting that its analgesic action occurs through of peripheral mechanisms. SP 1 did not modify the locomotor activity. SP 1 (27 mg kg -1 ) did not cause hepatic or renal dysfunctions, but affected the spleen of animals (p < 0.05). Therefore, SP 1 has analgesic action with high tolerance by the animals, presenting its potential applicability in pain conditions.

Extraction of a Polysaccharide from the Skin of Ray Raja montagui by Free-Radical Depolymerization with Metallic Catalysis

The large production of sulfated polysaccharides was routinely investigated by various procedures such as enzymatic method and acid hydrolysis. The free-radical depolymerization applied directly on the skin of ray constitutes an efficient method and an original process to produce bioactive compounds in large amount and good reproducibility. The depolymerized sulfated polysaccharides fractions obtained from the skin of ray Raja montagui have an average molecular weight ranging from 29 kDa to 5 kDa and were endowed with higher anticoagulant activity compared to mammalian dermatan sulfate from intestinal mucosa. Moreover, the anticoagulant effect of these fractions was 4 and 5-fold higher than the DS from porcine mucosa as shown by activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time, respectively. In particular, this was illustrated by lower IC50 as for the overall inhibition of thrombin in human plasma. Keywords: Anticoagulant activity, antithrombin, dermatan sulfate, free-radical depolymerization, ray skin, sulfated polysaccharide.