Ash Sulfur Research Articles

Physicochemical and phytochemical screening of Convolvulus pluricaulis collected from Bagalkot, Karnataka

Aim: The present study aim was to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively the phytochemicals as well as to investigate the physicochemical and phytochemical screening of Convolvulus pluricaulis and its chloroform and ethanol extracts. Materials and Methods: In this, the physicochemical evaluation; ash values, namely total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, and sulfated ash; extractive values, namely alcohol soluble extractive value, water-soluble extractive, and chloroform soluble extractive value; and loss on drying were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done for the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, glycosides, alkaloids, phytosteroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenolic compounds, and total phenolic content was estimated by Folin–Ciocalteu method, and total flavonoid content was measured with the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. Results: In results, it was found that the seed containing various phytochemicals were present in its ethanol and chloroform extracts. The total phenolic content in the ethanol and chloroform extracts was found 13.7 ± 0.4187 and 7.367 ± 0.2987 mg of gallic acid equivalent weight/g of extract, respectively, and the concentration of flavonoids in plant ethanol and chloroform extracts of Cassia hirsuta was found 114.6 ± 13.33 and 99.56 ± 11.6 mg of quercetin equivalent weight/g of extract, respectively. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the C. pluricaulis has the potential to act as a source of useful drugs because of the presence of various phytochemical constituents and high concentration of phenolic and flavonoid compounds.

Production, Characterization and Glycerine Analysis of Soybean Oil and Its Biodiesel


 Aims: To examine the viability of Soybean Oil as a feedstock for Biodiesel production by carrying out its characterization and examining its thermodynamic properties to see if they are within ASTM limits.
 Study Design: Place and Duration of Study-The production was conducted in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the University while the characterization of the Biodiesel was conducted at the Postgraduate Research Laboratory.
 Samples of Glycine ma (L.) merril were obtained from a local market in the Akure town of Ondo State, Nigeria in October of 2014.
 Methodology: Oil Extraction-The oil was extracted using soxhlet extractor, but before extraction the soybeans were crushed in a blender to increase the area exposed to the petroleum ether solvent. The extraction flask was dried in an oven at 105°C and the weight was measured after cooling. 2.5 g of soybean was poured into the flask and leached for 5 hours after which extraction flask was removed from the mantle heater after all the petroleum ether was removed with rotary evaporator and the oil was oven dried at 105°C for one hour to remove any water present. The flask was finally cooled to room temperature in a desiccators and the weight of the flask and dried oil was again measured.
 Transesterification and Glycerine Analysis Process: 50 mg of the extracted oil was esterified 5 times at 95°C with 3.5 ml of the 0.5 M KOH of dried methanol. The mixture was neutralized using 0.7M HCL. 3 ml of 14% boron triflouride in methanol was added and the mixture was heated for 5 minutes at 90°C to achieve completed methylation process. The fatty acid methyl esters were thrice extracted from the mixture with redistilled methanol. The content was concentrated to 1mL for gas chromatography analysis and 1 µL was injected into the port of the Gas Chromatograph analyzer.
 Results: most of the pertinent parameters for the determination of validity were found to be within ASTM limits, namely: Flash Point (135°c / 130°c min); Kinematic Viscosity (4.80 / between 1.9 - 6); Cetane number (55 / 47 min); Copper Strip Corrosion (1 / 3 max); %Carbon Residue (0.12 / 0.050); %Sulphated Ash (0.044 / 0.020).
 Conclusion: Given the obviously good numbers associated with the study relative to ASTM standards, Soybean is a viable source of Biodiesel. However, further study could explore the use of Soybean chaff and other waste matter obtainable from it rather than the entire crop.

The effect of calcination temperature on the structure and activity of TiO2/SiO2 composite catalysts derived from titanium sulfate and fly ash acid sludge

The composite catalysts of TiO2/SiO2 were prepared though a sol-gel process followed by the calcination crystallization process. The inexpensive precursors, titanium sulfate and fly ash acid sludge, were used as providing titania and silica sources, respectively. The decomposition of fly ash acid sludge was digested with NaOH to extract silica, and the obtained sodium silicate was used to prepare TiO2/SiO2 composite. The effect of calcination temperature on the structure of TiO2/SiO2 composites was studied by means of XRD, BET, FTIR, SEM, photocatalysis and adsorption test. It was found that the anatase-to-rutile phase transition temperature of TiO2/SiO2 composite powders was significantly higher than that of pure TiO2. The presence of the TiOSi bond was confirmed in the final products when the incorporation of titania into silica were performed. The photocatalytic performance of TiO2/SiO2 composite annealed at different temperatures was evaluated by Rhodamine B (RhB) as the target pollutant under visible-light irradiation. Results indicated that the sample exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity when the calcination temperature is up to 600 °C. After 4 h visible-light irradiation, about 90% of RhB was removed by this type of photocatalysts.

Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of polyisobutylene‐based imido‐amine‐type dispersants containing exclusively non‐nucleophilic nitrogen

ABSTRACTLubricating oils for gasoline and diesel engines are formulated to include amphiphilic dispersants for soot particle stabilization and prevention of particle aggregation. Primary and secondary amines used within the polar group of traditional dispersants provide basic nitrogen, which is able to neutralize acidic by‐products from combustion and does not contribute to sulfated ash. However, these active‐hydrogen‐containing amines present significant problems for fluoroelastomer seals and metals in terms of degradation and corrosion. Polyisobutylene (PIB)‐based dispersants containing only tertiary amines, intended to remediate these problems, were synthesized from primary‐bromide‐terminated PIB, 1‐(2‐aminoethyl)piperazine, and an anhydride such as phthalic anhydride. Intermediates and final dispersant molecules were characterized by NMR, GPC, TGA, and MALDI‐TOF MS. Using Langmuir adsorption studies with carbon black as a surrogate for soot, a direct dependence on the affinity for adsorption of the dispersant with respect to the number of phenyl rings present was identified. Performance testing revealed increased compatibility of the dispersants, including limited degradation of seals and corrosion of metals, while retaining total base number. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 1657–1675

Authenticity Testing of Coconut Toddy Samples (Palm Wine) Using Sulfated Ash Content

Coconut toddy (palm wine) is an effervescence beverage tapped from young inflorescence of coconut tree (Cocos nucifera). The sap contains various nutrients, and it undergoes natural fermentative changes when it is stored. Toddy is a traditional alcoholic drink in Sri Lanka. In Sri Lanka artificial fermented liquor is made out from the fermentation of sugar solution. There have been several complaints with respect to adulteration of toddy by artificial fermented liquor. Ash values are used to find out quality, authenticity and purity of substances and these values are important quantitative standards. Hence this study mainly focused on identifying authenticity of toddy using the sulfated ash content. Genuine toddy samples were collected from different areas and artificial fermented liquor samples were made in the laboratory using sugar solution (16%) and inoculum of genuine toddy samples. Different ratios of genuine toddy and artificial fermented liquor mixtures were prepared. Sulfated ash content of genuine toddy samples, artificial fermented liquor samples and different ratios of genuine and artificial fermented liquor were determined by using muffle furnace. Linear regression was obtained with sulfated ash content vs different ratios of genuine toddy samples. Sulfated ash content of genuine toddy varied from 0.44 to 0.54 gram/100ml.

Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) seed oil andits properties as an alternative biodiesel source

Cocklebur ( Xanthium strumarium L.) seed oil is available for biodiesel production as a wild plant species. In the present study, the cocklebur seeds collected from Muslubelen, Yozgat, Turkey, at 1440 m in 2014 were sown in the Bozok University Agriculture Faculty Topcu Research Area during 2015 and 2016. The maximum crude oil ratio was obtained as 35%. Oleic and linoleic acid contents of cocklebur seed oil were determined as 11.37% and 76.97%, respectively. Some important fuel properties such as density, flash point, water content, copper strip corrosion, iodine value, linolenic acid, methyl ester, and sulfated ash content values were measured and compared to the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. These values were found to be within the standard ranges. Cost analysis of the cocklebur plant was also performed and compared to other field crops. According to our results, it seems that agronomic production of cocklebur will be possible in marginal areas because its genetic properties enable cocklebur to grow in dry areas. Therefore, production of cocklebur as an industrial plant may contribute to energy shortages without competing with food production. In areas devoid of sufficient irrigation possibilities, agriculture based on grain and cereal decreases the biodiversity. Production of drought-tolerant plants such as cocklebur in these areas will have positive effects on conservation and development of biodiversity in the ecosystem.

Physicochemical Evaluation, Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation, Fluorescence and TLC Analysis of Leaves of Schleichera Oleosa (Lour.) Oken

Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken, family Sapindaceae, is medium to large sized tree widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics of India. In the present study, physicochemical parameters, fluorescence, phytochemical constituents and thin layer chromatogram of the leaves of the plant were investigated. The total, acid-insoluble, water-soluble and sulphated ash values and the moisture content of the leaf powder of Schleichera oleosa were found to be 9.06, 7.16, 5.73, 13.5 and 5.21 %, respectively. The fluorescent characteristics of the leaf powder with various chemical reagents were examined under visible light and UV light. Percent yields of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts were 3.26, 1.35, 1.70, 7.73 and 4.21 % respectively. A significant amount of phenolic and flavonoid content was detected. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins and steroids in ethanol and aqueous extracts. The ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts were subjected to TLC for identification of bioconstituents, which revealed various colored phytochemical compounds with different Rf values in different solvent systems. The results indicated that the leaves contain an appreciable number of bioactive compounds and presence of these phytochemicals especially the phenols and flavonoids could be the reason behind the use of S. oleosa in ethnomedicine for the management of various ailments. These results could help in standardization, identification and in carrying out further research on S. oleosa leaf-based herbal drugs.

STANDARDIZATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF BOUGAINVILLEA GLABRA

Objective: The objective of the current study was to identify, authenticate and prevent the adulteration of the plant Bougainvillea glabra. The following physicochemical parameters such as standardization, extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening helped in correct identification of the plant Bougainvillea glabra.Methods: Standardization includes the estimation of physicochemical parameters such as loss on drying, determination of pH range, determination of total ash, determination of water soluble ash, determination of acid insoluble ash, determination of sulfated ash and determination of hot water and ethanol-extractable matter. Preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC studies for all the extracts like chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol were carried out by standard methods.Results: Results of loss on drying and the total ash value were found to be 8.1+0.24 and 6.26±0.05 respectively. The result for water soluble ash was found to be 1.34+0.04. The results for acid insoluble ash and sulfated ash were found to be 1.35±0.03 and 1.10±0.07, respectively. The values for water soluble and ethanol soluble extractive parameters were found to be 23.45±1.13 and 12.32±0.41 respectively Preliminary phytochemical screening for all the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, -glycosides and steroids in Bougainvillea glabra. Major constituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides were present in methanol extract. Alkaloids and flavonoids were also found in chloroform extract. The thin layer chromatography analysis of Bougainvillea glabra chloroform extract showed the presence of steroids with Rf values of 0.66 and 0.34 in benzene: ethyl acetate (85:15), chloroform: methanol (8:2) solvent systems correspondingly. The TLC analysis of ethyl acetate extract showed the presence of flavonoids with Rf values of 0.66 and 0.75 in toluene: dioxin: acetic acid (78:14:5) chloroform: acetone: formic acid (64:12.3:3.2) solvent systems, correspondingly.Conclusion: The results of standardization parameters ensure quality and purity of the plant material Bougainvillea glabra. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides. TLC studies indicated the ash value, pH determination and solubility parameters. The data obtained from the present study provide useful data which will helpful in identification and doing research work in future.

EVALUATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENT SHODHIT GUGGUL

Objective: The present study was aimed to identify the physicochemical data of shodhit guggul. Guggul is a gum-resin exudate from the plant Commiphora weightii (Arn.) Bhandari, belonging to Burseraceae family. In Ayurveda, guggul is always purified. This purification is known as Shodhan. Shodhan is a process by which guggul is made non-toxic, effective, suitable and fit for therapeutic purposes.Methods: The seven different shodhan dravya were used to prepare shodhit guggul. They were evaluated by performing physicochemical parameters including five different extractive value; total ash, acid insoluble, water soluble and sulphated ash value; pH, and loss on drying.Results: Analytical results of raw guggul showed total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash and sulphated ash value to 5.36±0.04%, 0.96±0.03%, 4.51±0.03 % and 8.40±0.04% respectively. These all values of each shodhit guggul were different. The extractive value of raw guggul was comparable with standard value while the extractive value of each shodhit guggul was totally different. The pH value of 1% w/v and 10% w/v aqueous solution of raw guggul was 6.44±0.18 though pH of each shodhit guggul was changed. The loss on drying of raw guggul was found to be 1.88±0.02%w/v, however, this value was different for each shodhit guggul.Conclusion: The present study revealed that the different shodhan process with specific shodhan dravya affects the physicochemical parameters. The analysis and comparison of the data showed the difference in the properties of seven shodhit guggul with respect to raw Guggul.

Study on fusibility of coal ash rich in sodium and sulfur by synthetic ash under different atmospheres

Coal ash fusibility is the key parameter related with ash fouling and slagging in boiler and gasifier. The influences of major compositions in coal ash on fusibility are well known, but the ash rich in sodium and sulfur, such as Zhundong coal, is lack of study. Meanwhile, the sodium and sulfur in Zhundong coal lead to severe slagging and ash deposition during thermal utilization. In order to reveal the behavior of sodium and sulfur in ash and its effect on ash fusibility under different atmospheres, two synthetic ashes rich in sodium and sulfur were prepared. Fe2O3 was not included in order to shield its effect on ash fusibility by atmosphere. The results show that ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) of coal ash rich in sodium and sulfur under oxidizing atmosphere are higher than that under reducing atmosphere. The mineral transformation experiments reveal that sodium has an obvious effect on decreasing AFTs under reducing atmosphere due to the formation of fusible Na-containing aluminosilicates. However, under oxidizing atmosphere, a majority of sodium transformed into sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), which was separated out from the slags above 1250°C, leading to a decrease of sodium content in coal ash. The formation of sodium sulfate under the oxidizing atmosphere also depends on the total content of SiO2 and Al2O3 in coal ash. The formation condition of sodium sulfate was further proposed in a ternary diagram. The conclusions supply a theoretical support to evaluate the fusibility of ash rich in sodium and sulfur properly, and also help to prevent slagging and ash deposition by sodium sulfate.

PHARMACOGNOSTIAL EVALUATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF THEVETIA PERUVIANA

Flowers of Plant Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.were reported to possess good medicinal value in traditional system of medicine, the present investigation deals with Macroscopic, Microscopic and preliminary phytochemical investigation of flowers of Thevetia peruviana which includes pharmacognostical parameters, physiochemical parameters like ash values, extractive values and moisture content. The total ash, acid insoluble ash, water‐soluble ash values and sulfated ash were observed to be 3.50%, 1.60%, 1.30% and 1.20% w/w respectively. Alcohol soluble, water‐soluble and Ether soluble extractive values of the flowers were observed to be 8.30%, 4.80%, and 3.70% respectively. Powdered flowers were also subjected to fluorescence analysis with different chemicals. Phytochemical investigation of powdered drug revealed the presence of Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, proteins, essential oils, gums, mucilage and fixed oils. The main aim of the present investigation is to study the macro, microscopic and some other pharmacognostic characters and physicochemical standards of flowers of Thevetia peruviana Pers. which could be used to prepare a monograph for the proper identification of the plant. K e ywords: T hevetia peruviana , Phytochemical, Fluorescence analysis, Physical evaluation.

Comparative Physicochemical Evaluation of Kharekhasak (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) Before and After Mudabbar Process.

Background and Objectives:Mudabbar/Tadbeere advia is referred to the processes performed on the drugs to detoxify, purify, and enhance therapeutic action and to reduce its doses before making the formulations in Unani medicine. It improves quality of drugs either by optimizing its desirable characteristics or minimizing the undesirable ones; it makes drug effective, safe, and specific. There is a need of comparative evaluation to understand its significance. Tadbeer of Kharekhasak (KK) khurd (Tribulus terrestris Linn. fruit) is described by Rabban Al-Tabari in Firdausul Hikmat, Akbar Arzani in Qarabadeene Qadri, etc., during the compounding of aphrodisiac formulations. Mudabbar Kharekhasak (MKK) used in Safoofe Kharekhasak mentioned in Al-Qarabadeene was evaluated in this work.Methods:Mudabbar/Tadbeer process was carried out by blending fresh KK. Juice with powdered dry KK and drying it under the sun. Juice used for process is thrice the weight of dry KK powder. The KK before and after the process was evaluated using physicochemical tests: powder characterization, extractive value, alcohol and water soluble matter, ash value, loss on drying (LOD) at 105°C, pH, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting, and diosgenin content.Results:Powder characterizations were set in. Increase in successive and nonsuccessive extractive values in various solvents, water/alcohol-soluble content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, and sulfated ash of MKK was noted in comparison with KK. Decrease in LOD at 105°C and pH of MKK powder was observed. HPTLC fingerprinting data were developed for the identification and evaluation. Quantification of diosgenin content increased to 432.1 g/g in MKK as compared to 144.5 g/g in KK, suggesting significant increase in saponin content.Conclusion:Data obtained clearly indicated changes in MKK validating the classical Mudabbar process, probably to enhance/modify the action of drug. Standards for crude and MKK were established for future reference.SUMMARY Mudabbar process on Tribulus terrestris Linn (KK) havebeen validated.Physicochemical data for Mudabbar and non mudabbar Kharekhasak (KK) powder have been set in.Diosgenin content was increased significantly in mudabbar KK. Abbreviations Used: KK: Kharekhasak, TT: Tribulus terrestris, MKK: mudabbar Kharekhasak, SK: Safoofe Kharekhasak, LOD: loss of weight on drying, HPTLC: High performance thin layer chromatography, BSS: British standard sieve, μl: microliter, SEM: Standard error of mean, nm: nanometer, g: gram.

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies of Helleborus niger L Root.

Background:Helleborus niger L (Ranunculaceae) is used Ayurvedic and Unani systems and other herbal medicine systems. The roots of H. niger have a good medicinal value.Aims:To conduct a pharmacognostical and phytochemical study of H. niger.Materials and Methods:The pharmacognostical studies on roots including parameters such as taxonomical, macroscopic, microscopic characters, physico-chemical, ultra-violet analysis and phytochemical studies are established.Results:Macroscopically, the roots are brownish-black in colour, cylindrical in shape, feeble odour, slightly acrid taste with irregularly branched. Microscopically the root showed the presence of epidermis, air-chambers, fissure periderm, periderm, inner cortex, pith, phloem, xylem, vessels and xylem vessels. Microscopic examination of the powder showed the presence of parenchyma cells, parenchyma mass, periderm, cell inclusion, laticifer, lateral wall pith, perforation, xylem bundle and xylem elements. Ultra-violet and ordinary light analyses with different reagents were conducted to identify the drug in powder form. Physico-chemical evaluation established, Ash values - Total, acid insoluble, water soluble and sulphated ash values were 7.3%, 4.1%, 3.7% and 5.2%, respectively. Extractive values - Alcohol soluble, water soluble and ether soluble extractive values were 22.8%, 7.4% and 5.6%, respectively. Loss on drying was 3.3%. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrate, glycoside, saponins, flavonoid, phytosterols, tannins and phenolic compounds.Conclusions:The results of the study can serve as a valuable resource of pharmacognostic and phytochemical information. This will serve as appropriate, standards for discovery of this plant material in future investigations and applications and also contribute towards establishing pharmacopoeial standards.

Sulfur Behavior of Coal and Ash during Coal Pyrolysis Combined with Combustion

In this study, the sulfur behavior of coal and ash were investigated in the coal staged conversion process coupling coal pyrolysis and residue char combustion. The mixture of XLT lignite and its ash with high sulfur content were pyrolyzed first, and then the pyrolyzed ash and the char underwent combustion in a fixed bed reactor, respectively. The presence of coal ash was found to decrease the total sulfur and organic sulfur retained in the char at whole pyrolysis temperatures. The mechanism of the organic sulfur decrease at different temperatures was discussed. The carbon and pyrolyzed gas during XLT lignite pyrolysis could greatly facilitate the ash sulfur (CaSO4) decomposition. SO2 evolution from pyrolyzed ash combustion was far higher than that from char combustion. Both FeSx and CaS due to ash sulfur (CaSO4) decomposition played an important part in SO2 release during pyrolyzed ash combustion. Higher SO2 release during pyrolyzed ash oxidization was observed at higher combustion temperatures, and the p...

Comparative Study of the Physicochemical Properties of FAME from Seed Oils of Some Native Species of Brazilian Atlantic Forest

AbstractThe rapid decline in fossil fuel reserves in the world, rising oil prices, and growing concerns about the increase in pollutant gas emissions from this type of energy, have led to the exploration of new energy sources for the production of alternative fuels. The use of vegetable oils as a low‐cost raw material for biodiesel production is an effective way to reduce biodiesel costs. This paper reports on the production and biodiesel properties of the seed oils of six native species belonging to different families of plants from the Atlantic Forest in northeast Brazil. The results are compared with those obtained from traditional crops such as soybean and olive. The relative oil content of the seeds ranged from 31.5 to 67.4 %, while the biodiesel yield from these oils ranged from 93.2 to 97.6 wt%. The fatty acid composition is mainly constituted of oleic acid in three species (Cissampelos andromorpha, Rauwolfia grandiflora, and Tabernaemontana flavicans), eicosenoic acid in two species (Serjania caracasana and Serjania salzmanniana) and palmitic acid in Protium heptaphyllum. The physicochemical parameters of oil (density, viscosity, % FFA, and % of linolenic acid) and biodiesel (density, viscosity, acid number, copper strip corrosion, flash point, sulfur content, sulfated ash, water, oxidative stability, free and total glycerin) were in agreement with ASTM 6751 and EN 14214 standards. The fatty acid composition, biodiesel yield, oil, and biodiesel properties of the six native species studied demonstrate the high potential for producing alternative fuel in conventional diesel engines.

Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

ABSTRACT The sequences of development that cut across industrialization, population growth, environmental and economic reasons led individuals and organizations to have direct responsibilities in the development and implementation of sound technologies that will curtail the emissions of hazardous gases and particulate matter. As a result, this study focuses on the optimization and characterization of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. It involves the characterization of the feed stock, the transesterification, the purification of the transesterified waste cooking oil, the optimization of the biodiesel produced using 24 factorial experimental designs, and the characterization of the biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. Result obtained reveals that operating temperature of 30°C, transesterification time of 60 min, catalyst weight of 0.5%, and alcohol to oil ratio of 6:1 are the optimum conditions with optimum yield of 90% of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Experimental determinations of some useful properties of the biodiesel produced were carried out for the purpose of confirming the quality as well as the identification of the biofuel. These were moisture content, specific gravity, viscosity, acid value, sulfated ash, cetane number, cloud point, flash point, distillation characteristic, and refractive index. The results obtained were 0.097%, 0.854, 4.90 mm2/s, 0.80 mgKOH/g, 0.01%, 48.00, 53°F, 143°C, 320°C, and 1.412, respectively. The results obtained showed that all the parameters compare favorably with literatures and the standard biodiesel specifications; hence production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil is possible.

Evaluation of Tribological Properties of Sulfur- and Phosphorous-Free Quinolinium Salts and Their Correlation with Quantum Chemical Parameters

ABSTRACTFor developing antiwear additives with high efficiency but with low sulfated ash, phosphorous, and sulfur (SAPS), N-substituted quinolinium halides, [DIP-Q]+Br− [DIP-Q=1-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)quinolon-1-ium], [DIE-Q]+Br− [DIE-Q=1-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)ethyl)quinolon-1-ium], [P-Q]+I− [P-Q=propylquinolon-1-ium], and [M-Q]+I− [M-Q=methylquinolon-1-ium] have been prepared and characterized by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The tribological performance of these quinolone-based quaternary salts as antiwear additives in paraffin oil has been assessed on a four-ball test rig. The observed results have been compared with those of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), a high SAPS additive. The tribotesting of these additives has been performed using 1% w/v additives concentration at different loads and times. The potential of these compounds as antiwear additives is evident from their observed tribological data: mean wear scar diameter (MWD), friction coefficient (µ), mean wear volume (MWV), and wear rates. All of the quinolinium derivatives prove to be better antiwear additives than ZDDP. Among the tested synthesized compounds, [DIP-Q]+Br− exhibits the best tribological behavior followed by [DIE-Q]+Br−, [P-Q]+I−, and [M-Q]+I−. The surface topography of worn surface studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that surface roughness is reduced to a greater extent in case of quinolinium derivatives than lubrication with ZDDP or base oil alone. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of worn surfaces in the presence of quinolinium additives shows that the tribofilm is composed of FeBr3, Fe3O4, and organic compounds containing carbonyl and imine bonds. Theoretical investigations using quantum chemical calculations are indicative of significant chemical interactions of these quinolinium additives with metal surfaces, which is strongly supported by the observed experimental data.

중속용 Dual Fuel엔진의 윤활유에 관한 실험적 연구

We performed an experimental research on lubricant oil in dual fuel medium-speed engines. It is important to select the appropriate lubricant oil because it could significantly affect engine lifetime and performance. We generally recommend the selection of the lubricant oil according to the fuel grades as contents in the project guide. However, it is a considerable challenge for shipyards to implement this concept because of the lack of space to install the complicated lubricating oil system for dual fuel engines. Therefore, we determine the adaptability of one-common lubricant oil for HiMSEN dual fuel engine through this experimental research. To check abnormality in gas mode operation and durability of engine components when a lubricating oil with high BN (base number) is used, overhaul inspections and lubricant oil analysis are carried out two times, and four times, respectively, during an operation of approximately 300 h. We investigated the variations in kinematic viscosity, base number, element quantity, pentane insoluble and sulfated ash in lubricant oil analysis. Moreover, we also investigated whether the deposit formation or wear occurred in various bearings, injectors, exhaust valves, intake valves, piston rings and so on through the overhaul inspections. There are no problems in the lubricant analysis and the overhaul inspections. Through the experimental research, we confirm that one-common lubricant oil should be selected according to the higher sulfur content of fuel oil in dual fuel engines.

Obtención de Biodiesel por Transesterificación Alcalina a partor de Aceites Vegetales Residual en Lima

El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el proceso de producción óptimo para generar biodiesel, por transesterificación alcalina, a partir de aceites vegetales residuales de los restaurantes del distrito de San Borja, Lima- Perú. Para ello, se analizó el aceite vegetal residual recolectado, se determinó la concentración de metanol (%v/v), la concentración de hidróxido de potasio (%p/p), el tiempo de reacción óptimo, y por último se determinó la calidad del biodiesel producido. Los resultados mostraron que es posible realizar biodiesel con el aceite recolectado, ya que su grado de acidez (1,56%) fue inferior al 3%. Las condiciones óptimas para lograr la máxima conversión de la reacción se obtuvieron cuando se usó una concentración de metanol del 30%, una concentración de hidróxido de potasio del 0,4% respecto al peso del aceite y un tiempo de reacción de 3 hrs 30 min a una temperatura constante de 60°C. Bajo estas condiciones se obtuvo un rendimiento de biodiesel del 85,97%. Al biodiesel obtenido bajo las mejores condiciones de reacción se le analizaron cuatro propiedades del combustible, encontrándose que la viscosidad cinemática fue 5,5 cSt, el número de acidez fue 0,68 mgKOH/g, la ceniza sulfatada fue 0,0478 % y el carbón conradson fue 0,142%.

Combined effects of additives and power levels on microwave drying performance of lignite thin layer

ABSTRACTThe microwave drying performance of lignite thin layer in a bench-scale setup was highlighted in terms of three additives with 10% dosage. The dielectric loss for dried lignite, raw lignite, lignite/coal fly ash, lignite/Na2SO4, and lignite/Na2CO3 at 2,450 MHz were 0.06, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, and 0.18. In comparison with raw lignite, the average temperature rising of the thin layer at 385 W for lignite blending with sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and coal fly ash was about 10, 7, and 2°C. The apparent activation energies of both falling rate periods for lignite blending with three additives were less than that of raw lignite. Sodium carbonate among three additives could be preferable one, followed by sodium sulfate and coal fly ash. The energy efficiency increased with the addition of sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and coal fly ash. The required electricity energy for lignite/Na2CO3 blend at 385 W was reduced by about one half compared with the raw lignite.