Ash Sulfur Research Articles

Stabilization and Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soil: Fly Ash-Based Technology for Industrial Site Restoration

Arsenic contamination of various environmental components poses a serious threat to human and animal health. Soil As contamination is particularly hazardous, as soil is a vital pathway to the food chain. We conducted experiments on soil from a typical pharmaceutical and chemical industry relocation site in Hubei Province, focusing on modification using fly ash through mechanical and chemical mechanisms. We subjected varying proportions of lime, ferrous sulfate, and fly ash to mechanical ball milling and used these mixtures to perform remediation of arsenic-contaminated soil and site restoration. Our findings are as follows: in soil culture experiments, the As stabilization efficiency reached 90% within 90 days with ferrous salt-modified fly ash. In actual site restoration, As-stabilization efficiency exceeded 95% across different soil depths within 30 days, demonstrating significant stabilization effects. Optimal modified dosages were determined as 2% ferrous sulfate and 2% fly ash. After stabilization, As in the soil primarily existed in amorphous iron-aluminum oxide-bound (F3) and crystalline iron-aluminum oxide-bound (F3 + F4) and residual (F5) states. Fluctuations in the moisture content and pH mainly activated F3 and F4, transitioning them into exchangeable (F1) and surface-adsorbed (F2) states. Arsenic leaching was predominantly associated with the F1 form. Fly ash-based restoration technology demonstrates promising capabilities in waste treatment and pollution control, offering significant potential for widespread application.

Low-SAPS additives for lubrication in next-generation vehicles

Purpose The purpose of this study is to create sustainable additives for future vehicles, characterized by low levels of sulfated ash, sulfur and phosphorus (SAPS) or even SAPS-free alternatives. These newly developed additives must not only match or outperform the current commercial benchmarks in terms of tribological performance, but also align with the emerging sustainability trends. It is anticipated that this innovative technology will yield promising outcomes in the realm of hybrid and electric vehicles. Design/methodology/approach This research primarily focused on chemical synthesis, performance evaluation and characterizations. These aspects were studied through collaboration between Syensqo, Southwest Research Institute (the USA) and the Lab of the Future in France. The data was generated and analyzed by a team of research scientists, internship students and technical specialists. Findings Two types of additives have been specifically designed and synthesized in accordance with sustainable requirements. Both technologies have exhibited exceptional frictional and wear-resistant properties. Moreover, the leading candidates exhibit a lower rate of copper corrosion, stable electric conductivity and outstanding thermal stability when compared to commercial benchmarks. This study is expected to open a new research avenue for developing next-generation additives for lubricants, with wide potential applications including hybrid electric vehicle and electric vehicle markets. Originality/value In the current lubricant market, there is a lack of effective low-SAPS or SAPS-free additives. This research aims to address this gap by designing sustainable additives for next-generation vehicles that not only meet specific requirements but also maintain optimal lubrication performance. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-01-2024-0033/

Exploring tribo-electro-chemistry mechanisms of h-BNO@PDA as lubricant additives under electrified conditions for electrical vehicles powertrain

The study explores the use of polydopamine-functionalized hexagonal boron nitride (h-BNO@PDA) as a lubricant/insulator additive in polyalphaolefin (PAO6) oil. This article's novelty lies in the formulation of an innovative lubricant that is free from sulfated ash, phosphorus, and sulfur (SAPS), exhibiting super-lubrication and desirable dielectric properties under electrified conditions. The h-BNO@PDA nanolubricant is specifically designed to mitigate the negative effects of shaft currents and enhance powertrain lubrication for electric vehicles (EVs). Herein, the physicochemical, dielectric strength, and tribological properties of h-BNO@PDA nanolubricant are compared to commercial fully synthetic oil (ATF-6S) used in EVs. The SRV-IV tribometer was used to assess tribological performance under various currents (0–10 A). Subsequently, characterization techniques were utilized to illustrate wear mechanisms and explore tribochemical reactions. The h-BNO@PDA nanolubricant presented superior physicochemical and dielectric properties. The h-BNO@PDA nanolubricant reduced the friction coefficient by 18–20 % and the wear rate by 4–72 % compared to ATF-6S oil under electrified conditions at temperatures of 27 °C and 100 °C. These findings can be attributed to the positive effects of oxidational wear (Fe3O4) and h-BNO@PDA on tribolayer formation under electrification conditions. Eventually, our findings will offer promising insights to enhance the durability of EVs powertrain.

An Ethnobotanical Survey, Pharmacognostic Profile and Phytochemical Investigation of Chrysobalanus icaco L.

The spice known as Chrysobalanus icaco L. (Chrysobalanaceae) was found near the coast of the Niger Delta in Nigeria. A survey on the ethnobotany of C. icaco seeds was conducted in Warri, Abraka, Delta State, Ezetu village, and Onitsha. Standard techniques were used to determine the pharmacognostic profile, phytochemical screening, physiochemical parameters, and elemental analysis. The findings showed that the Ezetu village people utilized the seeds traditionally for stomachache, anti-diarrhea, and post-child delivery. Histochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins and proteins in the seed. The seed powder's physicochemical parameters are as follows: pH (1 g/100 ml distilled water) (6.00±0.00) and pH (10 g/100 ml), water-soluble ash (1.5±0.00%), alcohol soluble ash (1.0±0.00%), acid insoluble acid (0.25±0.00%), acid soluble ash (1.0±0.00%), and sulfated ash (2.0±0.00%). The seed oil's physicochemical properties were: density (0.936±0.0%), refractive index (1.491±0.00%), iodine value (15.9±0.01%), peroxide value (25.31±0.01%), acid value (29.44±0.00%), and ester value (34.75±0.21%). The elements discovered in the seed included lead, copper, nickel, chromium, cadmium, potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Phytochemicals found in the extract include reducing sugars, proteins, amino acids, fats, oils, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, cholesterol, steroids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, phytosterols, saponins, and cardiac glycosides. Quantitative phytochemical results include total phenolics (11.63±0.03), total flavonoids (2.35±0.06), total alkaloids (5.50±0.03), and total tannins (12.48±0.01). Consequently, it is possible to verify the authenticity of the seeds using these pharmacognostic features.

BIO PROTECTIVE TREATMENT OF WOOD

The article covers issues related to biological protection of wood. It is shown that wood, especially chopped (dead) wood is exposed to both external natural factors and the action of various microorganisms. Natural factors, especially ultraviolet rays of solar radiation, change the chemical composition of wood and destroy lignin as the least stable part of wood. Wood is more intensively destroyed by various microorganisms ‒ bacteria and fungi. Wood contains many nutrients - starch, sugar, fats, compounds of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, sulfur, potassium, calcium and magnesium. All of them are an excellent environment for the settlement and reproduction of various microorganisms. It is noted that among hardwoods, beech wood is most negatively affected by microorganisms, especially in the warm period of the year. This wood is a valuable breed from which furniture, planed veneer and various parts and products in the construction industry are made. Therefore, it is very important to keep it intact and attractive for a long time by treating it with bioprotective agents. The purpose of the research is to determine the biostability of beech wood after its treatment with bioprotective agents. An analysis of the biological destruction of wood and the use of protective materials was conducted and it was established that the paucity of data to explain and describe the bioprotection process, the neglect of environmentally safe means leads to the biodestruction of wooden structures under the action of microorganisms. A bioprotective agent based on copper oxychloride, nickel sulfate and soda ash was used in a certain ratio of components. Control and treated samples of beech wood were placed in the prepared soil and after 60 days the weight loss of the samples was determined. Studies have shown that the biostability of beech wood treated with a bioprotective agent is 4.3 times higher than that of untreated samples. The idea of the reproduction of microorganisms in the material and their death has been revealed, which, accordingly, shows changes in the metabolic processes of the vital activity of microorganisms. It has been established that the use of treated surfaces oil-wax and azure reduces the biodegradation process by more than 8 times for untreated samples. Keywords: beech wood, bioprotective treatment, bioprotective agents, biostability determination method, mass loss, treatment efficiency.

Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigations of Borassus flabellifer Linn. Flowers

Borassus flabellifer Linn. commonly known as palmyra pam. The main purpose of the present work was to conduct systematic investigation of various extracts of B. flabellifer. Linn. flowers. The flowers of B. flabellifer Linn. belonging to family Areaceae were collected from Pune district. Authenticated at Botanical Survey of Pune. In this study B. flabellifer. Linn. flowers were evaluated for morphological characteristics, powdered microscopy, pharmacognostic investigation, preliminary phytochemical investigation as per World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The soxhlet apparatus was used for extraction, along with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform and a hydro-alcoholic solvent. Flowers were also extracted by cold maceration. Morphologically flowers were showed a yellowish-brown color, sweet, pleasant taste. Powdered microscsopy was showed presence of fibres, vessels, crystals of calcium oxalate, starch grains. Pharmacognostic investigation shows foreign matter- Nil, total ash, water-soluble, acid-insoluble, sulphated ash was observed to be 3.5, 0.5, 0.5, 4.5%, respectively. LoD was found to be 4.6%. Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol and water-soluble extractive values were observed to be 0.2, 2.6, 0.4, 5.8 and 7.6%, respectively. Fluorescence analysis was also done. Extract contains carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, triterpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. Present study could be helpful for the proper identification and further research work.

Standardization and Phytochemical screening of Abutilon crispum

The main objective of the research is to recognize, validate and also to avoid the adulteration of plant Abutilon crispum. The correct identification of the plant Abutilon crispum was possible because of preliminary phytochemical screening, extraction by maceration and standardization. Preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC studies were carried out by standard methods with extracts such as chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. While standardization comprises the evaluation of parameters like pH range, water-soluble ash, loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash, sulfated ash, ethanol-extractable parameters. The following values are found to be the results of the above testsi.e, loss on drying and total ash values are 7.2±0.22 and 6.32±0.04 correspondingly, water soluble ash was 1.33±0.05. Preliminary phytochemical evaluation for these extracts discovered the occurrence of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids in this plant. In methanol extract also major components such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides were found. The thin layer chromatography examination of Abutilon crispum displayed the occurrence of steroids with0.76 and 0.52 Rf values in diverse solvent systems. TLC investigation of extract of ethyl acetate exhibited Rf values 0.74 and 0.81 due to occurrence of flavonoids with in dissimilar solvent systems similarly. The evidence found from contemporary study deliver valuable data that will be supportive in identifying and to perform upcoming research in future.

Synergism between bio-based oleate ester and low-concentration ZDDP under reciprocating contacts

In this study, a bio-based ester was experimentally tested under a reciprocating contact in terms of the tribological performance to assess the potential of bio-based materials as boundary lubrication additives for low Sulphated Ash, Phosphorus, and Sulphur (SAPS) lubricants. A synergy in tribological performance has been observed when the ethyl oleate was used with a low concentration of ZDDP, showing both lower friction and wear loss, compared to only ethyl oleate or Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP) as single additives in base oil. SEM-EDX and ToF-SIMS analyses confirm that the additive combination of ester and low-concentration ZDDP generates a more evenly distributed tribo-film than that for only ZDDP as an additive. Although the tribo-film thickness of the ester/ZDDP lubricant combination, measured with AFM, issmaller than that for only low-concentration ZDDP, the combination shows superior wear protection ability over ZDDP. Mass spectra from ToF-SIMS show that the main component of the film formed by the additive combination is zinc polyphosphate, while the film generated from low-concentration ZDDP consists of short-chain iron phosphate. It is proposed that the ethyl oleate present in the additive combination alleviates severe shear in the contact, which promotes the formation of a uniform tribo-film composed of glassy zinc polyphosphate. The formed tribo-film enhances the adsorption of ester fragments, improving the tribological performance compared to using only ester as an additive. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of bio-based esters to reduce ZDDP usage and move towards greener lubricants.

Evaluation of Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies for the Development of Quality Control Parameters for Stem Bark of Ximenia americana Linn. (Olacaceae)

Abstract Background: Plants are extremely useful to humankind as medicine, and hence the properties of medicinal plants have to be scientifically evaluated. Aim: The aim of this study is to establish pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters for stem bark of Ximenia americana Linn. (Olacaceae). Materials and Methods: Macroscopical, microscopical evaluation, powder microscopical studies, quantitative microscopy, physicochemical evaluation, fluorescence analysis, analysis of inorganic elements, and determination of heavy metal contamination were performed as per the World Health Organization guidelines and standard methods. To evaluate various phytoconstituents, phytochemical investigations such as preliminary phytochemical screening, high-performance thin-layer chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography were performed. Results: Microscopical studies showed the presence of thick cortex, periderm cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibers, sieve elements, prismatic and granular calcium oxalate crystals, and resinous cells. The length and width of fibers, stone cells, and diameter of starch grains were measured. Physicochemical evaluation like ash values has shown total ash – 8.01% ± 0.02% w/w, acid-insoluble ash – 1.53% ± 0.02% w/w, water-soluble ash – 1.54% ± 0.01% w/w, sulfated ash – 12.02% ± 0.07% w/w, water-soluble hot extraction – 26.48 ± 0.02% w/w, cold maceration – 11.76% ± 0.04% w/w, alcohol soluble – 15.69% ± 0.03%w/w, ether soluble – 2.06% ± 0.03% w/w, and loss on drying – 4.88% ± 0.01% w/w. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical study on the stem bark of Ximenia americana may be reported as first. The results of pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies will be helpful for authentication and provide quality control parameters for the stem bark of this plant.

Formulation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Glycerosomes Containing Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale Extracts

The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of A. sativum and Z. officinalis extracts mediated glycerosomes formulation by thin film of lipid hydration method. The water content present in the A. sativum and Z. officinale was 42.3 and 27.2 % respectively. The yield of A. sativum and Z. officinale extract using ethanol as solvent through the Soxhlation process was found to be 4.7 ± 1.05 and 12.7 ± 1.108 % respectively. The crude drug of A. sativum and Z. officinale showed foreign organic was found to be 0.2 and 0.21 % and volatile oil was found to be 1.8 and 2.4 % only. The ash study revealed that total, acid-insoluble, water-soluble, and sulfated ash values were for the crude drugs of A. sativum and Z. officinale. The ethanol extracts showed maximum extractive yield. The phytochemicals detected in A. sativum bulb ethanol extract are Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Cardiac glycosides, Phenols, Sterols, Triterpenoids, Saponins, Flavonoids, and Fixed oils and in Z. officinale rhizome ethanol extract are Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Cardiac glycosides, Anthraquinone glycosides, Proteins and Amino acids, Triterpenoids, Saponins, Flavonoid, and Fixed oils. The prepared glycerosome was spherical with a slightly irregular shape. The negative potential of glycerosomes demonstrates the greater stability of the vesicular dispersion. The ASEE glycerosome formulations (F1 and F2) exhibited better antibacterial activity and greater antifungal activity against the gram-negative bacteria in comparison with the ZOEE glycerosome formulations (F3 and F4). The present research work strongly concluded that the A. sativum and Z. officinale and their glycerosome formulations are good candidate drugs and formulations for the safe and effective treatment of microbial infections

Proximate and Phytochemical Analysis of Crude Powder and Different Extracts of Zaleya pentandra

Zaleya pentandra, a plant species found in disturbed soils and roads across Asia, Africa, and Australia, has been traditionally used for treating various ailments such as coughs, malaria, kidney stones, ulcers, and jaundice. Objectives: To conduct a quantitative examination of Z. pentandra, focusing on proximate analysis and metabolite composition and to better understand its features. Methods: Crude plant powder underwent analysis for total moisture, total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash, sulfated ash, water-soluble extractive, and alcohol-soluble extractive. Quantification (mg/gm) of principal metabolites i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the crude plant powder was done. Dry plant powder was subjected to counter-current extraction using n-hexane, petroleum ether, and chloroform. UV-visible and FTIR spectra were examined to determine the chemical composition. Results: Our findings showed total moisture (9.306%), total ash (21.73%), water-soluble ash (12.75%), acid-insoluble ash (0.35%), sulfated ash (29.75%), water-soluble extractive (6.23%), alcohol-soluble extractive (5.7%). Principal metabolites included high quantities of carbs (65.34), proteins (15.29), and lipids (30.90) in the crude plant powder. n-hexane (3.073%), petroleum ether (4.45%) and chloroform (7.47%) were extracted. UV-visible and FTIR spectra revealed a variety of chemicals, indicating both polar and non-polar molecules with possible oxidative characteristics. Conclusions: Z. pentandra exhibits high carbohydrate, protein, and fat content. The diverse chemical composition suggests a high oxidative potential, supporting its traditional therapeutic uses. Further research, especially in identifying and isolating bioactive components, is warranted. Z. pentandra holds promise for traditional medicine and broader applications based on its nutritional and bioactive potential.

Standardization of the Pharmaceutical Substance of Lithium Salt Gamma-lactone of 2,3-dehydro-l-gulonic Acid as a Radio-sensitizing Agent

Introduction. It was found that in combination with radiation exposure, high doses of lithium salts have a depressing effect on tumor leukemia cells. The selection of the appropriate anionic component makes it possible to obtain pronounced radiosensitizing properties. The lithium salt of gamma-lactone 2,3-dehydro-L-gulonic acid is a promising compound for the creation of radiosensitizing drugs. It was found that this compound exhibits high antioxidant activity among other lithium salts, while showing a pronounced radiosensitizing effect. This radiosensitizing effect is dose-dependent and manifests itself in high concentrations in combination with photon or neutron irradiation. The potential antitumor effect, due to radiosensitization, is realized through the induction of oxidative stress, which implies, first of all, an increase in cytotoxic effects on rapidly proliferating tumor cells. The obtained results provide the necessary basis for the creation of drugs with radiosensitizing activity.Aim. The aim of this work is to conduct an analytical assessment of the content of the active substance and establish the main indicators of the quality of the substance, regulated by the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. During the study, the following parameters were determined: solubility, authenticity, melting point, refractive index, specific rotation, transparency of the solution, color of the solution, pH of the solution, sulfate ash, heavy metals, impurities, water content, residual organic solvents, microbiological purity and a number of others.Results and discussion. A draft specification for the pharmaceutical substance of the lithium salt gamma-lactone 2,3-dehydro-L-gulonic acid has been developed. The optimal parameters for the control of the composition and physico-chemical characteristics and quantitative determination of the pharmaceutical substance have been determined, which is the main task for the pharmaceutical development of the drug. The results obtained make it possible to conduct a comprehensive characterization of the FS and evaluate the quality parameters of the product, which creates the basis for obtaining a dosage form and further studying the properties for creating a drug with a radiosensitizing effect.Conclusion. In the course of the work, experimental samples of the lithium salt gamma-lactone 2,3-dehydro-L-gulonic acid were synthesized and its standardization as a pharmaceutical substance was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation.

Малозольные моторные масла: технологии и тенденции применения

. Analytical information is presented on the development and implementation of low- and ash-free motor oils in the specifications for promising automotive engines, taking into account global trends in the development of engine building. The technologies of ash-free alkaline number boosters of various composition and structure in motor oils, the features of the use of oils of new categories, including restrictions on the content of sulphate ash in them, are considered. The improvement of the design of these engines, the expansion of the range of their operating conditions determines the specifics of the requirements for the physico-chemical properties of the engine oils used, which in turn provides for changes in the chemical composition of the latter. The increased content of these elements and sulfate ash has a negative impact on the efficiency of the systems for cleaning and neutralizing harmful exhaust gas particles, and sulfate ash additionally negatively affects the formation of deposits in the zone of the cylinder piston group, on the blades and in the turbocharger nozzle, as well as on valve seats. The necessary neutralizing oil reserve, expressed by the value of its base number, is provided by the use of, in particular, low-ash magnesium sulfonates, amino derivatives of ash-free boosters of various chemical composition and structure in the oil. During the development of the oil SAE 5w-30, for the first time, the possibilities of using functional additives of domestic production in its composition were taken into account. At the stage of formulation of the additive package, the synergism of the antioxidant action of the ammonium salt of dialkyldithiophosphoric acid with tetra(2-ethylhexyl) thiuram disulfide obtained by oxidation of di(2-ethylhexyl) was established sodiumdithiocarbamate with an aqueous solution of iodine. A mixture of these heteroorganic compounds in an equimass ratio is recommended as a new high-temperature primary antioxidant. Additional studies have established a sufficient level of anti-wear properties, as well as the inhibitory effect of this mixture in the reactions of accumulation and decomposition of hydroperoxides.

Effect of Zero-Sap Antiwear/Ep Lubricant Additives on Nano-Mechanical Properties of Tribofilms Formed on AISI 52100 Steel Grade

Numerous nations have recently passed stricter environmental legislation due to excessive release of harmful emissions like sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) in conventional lubricating oil additives used in contemporary internal combustion engines. Use of borate ester lubricant additives with no sulfated ash, phosphorus, or sulfur effect (zero-SAPS) is one way to reduce this effect. The resistance of tribofilms from oils containing borate esters on AISI 52100 steel grade to plastic deformation is not entirely understood, yet. This study compares Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate (ZDDP) to the tribological performance and Nano-mechanical behavior of tribofilms made from each of the antiwear/extreme pressure borate esters in Polyalphaolefin (PAO6) base oil. According to tribological test findings on a reciprocating steel pin-on-steel plate sliding rig, the boundary films formed by the borate esters reduced friction and wear in a manner similar to that of ZDDP. On the wear scar, the Nano-indentation technique was used to characterize the Nano-mechanical properties of the tribofilms. The ratios of reduced elastic modulus to hardness (E’/H) for the tribofilms of both borate esters are not only higher than the steel substrate but also comparable to ZDDP. This shows that boron-containing tribofilms offered ZDDP-like tribological performance and also have the ability to release absorbed frictional energy when moving across elastic asperity contacts. Consequently, using borate additives in lubricating oils in IC engines is a method of reducing exhaust emission modern vehicles without adversely affecting tribological performance.Key Words:Anti-wear Additives, Borate Esters, Plasticity Index.

Comparative Studies of Used and Fresh Lubricating Oil

Current research work aims to inspect the chemical analysis of engine oils as an indicator of deterioration in engines. Engine oil deterioration during long-term engine operation is a well-argued topic. This study is to investigate and compare the flashpoint, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity at 40 ⁰C &100 ⁰C, viscosity index, and sulfated ash of fresh and used engine oil of Pakistani multi grade (SAE-20W / 50, SAE- 15W / 40) and mono grade (SAE40) lubricating oil. Seventeen samples of lubricating oils were included in this investigation in which four samples are of SAE –40. The results reveal that values of flashpoint, viscosity index for oil decreased as compared to unused oil while the value of sulfated ash for oil increased as compared to unused oil.

Quality assessment of shoe lining leather collected from a few footwear factories

Shoe lining leather that remains under the upper material deserves a comparative evaluation to bring positive outcomes and finding out best possible practice in terms of quality, comfort and other relevant properties for shoe manufactured in different regions. Focusing on this point, a study were performed where lining leathers made of goat skins were collected from a number of footwear factories situated at different parts of Dhaka city and its suburb. To examine the collected lining leathers their physical and chemical properites were studied. Physical evaluation parameters were flexing endurance, tensile strength, stich tear strenth, water vapor permeability shrinkage temperature, color fastness and perspiration fastness. Chemical evaluation parameters were limited to determination of chromic oxide content, fat content and total sulphated ash content. Finally, a compartive study chart has been depicted based on the assessed qualities of collected samples. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 57(4), 207-214, 2022

Generation of ash particles from different lube oil mists

Ash and soot particles are generated during engine combustion and are deposited in particulate filters. In order to understand the basic processes that occur in a particulate filter during the filtration process the particles have to be generated quickly and replicably. In this study, fundamental investigations are conducted on the generation of ash particles independently of an engine to produce a defined aerosol. The formation of ash particles from engine oils with differences in sulfate ash content (SAC; 0.7%, 2.6%, 4.5%) as well as the variation of process parameters (oil temperature, nozzle volume flow) are investigated. The ash particles are produced by nebulizing engine oil and a subsequent thermal conversion in a furnace. The SAC of the oil does influence the ash particles that are generated. With the increase of the SAC, the ash mass flow and the number weighted median diameter increase. Raising the nozzle volume flow as well as the oil temperature leads to an increase in total number concentration and mass flow of the ash particles. The number median diameter of the oil mist and ash particles decrease with the increase of oil temperature and nozzle volume flow. For the fast loading of a particulate filter, the SAC of the oil should be 4.5%. The oil temperature and nozzle volume flow should be set at 30 °C and 6 L·min−1. In conclusion, the ash generation method can be used for the rapid loading of a particulate filter.

Compositions, Sources, and Aging Processes of Aerosol Particles during Winter Hazes in an Inland Megacity of NW China

As one of the largest inland megacities in Northwest (NW) China, Xi’an has been facing serious regional haze frequently, especially during winter. The composition of aerosols in Xi’an is highly complex due to its unique basinal topography and unique meteorological conditions. In this study, we characterized the morphology, size, and composition of individual aerosol particles collected during regional haze events at an urban site in Xi’an using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDX). Six types of particles were identified based on their morphology and chemical composition, including organic (41.88%), sulfate (32.36%), soot (8.33%), mineral (7.91%), K-rich (5.13%), and fly ash particles (4.49%). These results demonstrate that the organic particles made a larger contribution to haze formation than the secondary inorganic particles during the sampling period. Size distribution and dominance suggest that organic and sulfate particles exert major control on the variation trends of particle size in haze. The coating thickness of organic-cored particles was about 369 nm and that of sulfate-cored particles was about 322 nm, implying that the organic particles were more aged than the sulfate particles. The results presented in this study provide further insights into understanding haze particle formation.

Optimizing the Mo concentration in low viscosity fully formulated oils

Molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) is usually added in low viscosity engine oils to improve its ability to reduce friction. However, increasing the amount of MoDTC added results in unwanted sulfated ash increases and other adverse effects. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the optimization of the amount of MoDTC added. The current work investigates this topic in terms of the Mo concentration in the lubricant. Seven different Mo concentrations with the same additive package are tested, whose tribological properties and chemistry of the tribofilm are investigated. For the selected operating conditions in this study, the critical concentration of Mo is determined to be ≈ 350 ppm due to its ability to reduce the friction to ≈ 0.04 under a constant and varying lambda ratio by forming the required threshold thickness of MoS2 within the tribofilm matrix, dominated by zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) species. In general, increasing the Mo concentration increases the formation rate of MoS2 in the initial stages of the traction, directly forming a thicker MoS2 layer within the tribofilm up to a specific Mo concentration. Induction time also decreases with increasing Mo concentration, and increasing the Mo concentration from 350 to 1000 ppm does not negatively impact the wear generated.

Standardization ofPanchavaktra Rasa w.s.r toRasa Prakash Sudhakara

Rasashastraand Bhaishajya Kalpanais the most important branch of learning in the field of Ayurveda. To save the lives of ailing people physician should also have a thorough grip on the principles of the formulations and their practical application. With the art and skill of formulation, a poisonous drug can be transmuted into a safe and effective drug. A simple drug can be converted into a most potent one. Panchavaktra rasa (PR) had been mentioned in various literatures viz, Rasa Prakash Sudhakar, Ras ratna Sammuchaya, Yoga Ratnakara, Sharangadharaetc. in Jwara rogadhikara. The present research work entitled “Standardization of Panchavaktra rasa w.s.r to Rasa Prakash Sudhakara” was planned to standardize the formulations as per the reference of Rasa Prakash Sudhakara.TheSamguna Gandhakakajjali ,Maricha churna, Pippali Churna, Shuddha Vatsnabha churna, Shuddha Tankana churnawere mixed and levigated with Dhatura patra swarasafor the formulation of Panchavakta Rasa.The samples were analyzed based on Organoleptic Parameters, i.e., Appearance, Colour, Odour, Taste and Physico-chemical Parameters i.e., pH Value, Loss on Drying, Ash Value, Acid insoluble Ash, Water Soluble Ash, Sulphated Ash, Alcohol Soluble Extractive, Water Soluble Extractive. The samples were analysed for standardization of vati parameters i.e., hardness of pills, friability test, disintegration time etc. Total bacterial count and Total fungal count are under the permissible limit depicted in the study. For qualitative analysis HPTLC & ICP-MS were done. The Samples were analysed on different wavelengths 510 nm, 366 nm (Long) & 254 nm (Short). PR1Sample confirmed 10 distinct spots at 510 nm, 07 distinct spots at 366 nm and 09 spots at 254 nm whereas PR2sample confirmed 11 distinct spots at 510 nm, 06 distinct spots at 366 nm and 08 spots at 254 nm. The PR3sample confirmed 10 distinct spots at 510 nm, 07 distinct spots at 366 nm and 08 spots at 254 nm. The Rf values of spots differentiate the chemical composition of the sample.