Sulfate Bath Research Articles

Poly(o-anisidine) and poly(o-anisidine-co-aniline) polymers synthesized on the ZnFeNi alloy coated steel surface

Abstract ZnFeNi alloy was synthesized on the carbon steel surface in a sulfate bath using the galvanostatic method at a constant current of 1.5 mA for 300 seconds. Poly(o-anisidine) homopolymer and poly(o-anisidine-co-aniline) copolymer were synthesized on the ZnFeNi coated electrode surface. Poly(o-anisidine) homopolymer was synthesized in 0.05 M o-anisidine+0.2 M sodium oxalate medium, and poly(o-anisidine-co-aniline) copolymer was synthesized in 0.05 M o-anisidine+0.05 M aniline+0.2 M sodium oxalate medium. Electrochemical synthesis was carried out by cyclic voltammetry technique. The synthesized materials were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, open circuit potential-time and anodic polarization curves. Open circuit potential-time curves showed that polymer coatings had higher open circuit potential. By linear sweep voltammetry measurements, it was determined that ZnFeNi alloys were present at the base of the polymer layers after polymer synthesis. It was understood from the anodic polarization curves that the polymer coated electrodes had lower current values ​​than the uncoated ZnFeNi coated electrode, and the poly(o-anisidine) coated electrode had lower current values ​​than the poly(o-anisidine-co-aniline) coated electrode. From electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, it was determined that the polarization resistance of polymer-coated electrodes was higher than the polymer-free electrode during long periods of waiting in 3.5% corrosive solution. Among the polymer-coated electrodes, it was understood that the homopolymer poly(o-anisidine) showed better corrosion performance than the poly(o-anisidine-co-aniline) copolymer.

Bisphenol A Polyoxyethylene Ether Sodium Sulfate as a New Leveler for Electrodeposition of Copper.

The electrochemical behavior of three types of bisphenol A polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate (BPA) is investigated through cyclic voltammetry striping tests. The results indicate that BPA-25 exhibited the most significant inhibition of Cu deposition. The nanotwinned Cu (nt-Cu) films are prepared by direct current electrodeposition in an acidic Cu sulfate bath containing a combination of conventional bath additives. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results revealed that nt-Cu consisted of microcolumnar grains with high-density nanoscale coherent twin boundaries oriented parallel to the growth surface. The interaction between BPA-25 and the poly2-sulfur-2-propane sodium sulfonate (SPS) was further analyzed through galvanostatic measurements (GMs) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results demonstrate that BPA-25 and SPS underwent competitive adsorption on the cathode surface, leading to the formation of nt-Cu. This growth mechanism provides a new perspective for the preparation of nt-Cu by using direct current electrodeposition.

Anticorrosive Properties of Different ZnFeNi Alloys Synthesized on Carbon Steel Surface

ZnFeNi alloys were synthesized galvanostatically in a sulfate bath at constant current values of 1, 1.5, and 2 mA on the carbon steel surface. The synthesized alloys were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and linear sweep voltammetry methods. The corrosion performances of the alloys were examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, anodic polarization curves, and open-circuit potential-time techniques. Based on the anodic polarization curves, it was determined that the alloy with the lowest corrosion current was the ZnFeNi-1.5 alloy synthesized at a constant current value of 1.5 mA. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results showed that the alloy with the highest polarization resistance during long exposure to a corrosive environment was ZnFeNi-1.5. By examining the anticorrosive properties, it was understood that the alloy that showed the best protective properties against the corrosion of carbon steel was ZnFeNi-1.5.

Selective double-layer on black Ni-P enhances solar absorption and reduces corrosion

This work investigates a double-layer configuration for the black Ni-P layers used in solar adsorption technology, aiming to increase the absorption of a broader range of solar wavelengths. This multilayer configuration has a surface with increased roughness and absorption area. The valleys were porous materials, which were connected to an underlying metallic sub-layer that is susceptible to corrosion. In turn, this corrosion induced changes to the top layer. The Ni-P layer was deposited by the electroless technique using an acid nickel sulfate bath as a source of metal ions and a reducing agent of sodium hypophosphite. Etching initiated an oxidation process on the surface, forming a layer of amorphous black nickel oxide for absorption. The surface features of the black Ni-P double layer consist of an uneven surface that aids sunlight adsorption. Carbon steel (AISI 1018) with different surface finishes was used for depositing Ni-P and black Ni-P, aiming to establish correlations with solar adsorption. The sample with an increased surface roughness obtained a higher absorption percentage than a single layer. The corrosion rate was calculated as 7 mmpy for the black Ni-P layer by applying polarization curves. A 6 µm-thick Ni-P double layer was obtained, achieving 96% absorption within the 300–2,000 nm range.

Evaluation of the shielding effectiveness of electrodeposited Zn–Ni, Zn–Co, Ni–Co, and Zn–Ni–Co alloy coatings

This paper investigates the effect of different alloy coatings (Zinc–Nickel (Zn–Ni), Zinc–Cobalt (Zn–Co), Nickel–Cobalt (Ni–Co), and Zinc–Nickel–Cobalt (Zn–Ni–Co)) on surface properties and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness. These alloy coatings are electroplated on the surface of copper material in a sulfate bath using a power supply. The coating composition, morphology, and phase structures of the alloy coatings are examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD); absorption and electromagnetic shielding values in the X-band frequency range are investigated by Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) using coaxial holder method. According to the results of the surface morphology of the alloy coatings, the expected surface structures are generally formed. XRD results also reveal phases that differ according to alloy type. As a result of this study, it is determined that the best electromagnetic shielding efficiency is found in Zn–Ni–Co alloy coating whereas Ni–Co alloy coating has the best absorbance value. Based on these results, such binary and ternary metal alloy coatings can be considered as a decent alternative to increase shielding efficiency for materials such as copper, which already have good conductivity and a certain level of shielding.

Effect of applied magnetic field on ZnFe alloy electrodeposition

Corrosion-resistant materials for the protection of structures are of paramount importance to the industry. This research work reports on the effects of a magnetic field applied parallel to a working electrode on the electrodeposition process of the corrosion-resistant ZnFe alloy coating. The electrochemical study of ZnFe alloy coatings prepared using an acid sulfate bath was carried out in galvanostatic mode. The results indicated that the current density and magnetic field have remarkable effects on the formation kinetics of the ZnFe deposits. The diffusion rate of the Fe ferromagnetic species subjected to mass transport accelerated under the influence of the Lorentz force (applied magnetic field); moreover, these ions were deposited in large amounts under the effect of the magnetic field. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis confirmed the modification of the Fe ion atomic concentrations in the ZnFe coatings under the influence of the magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) convection compared to those deposited without the imposition of the magnetic field. The morphological examinations revealed that the magnetic field acted positively on the deposited layers by endowing them with homogeneous surfaces. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of ZnFe deposits demonstrated the presence of delta (δ), zeta (ξ) and eta (η) phases when there was no applied magnetic field. Furthermore, depending on the magnitude of the applied magnetic field, XRD diagrams exhibited changes in crystallographic orientation, grain size, and the electro-crystallization. These changes favor the presence of certain crystallographic phases, such as (200) and (330).

Cross-section induced uncertainties in neutron source mission rate calculations

Analysis presented in the paper is focused on the characterization of uncertainties induced by cross-section data, which contributing to the overall uncertainty of the correction factors. Advances in computational methods and computational power shifted the calculation of correction factors among the standard steps of the manganese bath method what decrease an interest about this part of the method. Anyway, with the development of computational tools, the cross-section data were also improved, and new evaluations of nuclear data libraries include more information about the cross-section data covariances. Therefore, the propagation of uncertainties induced by neutron cross-sections can be carried out within standard transport calculation of the manganese sulphate bath model. In this paper, the super-sequence SAMPLER module that implements stochastic techniques is used to assess the uncertainty in computed results. Reaction rates on all nuclides of the solution are computed in 400 cases with uncertain parameters and the results are evaluated by an auxiliary tool. Consideration of nuclear data uncertainty in calculations is a general trend that requires the attention of nuclear researchers and should draw attention in metrology. Additional 1.5 % (one-sigma) uncertainty is introduced to the overall uncertainty through correction factor.

Electrodeposited Ni–Co–B coatings: Preparation and evaluation of its wear resistance

Ni–Co–B coating was electrodeposited in sulfate bath with dimethylamine borane (DMAB) as reducing agent. The experiment explored the effect of DMAB concentration (CDMAB, 1–10 g/L), current density (Jk, 2–8 A/dm2), bath temperature (Tbath, 30–60 °C) on the coating morphology and hardness, and determined the best parameters: CDMAB = 8 g/L, Tbath = 60 °C, Jk = 4 A/dm2. The average hardness of the crack-free coating is 818 HV, and the B content is about 2 wt%. In order to develop a stress-relieving heat treatment scheme, the effects of heat treatment temperatures (100–500 °C) and holding times (1.5 h and 3 h) on the hardness of Ni–Co–B coating were studied. The highest hardness (1130 HV) is obtained at 350 °C for 1.5 h. The heat-treated Ni–Co–B coating was characterized by XRD, SEM and EPMA, and the second phase Ni3B was detected. In addition, the wear resistance and wear mechanism of the coating at room temperature and high temperature (300 °C) were studied. The results show that the wear volume of Ni–Co–B coating is reduced by more than 55% compared with Ni–Co coating. In general, Ni–Co–B coating can be used as an alternative to Ni–Co wear-resistant coating.

Effect of Halides on MPS Orientation and Cu Deposition Rates at Cu Surfaces

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), electrochemical measurements, and contact angles were used to evaluate the effect of halides on Cu electrodeposition rates in the presence of 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate (MPS). The Cu(II) reduction rate was shown to decrease in the order Cl− > Br− > I−. In-situ SERS and contact angle measurements showed that adsorbed MPS will exhibit decreased gauche to trans (g:t) ratio and decreased hydrophobicity in the same order as the Cu(II) reduction rate. The amount of MPS in the gauche form, due to the hydrophobicity of the halide decorated surface, is a key factor in the Cu(II) reduction rate in acid sulfate baths containing the accelerator.

Co-deposition of natural particles in the acidic zinc electroplating process

The co-deposition of natural particles was studied in zinc electroplating on mild steel in the acidic sulfate bath aiming a composite coating. Despite most papers reported the effect of natural extracts in such process, the evaluation of natural particles adhered to the coating was not explored yet. The process efficiency, surface morphological changes, and corrosion resistance were evaluated in different concentrations of avocado seed powder (ASP, Persea americana), cocoa bean shell powder (CBSP, Theobroma cacao), and garlic peel powder (GPP, Allium sativum). In general, the current efficiency was not significantly influenced by the presence of any natural particles, reaching values over 90 %. The presence of natural particles impacted the active sites on the substrate surface, modifying the grain growth assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The GPP samples showed better visual aspect and higher compactivity. By Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, such natural particles are constituted by molecules of long carbon chains with chemical groups – amines, carboxylic acids, and phenols. Hence, the presence of natural particles in the coating layer led to different responses in the contact angle test, where GPP samples showed higher wettability (θ < 90°), followed by ASP and CBSP samples (θ > 100°). Such behavior indicates a greater bath penetration during the electroplating process in the presence of more hydrophilic particles, which may have resulted in the refined deposits of the GPP samples. The concentration of 0.330 g/L GPP presented higher impedance modulus (6548.3 Ω.cm2 at 0.03 Hz) in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIE) and reduced the anodic ionic current density at least four times in the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET). The same was observed in the salt spray test (SST) adapting ASTM B117, which revealed to be sensitive enough to indicate that the 0.330 g/L GPP sample showed greater corrosion resistance.

The efficiency of zinc sulfate immersion bath on improved wound healing via promoting antioxidant activity, gene expression biomarkers, and skin re-epithelization in a common carp-induced wound model

The experiment was designed to examine the influence of employing three doses of ZnSO4 on the wound healing process in partially scaled common carp. A total of 240 healthy common carp fish (52.3 ± 0.9 g) were randomly allocated into four equal groups in triplicate (20 each). The first group left without any zinc sulfate treatment and served as a control group, while the second group through the fourth group were immersed in a zinc sulfate bath at a dose of 2.09, 1.05, and 0.53 mg/L corresponding to 1/5, 1/10, and 1/20 of 96 h LC50 of Zn, (Zn/5, Zn/10, and Zn/20, respectively). After wound induction, tissue specimens were collected within three different intervals (6 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 14 days). The results indicated that the Zn/5 fish group induced doubled folding increments in the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 after 6 h compared to other groups, whereas collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1α1) and metallothionein (Met) genes exhibited a triple folding increment compared to Zn/10 and a fivefold increase compared to control after two days of wound induction. Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐7 genes showed a dose-dependent manner of expression at all examined points after wound induction. Also, all estimated antioxidant biomarker (superoxide-dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione, GSH; and malonaldehyde, MDA) activities were boosted in the Zn/5 group till three days of wound induction compared to all groups. In addition, the reepithelization score and histological alteration results revealed clear improvement in the Zn/5 group, as most muscle fibers appeared regular, straight, and parallel arranged. In contrast, other groups exhibited a detectable limited area of disrupted muscle fibers. Finally, it could be concluded that the ZnSO4 immersion bath at 1/5 of the calculated LC50 effectively enhanced the healing process and skin reepithelization.

Electrodeposition of nanocrystalline cobalt from sulfate baths containing butynediol ethoxylate

Cobalt electrodeposit is a potential ideal matrix for precision diamond tools. In this work, cobalt electrodeposition was conducted in sulfate baths and the effects of butynediol ethoxylate (BEO) on the surface morphology, crystal structure, surface roughness and microhardness of cobalt deposits were investigated. Experimental results revealed that BEO had a strong inhibitory effect on the cobalt deposition process due to its high adsorption ability on cobalt; the addition of BEO favored the formation of smooth deposits of hexagonal close packed structure with [0002] preferred orientation, whose morphology was characterized by tiny granular structures, but it had trivial effects on their microhardness and average crystallite size. The changes in the properties of cobalt deposits could be related to the adsorption of BEO on (0002) plane of cobalt crystals, since the adsorption energy of BEO on this plane is much lower than that on other planes according to the results of molecular dynamics simulation.

Evaluation of Adhesion for Better Electrodeposited Cu Foil on Titanium Substrate

Titanium metal is known to have good corrosion resistance. For the plating of Cu in many industrial applications, Ti metal is commonly used as the cathode for the reduction of Cu. Under an acidic and high temperature environment, the passivation layer on the surface of the titanium metal tends to react with acidic solution. As a result, the corrosion of the active titanium metal was observed. In this study, the corrosion behavior of commercial pure titanium in acid copper sulfate baths was investigated, and several surface treatments were used to improve the corrosion resistance of titanium passive layer. The microstructure of titanium metal after immersion in acid copper sulfate solution was examined by using SEM and FIB. The pitting corrosion of Ti was clearly observed using SEM. The corrosion mechanism of the titanium metal in the sulfuric acid solution was discussed. In addition, the electrochemical characteristics of commercial pure titanium metal in sulfuric acid solution were also analyzed using the three-pole potential measurement method.

Production of Zn-Ti alloy electrodeposition for biomedical applications

Acidic sulphate bath having ZnSO4, TiSO4 and sulphamic acid, was optimized for the deposition of bright Zn-Ti coating on mild steel. The effect of current density, on deposit characters, such as corrosion rate, thickness, and hardness were discussed. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods were used to evaluate the corrosion properties of the deposit. The composition of deposits was determined by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the surface topography of the deposited layer. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine the surface roughness. A new and low-priced sulphate bath, for bright Zn-Ti coatings on mild steel has been proposed, and the results indicate better corrosion resistance properties, and these coatings can be used for biomedical tools like Tuning fork, etc, applications.

Mechanical Properties of Electrolytically Produced Copper Coatings Reinforced with Pigment Particles

Copper from sulfate baths without and with added inorganic pigment particles based on strontium aluminate doped with europium and dysprosium (SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+) was electrodeposited on a brass cathode by a galvanostatic regime. Morphological, structural, and roughness analysis of the pigment particles, the pure (pigment-free) Cu coating, and the Cu coatings with incorporated pigment particles were performed using SEM, XRD, and AFM techniques, respectively. Hardness and creep resistance were considered for the examination of the mechanical properties of the Cu coatings, applying Chicot–Lesage (for hardness) and Sargent–Ashby (for creep resistance) mathematical models. The wettability of the Cu coatings was examined by the static sessile drop method by a measurement of the water contact angle. The incorporation of pigment particles in the Cu deposits did not significantly affect the morphology or texture of the coatings, while the roughness of the deposits rose with the rise in pigment particle concentrations. The hardness of the Cu coatings also increased with the increasing concentration of pigments and was greater than that obtained for the pigment-free Cu coating. The presence of the pigments caused a change in the wettability of the Cu coatings from hydrophilic (for the pigment-free Cu coating) to hydrophobic (for Cu coatings with incorporated particles) surface areas.

The influence of lead concentration on the properties of the electrodeposited zinc–lead alloy coatings

The effects the concentration of lead on zinc-lead alloys obtained from sulphate baths under continuous current deposition are described. The deposit morphology was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the preferred crystallographic orientations of the deposits. Protection against corrosion properties studied in a solution of 3 % NaCl in the potentiodynamic polarization measurements (Tafel), It has been observed that the Zn–Pb alloy is characterized by enhanced the resistance of corrosion compared to the Zn alloys and the addition of Pb in the Zn-Pb increases the micro-hardness, XRD and SEM results an identify any coatings Zn-Pb alloy composition reveals that. Zinc - rich (η- phase).

A STUDY ON CONCRETE CONTAINING THE SANDSTONE SLURRY AND FLY ASH PARTIALLY REPLACED WITH SAND AND CEMENT

Now a day’s the waste is produced in immense amounts during construction and coal burning, this study mainly focused on the utilization of sandstone slurry produced during sandstone cutting and Class-F fly ash produced by coal-burning. In this study a deep analysis is taken after 28 days’ testing, six concrete mixes were prepared one is conventional as M20, and trial mix batches are a total of five, three specimens were taken from each concrete mix separately to determine the engineering properties of the prepared specimen. Fly ash partly replaced with the cement in % of 5%,10%,15%,20%,25% and Sandstone slurry partially replaced with sand in % of 10%,20%,30%,40%,50%. Water cement ration took .4-.7%, after 28 days specimens were tested of water curing at ±2, 270C. Sulfate bath is prepared for durability test with 5% Na2SO4 and prepared specimen left for 28 days curing in prepared sulfate bath after completion of 28 days’ normal water curing, the specimen was tested after 56-day curing, acidic nature was maintained for prepared bath, on daily basis pH value has been noted if found more than 6.9 pH than sulphuric acid is added to keep the acidic nature of prepared bath. Only 5% FA and 10% SSS specimen show strength increment up to 14.477% and after sulfate bath, no change was found in specimen’s volume. In compressive strength maximum strength increased up to 19.39%, from 5% FA and 10% SSS replacement. In splitting tensile strength maximum strength increased 11.37% with 10% FA and 20% SSS.

The Corrosion of Mn Coatings Electrodeposited from a Sulphate Bath with Te(VI) Additive and Influence of Phosphate Post-Treatment on Corrosion Resistance

Manganese coatings are excellent for the cathodic protection of steel against corrosion. Although manganese is more electrochemically active than widely used protective coatings of zinc, the exceptional resistance of manganese coatings in neutral and basic media is determined by the film of insoluble corrosion products, which forms on the surface of manganese and greatly suppresses its further corrosion. It is known that the electrodeposition process of Mn coatings from sulphate electrolytes is positively affected by some additives of chalcogenide (S, Se and Te) compounds in the electrolyte. However, a more detailed study on the corrosion properties of Mn coatings electrodeposited from sulphate bath with Te(VI) additive is lacking. In this work, the measurements of free corrosion potential and potentiodynamic polarization in a neutral NaCl solution, as well as the corrosion resistance properties of obtained Mn coatings, were evaluated in a salt spray chamber. It was obtained that the best corrosion resistance was shown by Mn coatings, electrodeposited at the cathodic current density of 15 A⋅dm−2 and at higher temperatures (60 and 80 °C). Meanwhile, the corrosion resistance of phosphated Mn coatings, obtained from a room temperature bath, increased about 5 times and reached up to 1000 h until corrosion of the steel substrate occurred.

Effect of Ti Corrostion on Separation of Electro-Deposited Cu Foil

Cu foils by electroplating are known for many industrial applications such as PCB and Li ion batteries. Ti metal is commonly used as the cathode for the Cu reduction from sulfate solution. Under an acidic and high temperature environment, the passivation layer on the surface of the titanium metal tends to react with acidic solution. As a result, the corrosion of the active titanium metal was observed. In this study, the corrosion behavior of commercial pure titanium in acid copper sulfate baths was investigated, and several surface treatments were used to improve the corrosion resistance of titanium passive layer. The microstructure of titanium metal after immersion in acid copper sulfate solution was examined by using SEM and FIB. The pitting corrosion of Ti was clearly observed using SEM. The corrosion mechanism of the titanium metal in the sulfuric acid solution was discussed. In addition, the electrochemical characteristics of commercial pure titanium metal in sulfuric acid solution were also analyzed using the three-pole potential measurement method.

An approach to improve corrosion resistance in electro-galvanized Zn-Al composite coating by induced passivity

In the current work, zinc and zinc-aluminum nano-composite was electro-galvanized onto mild steel at specified current densities from a sulfate bath. The incorporation of aluminum was found to enhance the corrosion resistance (0.0008 to 0.0003 mm/yr) as well as passivity of the deposits as compared to pure zinc deposition. Hence, attempts were made to analyze the effect of aluminum addition on the passive film and its protective nature by using several techniques including SEM, XRD, Mott- Schottky (MS), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The results proved that the films were of protective nature and are of n-type semiconductor properties with adequate defect densities/charge carriers.