Sulawesi Indonesia Research Articles

Social Perception on New Normal (Case Study on Millennial Generations at North Sulawesi Indonesia)

The purpose of this study is to explore the social perceptions of the millennial generation in implementing the adaptation of new habits during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research was conducted using descriptive quantitative research methods. The online survey was selected using the google form application. The data were taken from 400 respondents of State Higher Education (PTN) students in North Sulawesi as representatives of the millennial generation. The google form application is used to distribute questionnaires to target respondents. From the results of this survey, it can be explained that when the COVID-19 pandemic in the North Sulawesi millennial generation responded by perceiving several things that had been conveyed. Millennial generation respondents indicate that the level of millennial optimism for the sustainability of this life is well felt. Respondents positively respond to an optimistic attitude that routine millennial activities can still be carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic. Millennials in North Sulawesi also believe that the central and local governments can handle this pandemic.

Cincinasura, a new genus for Miltochrista synestramena Hampson (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) with a new species from Indonesia.

The new genus Cincinasura gen. n. is described for the type species Asura synestramena Hampson, 1900. A new species, Cincinasura cyclophora sp. n. is described from the island of Sulawesi (Indonesia). A new combination is established: Cincinasura synestramena (Hampson, 1900), comb. n. Adults together with male and female genitalia of the new and similar genera are illustrated.

New Insight into Post-seismic Landslide Evolution Processes in the Tropics

Earthquakes do not only trigger landslides in co-seismic phases but also elevate post-seismic landslide susceptibility either by causing a strength reduction in hillslope materials or by producing co-seismic landslide deposits, which are prone to further remobilization under the external forces generated by subsequent rainfall events. However, we still have limited observations regarding the post-seismic landslide processes. And, the examined cases are rarely representative of tropical conditions where the precipitation regime is strong and persistent. Therefore, in this study, we introduce three new sets of multi-temporal landslide inventories associated with subsets of the areas affected by 1) 2016 Reuleuet (Indonesia, Mw = 6.5), 2) 2018 Porgera (Papua New Guinea, Mw = 7.5) and 3) 2012 Sulawesi (Indonesia, Mw = 6.3), 2017 Kasiguncu (Indonesia, Mw = 6.6) and 2018 Palu (Indonesia, Mw = 7.5) earthquakes. Overall, our findings show that the landslide susceptibility level associated with the occurrences of new landslides return to pre-seismic conditions in less than a year in the study areas under consideration. We stress that these observations might not be representative of the entire area affected by these earthquakes but the areal boundaries of our study areas.

The analysis of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) contents in the water of around laying chicken farm

Business activities of laying chicken farm in Sidrap regency have been carried out for decades. This business is a hereditary business carried out by the local community. The number of chicken populations is also increasing as the demand for animal protein increases. This activity can lead to a decrease in water quality, thereby affecting the environmental sanitation system. Clean water is needed in meeting human needs to carry out all their activities. Based on this, an environmental test was carried out by analyzing the BOD and COD contents of water around laying chicken farms. This research aims to (1) determine the BOD and COD contents of water around the laying chicken farm, (2) comparing the BOD and COD contents of water around the laying chicken farm with the threshold value set by the government. This research was conducted in October - December 2018 in Sidenreng Rappang regency, South Sulawesi Indonesia. The method used in the water BOD content test is the Winkler method, while for water COD is the spectrophotometric method. The results show that the BOD contents of water around the laying chicken farm was 7.99 mg/L on average, and the water COD content was 18.47 mg/L. This research concluded that the BOD and COD contents of water around the laying chicken farm exceeds the threshold set by the government. The threshold for water BOD content is 2 mg/L while for water COD is 10 mg/L.

Cytochrome B (Cyt B) mtDNA genetic diversity of the second filial (F2) of Banteng Bali cross in UPT-PTHPT Pucak, South Sulawesi Indonesia

Bali cattle are native to Indonesia and are the result of domestication from Banteng, (Bos banteng). The cytochrome B gene is widely used in systematic studies to solve differences at many taxonomic levels and has been considered as one of the genes used in phylogenetic action. Cytochrome B is also very useful for comparing species in the same genus or the same family. Genetic characterization tests were carried out to identify the characteristics of mtDNA specific identifiers of Bali cattle with Banteng Bali cross (F2). The edited nucleotide sequences are then aligned using the Clustal W program contained in the MEGA 6 software. Construction of the phylogeny tree is carried out using the MEGA 6 program based on p-distance values. Phylogeny tree construction uses bootstrap UPGMA method with 1000 replication. Based on genetic distance analysis, it shows that Bali cattle and Banteng Bali cross (F2) with Bos javanicus have a genetic distance that is relatively the same as the genetic distance value (0.000–0.001) but has a great genetic distance with the Bos taurus, Bos indicus and Bubalus bubalis with genetic distance values ( 0.050–0.094). This shows that in cytochrome B, Bali cattle and Banteng Bali cross F2 have identical genetic distances. Based on the UPGMA tree phylogeny method, the results show that the kinship group 1 (Bali cattle (CBB3 and CBB7), Banteng Bali cross (F2) (CBC1, CBC7, CBC8, and CBC9) with Bos javanicus) and group 2 (Bali cattle (CBB2, CBB4, CBB8, CBB9) and Banteng Bali cross (F2) CBC10) are in the same branch showing that the results are relatively similar and have a close kinship. It can be concluded that the characteristics of mtDNA cytochrome B in Bali cattle and Banteng Bali cross F2 were relatively the same and both have a very close relationship.

Vowel fronting, raising, and backing in Luzon and north-central Sulawesi

This article presents an overview of four shifts – low vowel fronting, low vowel backing, back vowel fronting, and mid vowel raising – found in a number of languages on or near the Pacific coast of Luzon in the Philippines and in north-central Sulawesi in Indonesia. A more extensive illustration of low vowel fronting is given for Umiray Dumaget than has previously been made available, and a second, sporadic correspondence in Umiray Dumaget is shown to be only irregular and unconditioned. Interactions with Philippine-type morphology are also shown to result in synchronically productive alternations in Umiray Dumaget and several of the Mongondow-Gorontalo languages.

Population dynamics of mantis shrimp (Gonodactylus chiragra Fabricius, 1781) in Batukalasi waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The purpose of this research was to determine several population dynamics parameters of a mantis shrimp (Gonodactylus chiragra) population including growth, mortality, exploitation rate, and relative yield per recruit. Mantis shrimp were sampled from the waters around Batukalasi, South Sulawesi Indonesia from 16th June to 21st July 2019. Each specimen was measured, weighed and the sex determined. Growth parameters were estimated using the Von Bertalanffy equation. Natural mortality (M) was estimated using Pauly’s empirical equation. Total mortality (Z) was estimated using the Beverton and Holt equations. Fishing mortality was calculated from the equation Z = F + M. The exploitation level and relative yield per recruit were estimated using the Beverton and Holt equations. These analyses were conducted in the FAO-ICLARM Fish Stock Assessment Tools II (FISAT II) program. The 707 mantis shrimp samples were collected comprised of 245 females and 462 males. The growth rate coefficient was higher in male than female mantis shrimps, while male mantis shrimps reached their asymptotic length faster than females. For both male and female mantis shrimps, the estimated natural mortality was higher than fishing mortality, indicating the stock is not over-exploited. The relative yield per recruit was below the optimum value for both female and male mantis shrimp (0.035 and 0.046, respectively).

Six new species of Archimonocelididae Meixner, 1938 (Platyhelminthes, Proseriata) from the Pacific, with proposal of a new genus.

The genus Tajikacelis n. gen. is introduced for species of Archimonocelididae (Proseriata) characterized by the lack of atrial spines in the copulatory organ and by the opening of the seminal vesicles into the prostate vesicle at its ventral side. Six new species from the Pacific Ocean are ascribed to the new genus; they may be distinguished by features of the genital systems and the morphology of their copulatory stylets. T. tajikai n. sp. (type species of the new genus) and T. macrostomoides n. sp., both from eastern Australia, have a long tubular stylet. In T. macrostomoides n. sp., the stylet is more curved, bending to 180°, and has a narrower basis compared to that of T. tajikai n. sp. In T. artoisi n. sp., from Hawai'i, and T. nematoplanoides n. sp., from South Australia, the stylet is shaped as a truncated cone, with a broad, oblique proximal opening and a very short tubular part. T. artoisi n. sp. is distinct for the much stronger thickening of the dorsal side of the stylet, and for the different shape of the proximal opening. In T. acuta n. sp. and T. truncata n. sp., from West Panama, the tubular stylet is comparatively short; the two species differ for the shape of the distal opening, produced into a sharp spike in T. acuta n. sp., and square-ended in T. truncata n. sp.. Two species previously described in the genus Archimonocelis are transferred to Tajikacelis n. gen.: T. itoi Tajika, 1981 from Japan and T. keke Martens and Curini-Galletti, 1989 from Sulawesi (Indonesia). The taxonomic position of the problematic Archimonocelis glabrodorsata Martens and Curini-Galletti, 1989 from the Caribbean is discussed. The relationships of and within the genus Tajikacelis n. gen. are discussed and compared with recent results based on DNA studies.

Marine megafauna bycatch in artisanal fisheries in Gorontalo, northern Sulawesi (Indonesia): An assessment based on fisher interviews

While bycatch, the unintentional catch of untargeted species, is one of the main threats to large marine species such as cetaceans, reef sharks and turtles, also known as megafauna, fishers can also be negatively impacted by bycatch. Understanding local fisheries profiles, fishers’ demography and their opinion is thus a necessary part of the strategy to mitigate marine megafauna bycatch in artisanal fisheries. Interviews with fishers were conducted in order to assess the magnitude of marine megafauna bycatch, the dependency of fishers on the fishery and the potential for implementation of bycatch mitigation measures in the artisanal fisheries in Gorontalo, northern Sulawesi (Indonesia). Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyse the data. Regression trees showed that cetacean and turtle bycatch were mainly influenced by the fishing location, while bycatch of reef sharks, whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) and mobulids was mainly influenced by the gear type. Cetaceans mostly escaped after being caught or were released. Reef sharks, which were often sold for their meat, were caught in the highest numbers followed by sea turtles. Interviewed fishers had large households, typically averaging more than five people, and mostly were dependent on the fishery, often with few other sources of income. Fishers were generally in favour of reducing bycatch as bycatch often posed a financial threat, due to lost catch and damaged gear. When implementing bycatch reduction measures, it is important to involve fishers in design and implementation of mitigation measures. As awareness on bycatch management and mitigation is growing in Indonesia, measures including recordings (official and self-reporting), capacity building on bycatch specimen handling and release and bycatch mitigation techniques (e.g. gear modifications) are some of the most important bycatch reduction strategies for the country.

STUDENTS VIOLENCE AGAINST TEACHERS IN SCHOOL: CASE STUDY OF TEACHER MURDER IN MANADO, NORTH SULAWESI INDONESIA

This research aims to analyze the various causes of students’ violence against teachers in educational institutions. Data was qualitatively obtained from the officials of National Education Department of Manado City, supervisors, the police, teachers, and students of Ichtus Vocational High School through interviews, observations and documentation. From the data, it was analyzed that the school does not have a system for monitoring violence, and teachers believed that every violation needs to be punished. The results showed that verbal violence occurred due to punishment for smoking in the class and coming late to school. The death of a teacher due to bleeding from 9 knife stabs on vital body parts by students, is an example of violence against teachers. Although the perpetrators were charged to a minimum sentence of 20 years imprisoned, the National Education Department of North Sulawesi closed and revoked the operational license of the institution and entrusted the students to the private vocational high school in Manado. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style ARIE SUPRIATI. VIOLENCE AGAINST TEACHERS IN SCHOOL: CASE STUDY OF TEACHER MURDER IN MANADO, NORTH SULAWESI INDONESIA. SRP. 2021; 12(2): 717-721. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.2.97 Web Style ARIE SUPRIATI. VIOLENCE AGAINST TEACHERS IN SCHOOL: CASE STUDY OF TEACHER MURDER IN MANADO, NORTH SULAWESI INDONESIA. http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=68467 [Access: March 30, 2021]. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.2.97 AMA (American Medical Association) Style ARIE SUPRIATI. VIOLENCE AGAINST TEACHERS IN SCHOOL: CASE STUDY OF TEACHER MURDER IN MANADO, NORTH SULAWESI INDONESIA. SRP. 2021; 12(2): 717-721. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.2.97 Vancouver/ICMJE Style ARIE SUPRIATI. VIOLENCE AGAINST TEACHERS IN SCHOOL: CASE STUDY OF TEACHER MURDER IN MANADO, NORTH SULAWESI INDONESIA. SRP. (2021), [cited March 30, 2021]; 12(2): 717-721. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.2.97 Harvard Style ARIE SUPRIATI (2021) VIOLENCE AGAINST TEACHERS IN SCHOOL: CASE STUDY OF TEACHER MURDER IN MANADO, NORTH SULAWESI INDONESIA. SRP, 12 (2), 717-721. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.2.97 Turabian Style ARIE SUPRIATI. 2021. VIOLENCE AGAINST TEACHERS IN SCHOOL: CASE STUDY OF TEACHER MURDER IN MANADO, NORTH SULAWESI Reviews in Pharmacy, 12 (2), 717-721. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.2.97 Chicago Style ARIE SUPRIATI. STUDENTS VIOLENCE AGAINST TEACHERS IN SCHOOL: CASE STUDY OF TEACHER MURDER IN MANADO, NORTH SULAWESI INDONESIA. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 12 (2021), 717-721. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.2.97 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style ARIE SUPRIATI. STUDENTS VIOLENCE AGAINST TEACHERS IN SCHOOL: CASE STUDY OF TEACHER MURDER IN MANADO, NORTH SULAWESI INDONESIA. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 12.2 (2021), 717-721. Print. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.2.97 APA (American Psychological Association) Style ARIE SUPRIATI (2021) VIOLENCE AGAINST TEACHERS IN SCHOOL: CASE STUDY OF TEACHER MURDER IN MANADO, NORTH SULAWESI Reviews in Pharmacy, 12 (2), 717-721. doi:10.31838/srp.2021.2.97

Comparison of the catch of two fishing technologies for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares Bonnaterre 1788) in Bone Bay waters, South Sulawesi Indonesia

Yellowfin tuna is one of the important pelagic fishery commodities in the Bone Bay waters, exploited using hand lines and pole and line. This study aims to compare the size structure, the number of the cohort, compositions of catch according to fish maturity stage and percentage of catch suitable size. Fish length data were collected from January to August 2020. Size structure and age groups were analyzed using the Bhattacharya method. The gonad maturity stage observed morphologically using the Schaefer and Orange method, the percentage of catch suitable size using the Mallawa method. The hand line catches measuring 39 to 111 cm, dominant size 49 to 57 cm and 66 to 73 cm, consisting of three age groups and dominated by young. The pole and line catch measuring 34 to 87 cm, dominant size 35 to 37 cm, consisting of three age groups and dominated by the young fish. The percentage of catch suitable size in both fishing technologies is low.

Specific Interventions to Prevent Stunting in Children Under 2 Years after the Natural Disaster

BACKGROUND: Nutrition specific reflects most of the evidence of programmatic successes, such as improving breastfeeding. Specific intervention is an action or activity that is specifically directed at the first 1000 days of life. In general, these activities are carried out by the health sector.
 AIM: Study aims to analyze specific interventions for preventing stunting in children under 2 years of age in post-natural disaster areas.
 METHODS: This type of quantitative analytic research with a cross-sectional design conducted in Palu City central of Sulawesi Indonesia from October until November 2020. The population in this study were mothers and children under 2 years. Sampling using consecutive sampling technique with a total of 384 samples. Data analysis using a frequency distribution, height Z score table according to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.
 RESULTS: The prevalence of stunting in children under 2 years of age in Palu was 37.24%. The only specific intervention behavior in preventing stunting that was statistically significant was breastfeeding for up to 2 years (p = 0.025).
 CONCLUSIONS: Specific interventions to prevent stunting in children under 2 years after natural disasters are breastfeeding children up to 2 years. The prevalence of stunting in children under 2 is 37.24%. To reduce stunting problems in the city of Palu Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, mothers need to be informed about the risks and assistance from local and central government.

Formation of Farming Community Resilience Models for Sustainable Agricultural Development at the Mining Neighborhood in Southeast Sulawesi Indonesia

Although the exploration of mineral resources and industry can promote economic development, it can also threaten the resilience and well-being of the environment, health, ecosystems, and the comfort of surrounding communities. Therefore, business entities, through corporate social responsibility (CSR) or other activities, can function to balance negative impacts and strengthen sustainable development that can increase the resilience and welfare of the surrounding community. This study aims to develop a resilience model of the local farming community resilience (FCR), which supports the sustainability of agricultural development. The research will be carried out in a community in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study measures the resilience of the farmers’ community. To obtain models and instruments that are valid and reliable, the instrument is tested on 295 respondents in 10 villages adjacent to the nickel mining industry using the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Out of the 17 items, five dimensions (e.g., economic, social capital, environmental, community competence, and information and communication) are proposed to measure the FCR. Thus, this work presents a complete scale development and can provide policies for governments, particularly in Indonesia. Moreover, the FCR scale might be utilized by different entities (e.g., NGOs, open experts and social group media) to determine the view of genuine clients regarding the association’s CSR execution.

Multicultural attitudes in an Islamic boarding school of South Sulawesi – Indonesia

This qualitative study examines examples of multicultural attitudes in pesantren (Islamic boarding school) in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It employs focus group discussions (FGD), in-depth interviews and participatory observations research methods to figure out multicultural life at Pesantren Darul Istiqamah (DI), a non-denominational pesantren in Maros, South Sulawesi—Indonesia. The research subjects were ustad (teacher), students (santri), and kyai (religious leaders) of the pesantren. The data were analyzed, contrasted and compared systematically through an inductive qualitative approach. The researcherss conclude that pesantren have their own perspectives about multiculturalism derived from the holy Koran without adopting Western theories. Their views fundamentally reflect an opinion that human beings are created with differences, so, diversities in language, race, and religion are inevitable and therefore people should respect each other. This philosophy underpins curriculum, teaching-learning process and interactions inside/outside of the pesantren which are inclusive and equally valued all diversity.

The relationship of posture working with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the weaver West Sulawesi Indonesia

ObjectiveThis study aims to determine the relationship between work posture and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) complaints in Lipa’Sa’be Mandar weavers. MethodThis research is a quantitative study with an observational approach using a cross sectional study design on 42 samples selected by purposive sampling (N=124). ResultsAll respondents (100%) experienced complaints of MSDs, of the 37 (100%) respondents who weaved with a moderate risk work posture, there were 10 (27.0%) respondents experienced complaints of mild MSDs, 21 (56.7%) complaints of MSDs moderate, and 6 (16.2%) experienced severe MSDs complaints. 5 (100%) respondents who weaved with high-risk work postures, with 1 (20%) mild MSDs complaining and 4 (80.0%) severe MSDs complaints. Results of the chi-Square test with α=0.05, it shows that there is a significant relationship between work posture and MSDs complaints. ConclusionsWork posture is significantly associated with MSDs complaints in Lipa’Sa’be Mandar weavers.

The Effectiveness of Rice Straw Based Compost on Potato Production as a Basis of Organic Farming System in North Sulawesi Indonesia

An experiment to observe the influence of compost by ricestraw in potato production has been conducted in North Sulawesi from April to October 2015. Therefore this research was conducted with the objectives: (1) to find out the effects of rice straw-based compost compared to manure on potato production; and (2) to ensure the use of compost without inorganic fertilizer in the potato-based farming system as a basis of organic farming system in the production center of potato in Western Indonesia. The treatments were designed into CRBD proceeded to the Least Significant Difference Test (LSD test). Six treatments were applied, A=Compost 20 t.ha-1 plus inorganic fertilizer; B= Manure 20 t.ha-1 plus inorganic fertilizer; C= Compost 20 t.ha-1 without inorganic fertilizer; D= Compost 12 t.ha-1 plus inorganic fertilizer E= Compost 12 t.ha-1 without inorganic fertilizer and F= Manure 5 t.ha-1 plus inorganic fertilizer. Parameters tested show that the treatments of compost have advantages compared with the manure treatment. This related to the nutrients composition of straw rich especially potassium. Treatment A (Compost 20 t.ha-1 + inorganic fertilizers) is not significantly different from treatment C compost 20 t.ha-1 without inorganic fertilizers) in almost parameters except tuber weight of Grade #1 (industry purposes), describing the potency of the organic agricultural system of potato by using compost rice straw based. However, the organic agricultural system economically could be applied by the farmer as well as ease to get the materials. It also provides sustainable agricultural practices in the production center of a potato.

Manajemen National Paralympic Committee Of Indonesia (NPCI) Sulawesi Selatan Dalam Pembinaan Paralympian Di Sulawesi Selatan

ABSTRACTThis research is a descriptive study that aims to determine National Paralympic Committee Of Indonesia Sulawesi South Sulawesi management in building Paralympian in South Sulawesi. The population and samples in this study were all members of a disability sports coaching program. The research subject amounted to 62 people where a manager of 25 trainers was 7 and athletes were 30 people. Data collection techniques using poll. A total of 27 kuisoners of the question consist of 5 answers, namely always, often , sometimes, rarely, never . The collected Data is analysed in a descriptive way and uses the Likert scale. The results of the study have a percentage of each category, namely, the planning is at a strong position of 2045 (78.65%) Of the expected score of 2600 (100%). Organizing is at a strong position of 1547 (79.33) of the expected score of 1950 (100%). The implementation is in a strong position of 1802 (79.20) of the expected score of 2275 (100%). Supervision is at a strong position of 1525 (78.20) of the expected score of 1950 (100%).

Short communication: Physiological response to drought in North Sulawesi (Indonesia) local rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars at the tissue level in hydroponic culture

Abstract. Nio SA, Mereh RJ, Ludong DPM. 2021. Short communication: Physiological response to drought in North Sulawesi (Indonesia) local rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars at the tissue level in hydroponic culture. Biodiversitas 22: 58-64. Water availability influenced the metabolism processes in the plants and this condition could change water balance in the cells as well as restricting the growth and production of crops. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in vitro polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000-induced water deficit on the relative water content and chlorophylls (total, a, and b) concentration as physiological response in leaf segments of North Sulawesi (Indonesia) local rice cultivars (cvs. Superwin, Ombong, Burungan, and Temo). The rice leaves were cut into 1 cm x 1 cm segments and were treated under both control (0 MPa) and water deficit (-0.25 and -0.5 MPa) using PEG 8000 as osmoticum. The experiment was factorial completely randomized block design with 4 sampling times (0, 4, 8, and 12 hours) and three replicates. Interaction of water deficit duration and PEG 8000 treatment resulted in a significant difference in leaf relative water content. The leaf relative water content at PEG -0.5 MPa after 8 and 12 hours of treatments was lower than at control (PEG 0 MPa) when the treatment commenced (0 hour). The concentration of chlorophylls (total, a, and b) were significant differences among cultivars and water deficit durations. This study showed that leaf relative water content was a potential physiological indicator of PEG 8000-induced water deficit in North Sulawesi local rice at the tissue level in hydroponic culture.

Sustainable Management Modeling of Mangrove Ecosystem to Support the Local Economy in Small Islands, South Sulawesi Indonesia

The model starts with the formation of groups of fishermen/farmers /mangroves/women. The group produces something from mangrove forest that comes from creativity and ability to create something new as well as utilizing their members based on their abilities. After the formation of productive, creative and innovative groups of fishermen/ farmers / mangroves, the values are assessed and provided some benefits. Before going to the next stage, reflection on the groups formed is under the goals and objectives of the group formation. After reflection, it conducts a study of the suitability of the business sector that is carried out in the mangrove forest area. The suitability of the business sector must be based on environmentally friendly systems and mangrove conservation. It is called cultivation with the silvofishery system (integrating shrimp/fish cultivation with mangroves) and the use of environmentally friendly fishing tools. The next step is to formulate academic methods, then lay down the urgency and management paradigm of putting something important and the main patterns and models in the management of mangrove forests. After that phase, fixing management problems of mangrove forest. Mangrove forest management involves local communities and other stakeholders meanwhile the government, in this case, acting as a motivator and facilitator because of its understanding of the A. formosa growth and dynamics in the tropical coral reef ecosystems.

Characteristics of Sufism Naqsyabandiyah Khalidyah Tarekat in Indonesia: The Case of Central Sulawesi

Instead, the study of Sufism and tarekat have been carried out by many scholars in Indonesia, and across the Muslim countries, limited is known the history and characteristic of tarekat in a regional Indonesia context. This study, therefore, intents to study the history and characteristics of a minority group of tarekat in Central Sulawesi Indonesia. The tarekat was called as Nasaqbandiyah Khalidiyah. This study applied a qualitative ethnography approach. The author engaged for a certain period with the tarekat organization members. The author observed the community and interviewed 15 of them from a different level of tarekat organization members. The study found that the tarekat was brought to the area around 2001 from the middle east by a Sufi. The relationship among the tarekat pilgrims is unique where students (young pilgrims) treated their teacher or murshid as mediators to deliver their praying to God. The relationship between students and the teachers is absolute obedience, and the students must glorify the teachers.