Suitable Sowing Research Articles

A positive response of ginger root zone and rhizome development to suitable sowing depth.

Sowing depth significantly affects ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) yields, and sowing depth can affect rhizosphere community structure through root exudates. However, the relationship between the reaction process in root zone and ginger rhizome development is unclear. In this study, we investigated the rhizome and root development and rhizosphere environment at different sowing depths (2cm (SD2), 5cm (SD5), and 10cm (SD10)). It was found that SD10 significantly increased ginger yield, which is related to the development of vascular bundles and the expression of aquaporin. PLS-PM analysis found that root length, root absorption capacity, and soil enzymes have the strongest correlation with yield, while root diameter is negatively correlated with yield. Under SD10, the increase of auxin and ethylene content together with the expression of ARF7, LBD16, and PIN1 promoted the development of lateral roots. In addition, SD10 increased the secretion of root organic acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates, which in turn promoted the development of rhizosphere bacteria. The promotion of SD10 on nitrogen cycle and nitrogen fixation ability in turn promoted the development of ginger.

Effect of Sowing Dates on Yield and Yield Components of Some Selected Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties

Most suitable sowing date and high yielding varieties are the primary agricultural practices to enhance production and productivity of chickpea. Hence, a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of sowing dates on yield and yield components of chickpea varieties in the main cropping season of 2019 at Toke Kutaye, Ethiopia. Treatments consisted of four sowing dates (September 4th, September 14th, September 24th, and October 5th) and four kabuli varieties of chickpea; namely Dube (standard check), Dalota, Teji and Ejere. The experiment was laid out in split plot design using factorial arrangement with three replications where sowing date treatments were assigned to the main plots and varieties to sub plots. Dalota variety produced the highest number of pods (79.7) per plant. the main effects of sowing date and varieties were significantly different on biological yield. Highest biological yield (3776.9 kg ha-1 and 3761 kg ha-1) were recorded from September 24th and September 14th sown plots, respectively. Among varieties tested, the highest biological yield (3723.8 kg ha-1) was obtained from local variety. Highest grain yield (2415.4 kg ha-1) was recorded from plots sown on September 14th whereas Dalota variety produced highest grain yield (2051.25 kg ha-1). In case of harvest index, highest (67.9% and 59.6%) was recorded from September 14th sown plots and Dalota variety, respectively. Therefore, Dalota variety and September 14th sowing date emerged as best among all tested treatments and could be recommended for chickpea production in the study area.

Zn Foliar Spray as a Management Strategy Boosts Oil Qualitative and Quantitative Traits of Spring Rapeseed Genotypes at Winter Sowing Dates

To determine the suitable sowing date in each region, it is important to note that environmental conditions should be optimal during the crop growing season. Plant nutrition using macro-elements and micro-elements improves crop growth and quantitative and qualitative yields under environmental stresses. A 2-year experiment (2015–2016 and 2016–2017) was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc (Zn) foliar spray on quantitative and qualitative yields of spring rapeseed genotypes at winter sowing dates. The factorial split-plot arrangement of treatments was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots included three winter sowing dates of 9, 19, and 29 February and Zn foliar spray at two levels of non-Zn foliar spray (control) and Zn foliar spray (5 g l−1 at the stem elongation stage). Sub-plots contained four genotypes of Sarigol, Dalgan, Salsa, and Solar. While silique number per plant, seed number per silique, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, oil yield and content, and oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids of the study genotypes were lessened at late sowing dates, contents of linolenic, stearic, and erucic acids and glucosinolate were significantly increased in such condition. Zn foliar spray improved seed yield and yield components, oil yield and content, and linoleic acid content, while contents of linolenic, stearic, and erucic acids and glucosinolate were dropped. Overall, the current study suggests that to produce the optimal quantitative and qualitative yields in rapeseed agro-ecosystems, genotypes should be cultivated on an optimum winter sowing date (February 9) and treated with Zn.

Effect of Planting Density on Yield Components of False Flax

This research was carried out to determine the effect of population density on the performance components of false flax (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz). This would allow to determine the effect of increasing the number of seeds of the false flaxon the yield and also the appropriate sowing distance under Konya conditions. The research was developed in the experimental field of Çumra Vocational School, Konya, Turkey. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks designwith three repetitions. Analyzes were made using the Jump statistics program.A thousand seeds were weighed and 4 different planting population densities were used: 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 seeds per square meter.On May 2, 2014 it was sown and on August 10, 2014 it was harvested. Plant height, number of plants per m2, biomass, root length, number of capsules, number of seeds per capsules, weight of a thousand seeds and other yield values were evaluated. The vegetative period of false flax under Konya ecological conditions was 100 days. The thousand-grain weight was 1.4 g (500) to 2 g (1000), plant height 58.3 cm (500) to 74 cm (750) and root length 9.6 cm (1000) to 16.3 cm (750). The number of capsules per plant and of seeds per capsule ranged from 152.6 (750) to 571.6 (500) and from 11 (1000) to 19.6 (500). In this study, It was found that applications of 1250 seeds per m2 were the most suitable sowing density for yield

Kinoada Yüksek Tohum Üretimi İçin Uygun Ekim Zamanı ve Çeşitlerin Belirlenmesi

Yüksek tane verimi ve kalitesini etkileyen teknik ve fizyolojik olgunluğun sağlanabilmesi için doğru ekim zamanı tespitlerinin yapılması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Mevcut çalışma ile Iğdır sulu koşullarda ekilen kinoada yüksek tohum üretimi için uygun ekim zamanı ve çeşitlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 15 kinoa genotipi ile öncesinde yürütülen adaptasyon çalışmasında en yüksek tohum verimine sahip Mint Vanilla ve Titicaca çeşitleri 10’ar gün aralıklarla (Mart’ın ortası, Mart’ın son haftası, Nisan’ın ilk haftası ve Nisan’ın ortası) ekilerek test edilmiştir. Çalışma 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kuruldu. Analiz sonucunda; incelenen bazı parametreler üzerine yılların, ekim zamanların ve çeşitlerin etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Buna göre bin tane ağırlığı (BTA) ve sapta ham protein (HP) oranı hariç diğer parametrelerin 2018 yılında daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. En yüksek salkım oranı, BTA, tohum verimi, hasat indeksi, tohumda ve sapta HP oranı Titicaca’da belirlenirken, olgunlaşma süresi, sap kalınlığı, bitki boyu, dal sayısı, saman ve biyolojik verim ise Mint Vanilla’da tespit edilmiştir. Diğer ekim zamanları ile kıyaslandığında olgunlaşma süresi, BTA ve hasat indeksi birinci ekim döneminde, sap kalınlığı, bitki boyu, dal sayısı, saman ve biyolojik verim ise ikinci ekim döneminde daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak tohum verim ve kalite değerlerinde düşüşlerin yaşanmaması için ekimlerin geciktirilmeden (Mart’ın üçüncü haftasında) yapılması ve tohum üretimi için Titicaca çeşidinin bölge için uyun olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Siirt Ekolojik Koşullarında Ekmeklik ve Makarnalık Buğdayda Uygun Ekim Zamanının Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışma Siirt ekolojik koşullarında ekmeklik ve makarnalık buğday çeşitlerinde uygun ekim zamanını belirlemek amacıyla 2015-2016 yetiştirme sezonunda yürütülmüştür. Araştırma materyali olarak bölgede yoğun olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan ekmeklik buğday (Ceyhan 99) ve makarnalık buğday (Artuklu) çeşitleri kullanılarak, 5 farklı zamanda (1 Ekim, 15 Ekim, 1 Kasım, 15 Kasım ve 25 Kasım) ekim yapılmıştır. Çalışmada bitki boyu, başak Boyu, metrekaredeki başak sayısı, başakta tane Sayısı, bin tane ağırlığı, biyolojik verim, tane verimi, hasat indeksi, kardeş sayısı,10 başak ağırlığı ve hektolitre ağırlığı incelenmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre incelenen kriterler arasında bulunan bitki boyu, başak boyu, bardeş bayısı, betrekaredeki başak sayısı, başakçık sayısı, başakta tane sayısı, bin tane ağırlığı ve biyolojik verim değerleri arasinda istatistiksel olarak önemli farklar bulunmuştur. İncelenen karakterler arasında en yüksek tane verimi değeri Artuklu buğday çeşidinde II. ekim zamanında 908.97 kg/da ve Ceyhan 99 buğday çeşidinden III. ekim zamanından 866.00 kg/da olarak elde edilmiştir. Bu araştırma sonucunda Siirt ekolojik koşullarında en uygun ekim zamanının ekmeklik buğdayda 28 Ekim; makarnalık buğdayda ise 14 Ekim tarihinde olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.

Horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) production technology: A review

Horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) is one of the important pulse crops with the unique characteristics with tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. This crop has the ability to be grown under rainfed situations in marginal lands and can be considered as a climate resilient crop. Still, it has not attracted due attention and has been underexploited. This is a late kharif crop mostly sown in the month of August or even during July depending upon local climatic conditions. Line sown horsegram crop maintains proper plant stand, hence is considered as the suitable sowing method to obtain desirable yield. Depending on variety used and growing environment, a plant population of 3.33 to 4.44 lakh/ha is recommended by various researchers to harvest good yield. Among various plant nutrients, phosphorus plays a vital role to enhance the yield through accelerating root and shoot growth. With proper agronomic management practices, horsegram can provide potential yield, even under unfavourable situations.

Cost Analysis of Different Mixture Rates and Sowing Methods of Anatolian Clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) and Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)

The study was carried out between 2015 and 2016 in accordance with the split plots in randomized blocks research design with 3 replications, which aimed to determine the optimal mixture rate for the production design. The results of the research were made into agricultural implementation and cost analysis was performed. Relative profit margin was used in determining the most favorable mixture rate that will be included in the production design. According to the application results, the production threshold was exceeded in all mixtures. The highest gross production value (95.90 USD da-1) and production cost (59.05 USD da-1) was obtained from the sole Anatolian Clover among the forage crop mixtures. Whereas; the lowest gross production value (71.32 USD da-1) and production cost (58.60 USD) was detected in the sole Italian ryegrass application. In addition to this, it was found that the highest relative profit margin (1.62) had been achieved in sole Anatolian clover. 50% Anatolian clover + 50% Italian ryegrass (K2) (1.40), 25% Anatolian clover + 75% Italian ryegrass (K3) (1.38) were followed to sole Anatolian clover, in terms of mixture rates. Perdenpedicular row sowing (E3) had the highest relative profit margin (1.45) in this study according to the sowing methods. As a consequently, perpendicular rows (E3) and sole Anatolian clover (T), 25A.C + 75 I.R (K3) were the most suitable sowing method and mixture ratios under Anatolian conditions, respectively.

A Rice Model System for Determining Suitable Sowing and Transplanting Dates

Sowing and transplanting dates are important cultivation factors for rice production. Therefore, the present study focused on developing a rice model system that would be able to determine sowing and transplanting dates for diverse cultivars and planting methods in different agro-ecological zones. Different model parameters were integrated into a rice model system on the basis of their interaction effects in this study. The results showed that sowing and transplanting dates designed by the rice model system were approached to the planting dates recommended by local agricultural experts for high yield practices, with root mean squared error (RMSE) of 5.3 to 14.74 days. The model system accurately simulated suitable sowing and transplanting dates under most scenarios with relatively low RMSE, high linear correlation coefficient (R2), and model efficiency (EF). Using the model system recommendations, rice yield under manual transplanting in low fertility soil was increased the most (5.5%), while for direct sowing in high fertility soil, yield increase was modest (0.8%). The newly-developed rice model system can act as a technical approach to design suitable sowing and transplanting dates for achieving high yield and effective crop production.

Second Crop of Corn Cultivation and Soybean Agricultural Evaluation of Characters and Their Relationships

This research was carried out in the summer season of 1990-1991 vegetation in order to determine the most suitable sowing rates of corn and soybean to be grown in Cukurova ecological conditions. In the trial; LG 55 medium late hybrid corn and SA 88 soybean were used as materials. Sowing ratios subject to the experiment are 1 Corn (10,15,20 cm) + 1 Soybean (2.5 and 5.0 cm) and 2 Corn (10,15,20 cm) + 2 Soybean together with pure corn (70cmx20cm) and soybean parcels (35cmx5.0cm). (2.5 and 5.0 cm) mixture threads were included. Accordingly, each block consists of 14 plots and four repetitive random blocks were run according to the trial pattern. In the co-cultivated corn, there is a significant and positive relationship between plant height, first cob height and crude protein yield, and a negative significant relationship between peak tassel emergence and the number of days of ripening. In the co-cultivated soybean significant and positive relationship between the number of branches in the soybean and the number of beans, important and positive relationship between grain yield and crude protein yield and there was a significant and negative relationship between 50% of the number of days of flowering of the same character. Findings obtained showed that in co-cultivation system studies, plant height in corn, the height of the first cob, number of branches in soybean, number of broad beans, and number of seeds in broad beans have vegetative features that should be emphasized. Keywords: Corn, soybean, co-cultivation, grain yield, correlation coefficients DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/6-04-09

Sowing Methods Influence Soil Bacterial Diversity and Community Composition in a Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System on the Loess Plateau.

Soil bacterial diversity and community composition are crucial for soil health and plant growth, and their dynamics in response to agronomic practices are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of soil bacterial community structure to the changes of sowing methods, soil depth and distance to roots in a winter wheat-summer maize crop rotation system on the Loess Plateau in china (35°17′38′′N, 111°40′24′′E). The experiment was laid out as completely randomized block design with three replications. Sowing methods trialed were: traditional sowing (TS), film-mulched ridge and furrow sowing (FMR&F), wide ridge and narrow furrow sowing (WR&NF) and unplanted control (CK). The result showed that the WR&NF sowing method treatment significantly decreased soil bacterial diversity (Chao 1 and Shannon indices) compared to the TS and FMR&F treatment, but increased abundance of beneficial bacteria such as genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas compared to the TS treatment. These genera showed a stronger correlation with soil properties and contributed to the soil nutrient cycling and crop productivity. Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Nevskia, and Lactococcus were the keystone genera in this winter wheat-summer maize rotation system on the Loess Plateau. Strong correlations between changes in soil properties and soil bacterial diversity and abundance were identified. In summary, we suggest that the WR&NF treatment, as a no-mulching film and no-deep tillage sowing method, would be the most suitable sowing technique in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation on Loess soil.

Growth and yield behaviour of urdbean (Vigna mungo L.) as influenced by sowing methods and nutrient management practices in north-western plains zone

Field experiments were conducted during kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017, respectively to find out suitable sowing methods and nutrient management practices for urdbean at Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (Uttar Pradesh). The treatments consisted of 4 sowing methods [viz., normal sowing, ridge sowing, broad bed sowing (30 cm × 10 cm) and broad bed sowing (30 cm × 5 cm)] and 5 nutrient management practices [viz., control, farmer practice (100 kg DAP ha-1), 20:50:20:30- NPKS + 2% urea spray at flowering stage, 20:50:20:30- NPKS + Rhizobium + PSB + 2% urea spray at flowering stage and 20:50:20:30- NPKS + 5 t ha-1FYM + Rhizobium + PSB + 2% urea spray at flowering stage]. The sowing method, broad bed sowing (30 × 10 cm) recorded significantly higher branches plant-1, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, test weight, seed yield, net return and B:C ratio. Among the application of 20:50:20:30- NPKS + 5 t ha-1 FYM + Rhizobium + PSB + 2% urea spray at flowering stage recorded significantly more dry weight, higher number of branches plant-1, pods plant-1, higher seed yield, net return and benefit: cost ratio over the control. Farmer practice (100 kg DAP ha- 1), 20:50:20:30- NPKS + 2% urea spray at flowering stage was significantly at par with the treatment 20:50:20:30- NPKS + Rhizobium + PSB + 2% urea spray at flowering stage. The application of 20:50:20:30- NPKS + 5 t ha 1 FYM + Rhizobium + PSB + 2% urea spray at flowering stage was significantly recorded higher available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur contents in the soil over rest of the treatments.

Effect of Pre-sowing Treatments on Seed Germination And Seedling Emergence of Celtis Tournefortii Lam. – Kurdistan Region of Iraq

The seed germination and regeneration ecology of tree seeds are different because of the process of evolution and the influence of some environmental factors. Thus, determining factors of the germination rate and seedling emergence timing are understandable. The main purpose this article is to investigate the impact of the pre-sowing treatments on the germination and seedling emergence timing of Celtis tournefortii, the native tree species in the Kurdistan region. The study pretreatment include untreated seeds (control), fruit seed with exocarp, chemical scarification 5, 10 and 15 minutes, mechanical scarification, hot water soaking for 5, 10 and 15 minutes, cold stratification for 1, 2 and 3 months, Gibberellic acid with concentrations of 500, 1000 and 2000ppm for five minutes soaking, and water soaking for 1, 2 and 3 days. The result revealed that the best germination of seeds 46% was achieved from Stratification for 3 months, Mechanical scarification, and seed treated with concentration 500ppm of gibberellic acid). While there some treatments are reducing the seed germination of this tree species which were 10 and 15minutes in H2SO4, normal water 1 and 2 days, and soaking in Hot water for 10 and 15minutes. Moreover, the result showed that the seedling emergence are related to the seed sowing date where the suitable sowing date for this species was in winter and early spring season. This finding has important implication, particularly for the managers of the plant nurseries, for developing a timetable for the suitable sowing time of the tree species seeds. Therefore, the study results could be used as a base for investigation and for future studies in seed germination of Celtis tourneforti as well as to maximize the germination success rate.

Optimization of sowing date and seeding rate for high winter wheat yield based on pre-winter plant development and soil water usage in the Loess Plateau, China

Sowing date and seeding rate are critical for productivity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A three-year field experiment was conducted with three sowing dates (20 September (SD1), 1 October (SD2), and 10 October (SD3)) and three seeding rates (SR67.5, SR90, and SR112.5) to determine suitable sowing date and seeding rate for high wheat yield. A large seasonal variation in accumulated temperature from sowing to winter dormancy was observed among three growing seasons. Suitable sowing dates for strong seedlings before winter varied with the seasons, that was SD2 in 2012–2013, SD3 in 2013–2014, and SD2 as well as SD1 in 2014–2015. Seasonal variation in precipitation during summer fallow also had substantial effects on soil water storage, and consequently influenced grain yield through soil water consumption from winter dormancy to maturity stages. Lower consumption of soil water from winter dormancy to booting stages could make more water available for productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages, leading to higher grain yield. SD2 combined with SR90 had the lowest soil water consumption from winter dormancy to booting stages in 2012–2013 and 2014–2015; while in 2013–2014, it was close to that with SR67.5 or SR112.5. For productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages, SD2 with SR90 had the highest soil water consumption in all three seasons. The highest water consumption in the productive growth period resulted in the best grain yield in both low and high rainfall years. Ear number largely contributed to the seasonal variation in grain yield, while grain number per ear and 1 000-grain weight also contributed to grain yield, especially when soil water storage was high. Our results indicate that sowing date and seeding rate affect grain yield through seedling development before winter and also affect soil water consumption in different growth periods. By selecting the suitable sowing date (1 October) in combination with the proper seeding rate of 90 kg ha–1, the best yield was achieved. Based on these results, we recommend that the current sowing date be delayed from 22 or 23 September to 1 October.

长芒草(Stipa bungeana)种子萌发与出苗对关键环境因子的响应

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 长芒草(Stipa bungeana)种子萌发与出苗对关键环境因子的响应 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201804050770 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院大学;中国科学院植物研究所北方资源重点实验室,中国科学院植物研究所北方资源重点实验室,中国科学院植物研究所北方资源重点实验室,中国科学院植物研究所北方资源重点实验室,中国科学院植物研究所北方资源重点实验室,中国科学院植物研究所北方资源重点实验室,中国科学院植物研究所北方资源重点实验室,中国科学院植物研究所北方资源重点实验室,中国科学院植物研究所北方资源重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41330749） Responses of germination and seedling emergence of Stipa bungeana to key environmental factors Author: Affiliation: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences,,,,,,,,Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund Project: The National Natural Science Foundation of China 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:种子萌发为植物生活史的关键阶段，对植物的定居、群落演替与动态起着决定作用。通过室内控制实验的方法，研究长芒草（Stipa bungeana）种子萌发对光照和温度，水势和温度，以及幼苗出土对沙埋深度和供水的响应。使用光照、温度和湿度自动控制的生长箱，设置光照、黑暗和持续黑暗3个光处理和5个变温处理（5℃：15℃、10℃：20℃、15℃：25℃、20℃：30℃和25℃：35℃）（夜：昼）；设置11个水势处理（0、-0.2、-0.4、-0.6、-0.8、-1、-1.2、-1.4、-1.6、-1.8 MPa和-2 MPa）和5个恒温处理（10、15、20、25℃和30℃），研究长芒草种子萌发对光照和温度、水势和温度的响应。设置6个沙埋深度（0.5、1、1.5、2、3、5 cm）和10个供水处理（2.5、5、7.5、10、15、20 mm和30 mm 7个单次供水处理，2.5、5、7.5 mm/3d 3个多次供水处理），研究长芒草幼苗出土对沙埋和供水的响应。结果表明：光照对长芒草种子萌发具有促进作用，黑暗与持续黑暗条件下的最终萌发百分率无显著差异。在10：20℃-15：25℃温度范围内，长芒草种子萌发快速且集中，15：25℃为种子萌发最适温度，超过最适温度时，最终萌发百分率随温度升高而下降。水势低于-1 MPa时长芒草种子不能萌发，最终萌发百分率和萌发速率均随水势的降低而降低。当温度达到30℃时，种子基本不能萌发。单次供水条件下，长芒草的最终出苗百分率和出苗速率接近为零；5 mm/3d及7.5 mm/3d供水条件下，最终出苗百分率可达到50%。5 mm/3d及7.5 mm/3d的多次供水与单次供水及2.5 mm/3d的多次供水相比更有利于长芒草出苗。适宜出苗的沙埋深度为0.5-2 cm，沙埋深度超过3 cm时最终出苗百分率和出苗速率均率接近于零。长芒草种子出苗情况随沙埋深度增加而降低，在供水量为7.5 mm/3d，沙埋深度为0.5-2 cm时，出苗最好。降低人为干扰对表层土壤的破坏，提高表层土壤含水量，是促进长芒草种子萌发和幼苗出土的有效措施。 Abstract:Seed germination plays a decisive role in plant establishment, and community succession and dynamics, and forms a key stage in a plant's life cycle. The effects of light and temperature, and water potential and temperature on seed germination, and the influence of sand burial depth and water availability during the emergence of S. bungeana seedlings were studied through controlled-environment experiments. In light-, temperature-, and air humidity-controlled growth chambers, we set up 3 different light treatments (light, dark, and continuous darkness) and 5 alternative temperature treatments (night:day, 5℃:15℃, 10℃:20℃, 15℃:25℃, 20℃:30℃, and 25℃:35℃); 11 levels of water potential (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1, -1.2, -1.4, -1.6, -1.8, and -2 MPa) and 5 constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30℃) to study the effects of light and temperature, and water potential and temperature on the final percent germination (FPG) and germination rate (GR) of S. bungeana. We set up 6 sowing depths (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 5 cm) and 10 water supply regimes (7 single water supply regimes 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 mm; and 3 multiple water supply regimes 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mm/3d) to study the effects of sand burial and water supply regimes on the final percent emergence(FPE) and emergence rate(ER) of S. bungeana. The results showed that light promoted the seed germination of S. bungeana. There was no significant difference in the FPG between dark and continuous darkness treatments. Most seeds of S. bungeana germinated quickly and germination occurred in the alternative temperature ranges of 10℃:20℃ and 15℃:25℃. The optimum germination temperature range was 15:25℃. When the temperature range exceeded this optimum, the FPG decreased with increasing temperature. The seeds of S. bungeana could not germinate when water potential was lower than -1 MPa. FPG and GR decreased with decreasing water potential. When the constant temperature reached 30℃, few seeds could germinate. The FPE and ER of S. bungeana were close to zero under a single water supply. FPE reached 50% under the water supply conditions of 5 mm/3d and 7.5 mm/3d. A multiple water supply of 5 mm/3d or 7.5 mm/3d was more conducive to the emergence of S. bungeana than either a single water supply and a multiple water supply of 2.5 mm/3d. The most suitable sowing depth for seedling emergence was 0.5-2 cm. The FPE and ER of S. bungeana were close to zero when the sowing depth was greater than 3 cm. The overall trend was that the seedling emergence decreased with an increase in sand burial depth. When the water supply was 7.5 mm/3d and the sowing depth was 0.5-2 cm, the emergence was much higher than that in other treatments. Reducing the disturbance of the surface layer soil through human activities and increasing soil moisture in surface layer soil should be effective ways to promote germination and seedling emergence for S. bungeana. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Designing wheat ideotypes to cope with future changing climate in South-Eastern Australia

Global food demand is increasing with the rapid growth of the world's population and improvement in living standards. To meet this demand, crop yields need to increase but climate change presents a potential threat. Genetic and agronomic strategies are helping agriculture adapt to climate change, but introducing new genetic traits into crops is time-consuming and costly. Process-based biophysical modelling is a powerful tool for targeting and accelerating development of new synthetic cultivars, and we have used it to identify the traits of rain-fed wheat ideotypes and suitable sowing dates needed to adapt to future climate change in south-eastern Australia. Our simulations involved two Global Climate Models (GCMs) with the driest conditions under a high emission scenario of Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. We compared simulated yields under future climate with those under historical climate with and without changes in cultivar and sowing date. Our results show that wheat yield for the reference cultivar would decrease on average by 23% and 38% in 2061–2100 under RCP8.5 at two contrasting sites (wet and dry, respectively). Ideotypes with an early flowering date, longer grain filling period, larger radiation use efficiency, larger maximum grain size and faster potential grain filling rate, sown on the optimum sowing date proved to be effective at the wet site in reversing these declines, leading to an average yield increase of 20–24% for both GCMs. However, improving cultivars and altering sowing times would have little impact for a drier GCM at the dry site. Although there is some uncertainty in simulations related to the genetic coefficients used in the crop model, climate projections and emission scenarios, we demonstrate that it is possible to enhance wheat production under a future climate if a cultivar with a longer grain filling period and larger yield component parameter was adopted in eastern Australian wheat-growing areas.

Broadcasting Winter Wheat Can Increase Grain Yield without Reducing the Kernels per Spike and the Kernel Weight

In North China, row spacing is the most common planting pattern used for winter wheat. Currently, there are three sowing and tillage methods for row spacing: rotary tillage sowing with straw return (RTS), subsoil tillage sowing with straw return (DTS), and no-tillage sowing with straw return (NTS). Recently, Hao proposed a new sowing pattern called uniform broadcast sowing with straw return (BSS) which could increase winter wheat yield. In this research, a field experiment was conducted during the growing seasons in 2011–2012 and 2012–2013. The winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Jimai 22 was sowed with the four seeding and tillage methods—RTS, DTS, NTS, and BSS—at the China Agriculture University Wuqiao experimental station in the North China Plain. After tillage sowing and determining the sowing efficiency, the effective cover ratio of the seeds was measured, and the emergence ratio was calculated after emergence. In the two growing seasons, the growth and development stages were recorded. The dry matter accumulation (DMA), the yield, and the yield components (spikes per hectare, kernels per spike, and kernel weight) were also determined. We also measured the canopy structure leaf area index (LAI) and the stand uniformity. The results showed that BSS had the lowest emergence rate and lowest plant stands when compared with the other treatments. However, BSS had the highest grain yield at 7599.0 kg·ha−1 and 9763.3 kg·ha−1, which was 11.55, 16.17, 20.16% and 13.01, 15.68, 21.88% higher than DTS, RTS, and NTS in the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 growing seasons, respectively. The improved grain yield of BSS was due to the increased productive tillers per hectometer-squared, which was attributed to the higher stand uniformity. More importantly, the increased tillers per hectare and grain yield were not accompanied by a reduction in grain number per spike or grain weight. The stand uniformity could facilitate canopy construction and population architecture and result in more even sunlight distribution, increased leaf area index (LAI) and sunlight interception, and enhanced photosynthetic activity. The stand uniformity also could increase both the pre-anthesis and post-anthesis DMA and promote the harvest index (HI). This study indicates that BSS is the most suitable sowing method for winter wheat production in North China.

Sowing Date in Egypt Affects Chia Seed Yield and Quality

Core Ideas Bivariate linear mixed models should be used to estimate correlations between traits in designed experiments. The fourth sowing date resulted in highest seed yield and harvest index with high PUFA/SFA ratio and content of PUFA and protein. Under later sowing, protein content and saturated fatty acids increased whereas oil content and PUFA decreased. Sowing chia in Egypt is recommended between the middle and end of September to achieve higher yields and good quality. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) has recently been rediscovered as functional “superfood” for human nutrition. Chia is a short‐day plant and it naturally grows in tropical and subtropical environments. It can cope with water stress and thus could also be cultivated in arid regions. The aim of this study was to determine the suitable sowing date (SWD) for chia in Egypt. Therefore, the effect of six different sowing dates (August to October) on agronomic traits like seed yield (SY), plant height, seed yield per plant (SYP), harvest index (HI) and quality traits such as protein, oil, mucilage content, and fatty acid profile was evaluated. The last SWD resulted in a significantly lower SY (125.91 kg ha−1), HI (0.11), oil content (27.08%), content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (81.46%), and ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acids (7.24), but higher thousand kernel weight (TKW) (1.51 g), protein content (26.03%), and higher content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (8.21%) compared with the other SWDs. The maximum observed SY (664.94 kg ha−1) was recorded for SWD 4 (3 Oct. 2015). In this study, the thermal time at onset of flowering and the corresponding prevailing daylength showed a strong positive relationship for daylengths higher than 10.4 h that corresponded to about 600°C d (between SWD 5 and 6). Considering the obtained results and the possible risk of high temperature stress for very early sowings (SWD 1 and 2), sowing dates between middle and end of September are recommended to achieve a marketable seed quality and higher yields.

Impact of conservation agriculture on the agronomic and environmental performances of maize cropping under contrasting climatic conditions of the Brazilian Cerrado

We calibrated the crop model STICS and used it in a simulation experiment to assess the effect of no-tillage cropping systems, with and without millet as cover crop (NTM and NT), on the water-limited yield of maize, its inter-annual variability, water runoff and drainage below the root zone, compared to conventional tillage-based cropping systems (CT). We ran simulations for two contrasting climates in the Brazilian Cerrado, Goiânia with 1600 mm of annual rain and Barreiras with 1160 mm, using a series of historical weather data and considering two soil types with different soil water storage capacities (i.e. different maximum rooting depths of 90 and 180 cm). We identified the best suitable sowing windows based on agronomic (yield and yield variability) and environmental (runoff and drainage) performances of the cropping systems. Compared to CT, NT and NTM systems increased water-limited maize grain yield and its stability. For example, for the simulations with 90 cm set as maximum rooting depth, grain yields for CT, NT and NTM, averaged over all sowing dates, were 3.41, 4.35 and 4.28 t ha−1 in Goiâna, and 7.02, 7.67 and 7.5 t ha−1 in Barreiras. No-tillage systems markedly decreased water runoff and hence erosion risks. For example, simulated runoff was on average 4% of the annual rain for NT and NTM against 13% for CT at both locations. In contrast, no-tillage systems increased water drainage below the rooting zone, hence with risks of increased nutrient leaching. For example, for the 90 cm maximum rooting depth, simulated drainage was 48% and 41% of the annual rain for NT and NTM against 32% for CT in Goiânia, and 29% and 26% against 17% in Barreiras. Reconciling the objective of maximizing yield and its stability with that of minimizing both water runoff and drainage was only achieved under no-tillage with millet as cover crop (NTM) for a very narrow range of sowing dates. Sowing all fields of the farm within a narrow optimal window requires, however, important investment in machinery and preferential allocation of available farm resources for sowing activities at the start of the cropping season. This must be weighed against other farm activities.

The response of Solanum melongena L. to different phosphorus levels and sowing dates

In order to harvest potential yield of eggplant and to find a suitable sowing time and phosphorus level for eggplant, an experiment was conducted at Ornamental Nursery, Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar in February 2013. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block (RCB) design with split plot arrangements. There were two factors i.e. Phosphorus levels and dates of Sowing. Phosphorus levels were assigned to the main plot while sowing dates were kept in the subplot. The data on Number of branches plant−1, Days to flowering, Days to fruiting, Number of fruits plant−1 and Yield Plot−1were significantly affected by phosphorus level and date of sowing. While the data on plant height was not significant, and overall results showed that early sowing date (February 25) produced significantly good results as compared to the rest of the sowing dates. Moreover, phosphorus level was also significantly affected the experimental parameters. Phosphorus level (70 kg ha−1) produced significantly best results in all the parameters followed by Phosphorus level (100 kg ha−1) in almost all the parameters. Thus it is concluded that early sowing of bringel (eggplants) is recommended with phosphorus level (70 & 100 kg ha−1).