Suitable Dispersion Research Articles

Aqueous Dispersion of Xenes by Liquid Phase Exfoliation of Monoelemental Crystals in Melamine Solution.

Αfter the impressive evolution of graphene and its derivatives, a large number of two dimensional (2D) materials with important optical and electrical properties have been successfully fabricated. Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of layered and non-layered materials has become a widely applied method for the preparation of 2D nanostructures with an extensive variety of applications. However, in most cases organic solvents are used as liquid phase which are often toxic and environmentally unfriendly and lead to low yields. In this work, we present water as a suitable liquid phase and dispersion medium for the exfoliation of layered and non-layered monoelemental solids from IVA, VA and VIA groups of the periodic table, such as silicon, tin, bismuth and tellurium. The 2D nanostructures, silicene, stanene, bismuthene and tellurene are therefore prepared by a completely sustainable and environmentally friendly method. The prepared Xenes, as they are called, are fully characterized by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques.

A bifunctional catalyst for direct CO2 conversion to clean fuels: Mechanistic insights and a comprehensive kinetic model

The escalating global concern over CO2 emissions has spurred extensive research aimed at developing innovative solutions for capturing, storing, and utilizing CO2, crucial for establishing a closed carbon loop. Thermo-catalytic CO2 hydrogenation stands out as a promising approach, though challenged by CO2's high stability, hindering the production of heavy liquid hydrocarbons. This study explores the design and performance of a bifunctional cobalt-based catalyst, promoted by Ru and supported by multiple shells of carbon, mesoporous silica, and ceria for CO2 hydrogenation in the Modified Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (MFTS) route. Through meticulous characterization and evaluation, the catalyst demonstrates suitable textural properties, reducibility, and dispersion of active sites, promoting CO2 conversion and selectivity towards heavier hydrocarbons, highlighting the significance of catalyst design and operating conditions. The catalyst exhibits notable stability across catalyst deactivation, attributed to its thermal conductivity provided by SiC matrices. SiC-supported catalysts play a pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency, selectivity, and stability of CO2 hydrogenation catalysts. Moreover, in this study, through meticulous evaluation of elementary reactions based on molecular dynamic (MD) computations, a detailed mechanism for MFTS is presented. Key to this mechanism is the H-assisted CO2 dissociation pathway, supported by computational analysis. The pathway involves sequential reactions starting from CO2 adsorption on catalyst sites, followed by successive transformations leading to the formation of hydrocarbon building blocks. Ultimately, a developed MFTS kinetic model based on the MD-evaluated mechanism, which accurately predicts product selectivity across various operational conditions, indicating its robustness and reliability, is presented.

Directional Growth and Density Modulation of Single‐Atom Platinum for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

AbstractDispersion of single atoms (SAs) in the host is important for optimizing catalytic activity. Herein, we propose a novel strategy to tune oxygen vacancies in CeO2−X directionally anchoring the single atom platinum (PtSA), which is uniformly dispersed on the rGO. The catalyst's performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) can be enhanced by controlling different densities of CeO2‐X in rGO. The PtSA performs best optimally densified and loaded on homogeneous and moderately densified CeO2‐X/rGO (PtSA−M−CeO2−X/rGO). It exhibited higher activity in HER with an overpotential of 25 mV at 0.5 M H2SO4 and 33 mV at 1 KOH than that of almost reported electrocatalysts. Furthermore, it exhibited stability for 90 hours at −100 mA cm−2 in 1 KOH and −150 mA cm−2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 conditions, respectively. Through comprehensive experiments and theoretical calculations, the suitable dispersion density of PtSA on the defects of CeO2−X with more active sites gives the potential for practical applications. This research paves the way for developing single‐atom catalysts with exceptional catalytic activity and stability, holding promise in advanced green energy conversion through defects engineering.

Directional Growth and Density Modulation of Single-Atom Platinum for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

Dispersion of single atoms (SAs) in the host is important for optimizing catalytic activity. Herein, we propose a novel strategy to tune oxygen vacancies in CeO2-X directionally anchoring the single atom platinum (PtSA), which is uniformly dispersed on the rGO. The catalyst's performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) can be enhanced by controlling different densities of CeO2-X in rGO. The PtSA performs best optimally densified and loaded on homogeneous and moderately densified CeO2-X/rGO (PtSA-M-CeO2-X/rGO). It exhibited higher activity in HER with an overpotential of 25 mV at 0.5 M H2SO4 and 33 mV at 1 KOH than that of almost reported electrocatalysts. Furthermore, it exhibited stability for 90 hours at -100 mA cm-2 in 1 KOH and -150 mA cm-2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 conditions, respectively. Through comprehensive experiments and theoretical calculations, the suitable dispersion density of PtSA on the defects of CeO2-X with more active sites gives the potential for practical applications. This research paves the way for developing single-atom catalysts with exceptional catalytic activity and stability, holding promise in advanced green energy conversion through defects engineering.

Effect of dispersion methods on electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness and thermal conductivity of graphene bio‐based epoxy composites

AbstractThe electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMISE) and thermal conductivity (TC) of a graphene bio‐based epoxy composite were investigated in this study. This study aims to evaluate the effects of dispersion methods on the EMISE and TC of graphene bio‐based epoxy composites. Four dispersion methods were applied to disperse graphene: hand mixing, high‐shear mixing, ultrasonication, and ultrasonication with high‐shear mixing. The graphene weightage used in this study are 3, 6, and 9 wt.%. The EMISE was examined at the X‐band frequency. A microstructural analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy to investigate the fracture surface morphology of the composites. The results revealed that the composite with 9 wt.% graphene exhibited the highest shielding effectiveness and TC, averaging 8.35 dB and 0.3855 W/mK, respectively, for all the dispersion methods. The composite with 3 wt.% graphene dispersed via ultrasonication exhibited the highest absorption loss (2.98 dB). Moreover, the composites with 6 and 9 wt.% graphene dispersed via ultrasonication with high‐shear mixing showed good overall improvement. This finding provides valuable insights into the effect of dispersion techniques on graphene bio‐based epoxy composites and presents a suitable dispersion method for improving the EMISE and TC.Highlights Effect of dispersion methods on EMISE and TC has been investigated. Optimum SEA achieved in 3 wt.% composites dispersed via ultrasonication. Higher wt.% increased the SE and TC of composites. Ultrasonication with high‐shear mixing improved overall results.

Studies on enhancement of solubility and dissolution properties of Nimodipine by solid dispersion technique

Nimodipine, a member of calcium channel blocker, specifically binds to L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. The maximum solubility of nimodipine was found at pH 1.2 and solubility decreases up to pH 4.0. At a pH 6.0 and higher pH, solubility reduces drastically. Suitable solid dispersion systems of nimodipine with PVP-K30 and maltodextrin were prepared by physical mixture, solvent evaporation and kneading methods at 1:1 and 1:3 drug: carrier. Drug content, saturation solubility, FTIR, and in-vitro dissolution were studied. The drug content was uniform, solubility of the drug increased linearly as a function of the carrier concentration and method. The FTIR studies indicates no chemical interaction between drug and polymer. The DP60 and DE60 values of solid dispersion systems prepared by solvent evaporation and kneading method were significantly higher (P<0.05) when compared to DP60 and DE60 values of physical mixture and pure Nimodipine. The dissolution follows first order model and obeyed Hixson- Crowell’s cube root law.

Octave-spanning supercontinuum generation in a CMOS-compatible thin Si3N4 waveguide coated with highly nonlinear TeO2.

Supercontinuum generation (SCG) is an important nonlinear optical process enabling broadband light sources for many applications, for which silicon nitride (Si3N4) has emerged as a leading on-chip platform. To achieve suitable group velocity dispersion and high confinement for broadband SCG the Si3N4 waveguide layer used is typically thick (>∼700 nm), which can lead to high stress and cracks unless specialized processing steps are used. Here, we report on efficient octave-spanning SCG in a thinner moderate-confinement 400-nm Si3N4 platform using a highly nonlinear tellurium oxide (TeO2) coating. An octave supercontinuum spanning from 0.89 to 2.11 µm is achieved at a low peak power of 258 W using a 100-fs laser centered at 1565 nm. Our numerical simulations agree well with the experimental results giving a nonlinear parameter of 2.5 ± 0.5 W-1m-1, an increase by a factor of 2.5, when coating the Si3N4 waveguide with a TeO2 film. This work demonstrates highly efficient SCG via effective dispersion engineering and an enhanced nonlinearity in CMOS-compatible hybrid TeO2-Si3N4 waveguides and a promising route to monolithically integrated nonlinear, linear, and active functionalities on a single silicon photonic chip.

Green catalyst innovation: Enhanced Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using potassium-promoted cobalt catalysts supported on pyrolyzed peanut shells and Cladophora Glomerata modified biochars

This paper explores pyrolysis potential for effective modified biochar (MB) production, serving as a green and novel carbon-based catalyst support in Fischer-Tropsch to olefins synthesis. For this purpose, the MB produced from the pyrolysis of pre-treated Peanut shell (PS) and Cladophora glomerata algae (CG) was used as a high porosity support for cobalt catalyst synthesis. The impregnation technique was applied to prepare the cobalt catalysts, and the catalysts were promoted with potassium. Various methods examine catalysts physico-chemical properties. After 10 h of reduction at 400 °C, the catalysts' activity and selectivity were studied in a fixed-bed reactor. TEM images show that the metal particles are suitably distributed on the porous surface of the modified biochars. The majority of the particles were between 5 and 15 nm in size. Also, TPR results indicate a suitable metal dispersion of about 10% and good catalyst reducibility have been achieved. The cobalt catalysts produced on MBs of CG and PS exhibited FT rates of 0.245 and 0.223 (g HC/g cat.h), with CO conversion rates of 50.25% and 45.68% in each case. Finally, K-promoted cobalt catalysts supported on MBs of CG and PS showed the α-olefins selectivities of 38.67% and 35.49% for C2-C13 hydrocarbons, respectively.

Analyzing of hydrodynamic stress and mass transfer requirements of a fermentation process carried out in a coaxial bioreactor: a scale-up study.

Fluid hydrodynamic stress has a deterministic effect on the morphology of filamentous fungi. Although the coaxial mixer has been recognized as a suitable gas dispersion system for minimizing inhomogeneities within a bioreactor, its performance for achieving enhanced oxygen transfer while operating at a reduced shear environment has not been investigated yet, specifically upon scale-up. Therefore, the influence of the impeller type, aeration rate, and central impeller retrofitting on the efficacy of an abiotic coaxial system containing a shear-thinning fluid was examined. The aim was to assess the hydrodynamic parameters, including stress, mass transfer, bubble size, and gas hold-up, upon conducting a scale-up study. The investigation was conducted through dynamic gassing-in, tomography, and computational fluid dynamics combined with population balance methods. It was observed that the coaxial bioreactor performance was strongly influenced by the agitator type. In addition, coaxial bioreactors are scalable in terms of shear environment and oxygen transfer rate.

Green synthesis of carbon coated macrostructured catalysts: Optimized methodology and enhanced catalytic performance

A novel green and efficient synthesis methodology for carbon-coated macrostructured catalysts was assessed. Sodium alginate was used as a dispersant to promote a suitable dispersion of the modified carbon nanotubes (CNT) to be incorporated on a structured support. The coating conditions were optimized to synthesize active and stable carbon-coated macrostructured catalysts. Achieving a total dispersant decomposition was one of the key steps to guarantee the coating stability, 550 °C being the optimal temperature. To assess the catalytic activity for these catalysts, the carbon-coated structures were tested as main catalysts for oxalic acid degradation through ozonation, and as support for bimetallic Pd-Cu catalysts, applied in NO3− conversion. The results achieved during ozonation allowed to outperform the ones obtained with macrostructured catalysts synthesized by more established techniques (such as chemical vapor deposition) with oxalic acid degradation, in a continuous system, of around 75%. As for the bimetallic samples, the species proved to be quite dispersed on the catalyst support, allowing a NO3− conversion of around 20% with a corresponding N2 selectivity of 55%, outperforming, again, the same type of catalyst synthesized with “less green” surfactants. This newly developed methodology is an important step for the sustainability of the structured catalyst design area.

Studies on enhancement of solubility and dissolution properties of rosiglitazone hydrochloride by solid dispersion technique

Rosiglitazone HCl, a member of thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic agent, improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity. The maximum solubility of rosiglitazone was found at pH 1.2 and solubility decreases up to pH 4.0. At a pH 6.0 and higher pH, solubility reduces drastically. Suitable solid dispersion systems of rosiglitazone with maltodextrin and poloxamer were prepared by solvent evaporation and kneading methods at 1:1 and 1:3 drug: carrier. Drug content, saturation solubility, FTIR, XRD, DSC and In-vitro dissolution were studied. The drug content was uniform, solubility of the drug increased linearly as a function of the carrier concentration and method. The FTIR studies suggest possible interaction at molecular level further justified by XRD and DSC studies. The dissolution study suggests, the increase in drug release was dependent on type of method of preparation. The DP60 and DE60 values were significantly higher (P<0.05) in solid dispersion systems prepared by kneading method when compared to pure rosiglitazone, physical mixture and solvent evaporation method. The dissolution follows first order model and obeyed Hixson- Crowell’s cube root law.

Machine Learning-Assisted Exploration and Identification of Aqueous Dispersants in the Vast Diversity of Organic Chemicals.

Dispersion represents a central processing method in the organization of nanomaterials; however, the strong interparticle interaction represents a significant obstacle to fabricating homogeneous and stable dispersions. While dispersants can greatly assist in overcoming this obstacle, the appropriate type is dependent on such factors as nanomaterial, solvent, experimental conditions, etc., and there is no general guide to assist in the selection from the vast number of possibilities. We report a strategy and successful demonstration of the machine-learning-based "Dispersant Explorer", which surveys and identifies suitable dispersants from open databases. Through the combined use of experimental and molecular descriptors derived from SMILES databases, the model showed exceptional predictive accuracy in surveying about ∼1000 chemical compounds and identifying those that could be applied as dispersants. Furthermore, fabrication of transparent conducting films using the predicted and previously unknown dispersant exhibited the highest sheet resistance and transmittance compared with those of other reported undoped films. This result highlights that, in addition to opening new avenues for novel dispersant discovery, machine learning has a potential to elucidate the chemical structures essential for optimal dispersion performance to assist in the advancement of the complex topic of nanomaterial processing.

Development of Aerosol Dry Powder Chemotherapeutic-Loaded Microparticles for the Treatment of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, resulting in the highest mortality rates among both men and women with respect to all other types of cancer. Difficulties in treating lung cancer arise from late-stage diagnoses and tumor heterogeneity and current treatment involves a combination of chemotherapeutics, surgery, and radiation. Chemotherapeutics administered systemically can lead to undesirable side effects and severe off-site toxicity. For example, chronic administration of the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) leads to cardiotoxicity, thereby limiting its long-term use. Systemic administration of the highly lipophilic molecule paclitaxel (PTX) is hindered by its water solubility, necessitating the use of solubilizing agents, which can induce side effects. Thus, in this investigation, formulations consisting of spray-dried microparticles (MP) containing DOX and PTX were produced to be administered as dry powder aerosols directly to the lungs. Acetalated dextran (Ac-Dex) was used as the polymer in these formulations, as it is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer that exhibits pH-responsive degradation. Solid-state characterization revealed that DOX and PTX remained in solubility favoring amorphous states in the MP formulations and that both drugs remained thermally stable throughout the spray drying process. In vitro release studies demonstrated the pH sensitivity of the formulations due to the use of Ac-Dex, as well as the release of both therapeutics over the course of at least 48 h. In vitro aerosol dispersion studies demonstrated that both formulations exhibited suitable aerosol dispersion properties for deep lung delivery.Graphical

Efficient strategies for engineering high-permeance SiC ceramic membranes for gas/solid filtration: Prefilling method

The trade-off between gas permeance and filtration accuracy in SiC ceramic membranes has constrained their utilization in gas/solid filtration. Herein, a polyvinyl butyraldehyde (PVB) solution was introduced as a prefilling layer to impede membrane particles from penetrating the macroporous SiC support (average pore size: 23 μm). The PVB layer could be removed postsintering, thereby producing a ceramic membrane devoid of any intermediate layer, which showed great potential in enhancing the gas permeance. Initially, the PVB concentration was optimized to ensure membrane integrity and strong adhesion between the support and separation layer. Thereafter, suitable dispersants and drying conditions were investigated in detail. The resultant asymmetric SiC membranes fabricated under these optimized conditions had a thickness ranging between 50 and 60 μm. These membranes demonstrated exceptional gas permeance, varying from 71.1 to 178.1 m3 m−2 h−1 kPa−1 by tuning the membrane pore size from 1.02 to 3.03 μm. Additionally, the membranes achieved 99.94 % dust rejection for particles approximately 0.3 μm in size. When compared to traditional ceramic membranes with several intermediate layers, the prefilling approach employed herein circumvents the ceramic intermediate layer. This method resolves the mismatch between particle sizes of the ceramic support and the membrane layer, offering an effective strategy for developing high-permeance SiC membranes suited for gas/solid filtration applications.

Extrusion of Silicon Carbide Based Tubular Membrane Incorporated With Coal Fly Ash and Performance Evaluation in Water Treatment

Development of an efficient membrane from waste resources has been receiving growing interest. The utilization of industrial waste coal fly ash (CFA) for the preparation of SiC based tubular membrane has reduced the raw material cost and sintering temperature, and hence beneficial in both economic and environmental points. In the present work, tubular membrane was prepared by extrusion of ceramic paste formulated using SiC powder, CFA, suitable dispersant, plasticizer and additives. The extruded green body was dried and then sintered at 850°C. The membrane was characterized by measuring porosity, morphology by scanning electron microscopy, linear shrinkage, mechanical strength. The membrane performance was evaluated using synthetically prepared oil-water emulsion, turbid water, kitchen wastewater and industrial wastewater. The membrane was found to remove 93-95% of oil depending on the oil concentration in the feed water. The oil rejection potential of the membrane was compared with other membranes reported in the literature and the results indicated that the membrane prepared in this study had a strong potential applications in wastewater treatment.

Oil and Organic Liquids Incorporation into Fresh Geopolymer Pastes Using Suitable Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants.

The direct incorporation of low viscosity organic liquids (OL) such as dodecane and tributylphosphate (TBP) into fresh geopolymers (GP) is difficult and generally leads to variable amounts of un-incorporated OL remaining outside the hardened geopolymer. Experimentally, it is observed that a regular torque increase during OL incorporation corresponds to a suitable dispersion of the OL in the form of fine micrometric droplets. This can be obtained for TBP and dodecane by adding a small quantity of quaternary ammoniums salts (QAs) such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Shorter alkyl chains QAs, such as hexamethyltrimethylammonium (HMTA) can also be used but with a reduced efficiency. The positive impact of CTAB is then confirmed by the Washburn capillary rise method, showing that the interactions between TBP and CTAB-modified metakaolin are weaker compared to untreated powder. Finally, it is observed that the incorporation of TBP into geopolymer slurries is much easier than the incorporation of dodecane. The low interfacial tension measured between TBP and the activating solution (around 8 mN·m -1 ), contrasting with dodecane (29 mN·m -1 ), explains that the dispersion of TBP droplets in fresh metakaolin suspensions is more efficient.

Near-infrared reflective coatings based on Ca1-xNdxAl12-xNixO19 blue pigments, prepared by solution combustion synthesis

Blue pigments based on Ca1-xNdxAl12-xNixO19 (x = 0–0.7 apfu) were obtained by an ecological, fast and energy efficient approach, namely solution combustion synthesis. The formation of nanocrystalline solid solutions was confirmed by X-ray diffraction investigation results. Increasing the degree of substitution resulted in intensification of color, decrease in crystallite size, and decrease in total solar reflectance. The CIE L*/a*/b* values of the composition with x = 0.5 were 80.9/-8.8/-30.0, while the total solar reflectance was 70.0 %. The obtained pigments were used to develop NIR-reflective (cool) coatings, applied onto black and white opacity charts made of glossy cardboard, metal, fibercement and ceramic substrate. The dispersion media tested were: an aqueous acrylic resin, an epoxy resin, and a clear ceramic glaze. Pigments based on Ca1-xNdxAl12-xNixO19 showed very good stability in acidic and alkaline environments but were dissolved by the glaze-generating melt. Exposure of the films to near-infrared radiation demonstrated the thermo-reflective efficiency of Ca1-xNdxAl12-xNixO19-based pigments. The acrylic resin proved to be the most suitable dispersion environment for maximizing the thermo-reflective properties, being clearly superior to epoxy.

The Effect of Temperature and Shear on the Gelation of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Deep Eutectic Solvents.

With the flourishing development of 3D printing technology, the demand for printing materials has been increasing rapidly in recent years. In particular, physical gels formed by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) exhibit suitable shear-thinning behavior, high storage moduli, and high yield stresses for extrusion-based printing. While most studies use water as the dispersing medium to form CNC percolated gels, the dispersing behavior of CNCs in alternative solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), has not been fully explored. Especially, DESs have low volatility and good ionic conductivity to form functional ionogels. Precise control of the rheological properties and selection of suitable dispersion processes continue to pose significant challenges. In light of this, we have devised a novel dispersion process employing thermal and shear treatments to facilitate the gelation of CNCs within DESs. A crude dispersion of CNCs in the DES underwent thermal treatment to partially remove the surface sulfate ester on CNCs. As a result, the repulsive force between CNCs decreases. A second shear then significantly increases the strength of CNC/DES gels potentially because of the increased rod-rod contacts. This approach enables the formation of high-strength gels at low concentrations of CNCs. Both thermal treatment and a second shear are crucial to forming strong percolated CNC gels. In short, we showed a simple strategy to facilitate the dispersion and gelation of CNCs for direct ink writing.

High solid loading, low viscosity stereolithography 3D printing ceramic cores slurry

The temperature enduring capacity of turbine blades determines the thrust-weight ratio of aero-engines. The heat dissipation efficiency of blades is improved mainly through designing complex internal cooling channel. As a transitional component of blade preparation, the shape of ceramic cores has become gradually complex. The traditional process is difficult to meet the preparation requirements of ceramic core with complex structure due to the limitation of mold. Stereolithography 3D printing provides a feasible technology for the preparation of ceramic cores with complex structures. The key to high-performance ceramic core via the stereolithography 3D printing lies in the prepare ceramic slurry with high solid loading, low viscosity and uniform stability. Choosing suitable dispersant is an effective way to prepare above standard slurry. In this study, the effects of single and dual dispersants on the rheological properties of ceramic slurry were systematically investigated. The action mechanism of the dispersant was analyzed. The functional relationship between solid loading and viscosity was elucidated. The silicon-based ceramic core slurry with 70 vol% solid loading and viscosity of 10520 mPa s (12.6 s−1) was obtained. Through optimizing printing parameters, the complex structure silicon-based ceramic core was fabricated. The influence of solid loading on the microstructure and physical properties of the ceramic core was investigated. The results show that with the increase of solid loading, the shrinkage of ceramic core lowers and the flexural strength of ceramic core strengthens. The successfully preparation of complex structure ceramic core based on high solid loading slurry promotes the extensively implemented of stereolithography 3D printing technology in the field of ceramic core.

Fabrication of ultrafine cerium oxide nanoparticles as an aqueous colloidal solution with single-molecular dispersant via shear agitation reactor or one-pot hydrolysis

Herein, ultrafine CeO2 nanoparticles are synthesized using monomolecular amino acids as dispersants. Monomolecular amino acids are suitable dispersants for the dispersion of nanoparticles with a diameter of 1 nm. Batch-type room-temperature hydrolysis (RTH) synthetic method, which takes advantage of the low decomposition pH of Ce (IV) nitrate, and a shear agitation (SA) reactor, which is highly versatile for multicomponent systems of colloidal synthesis, are used. After adding glycine, ultrafine CeO2 colloids of sizes 1.1 and 1.2 nm are obtained via the batch-type RTH synthesis method and SA reactor, respectively. The smallest CeO2 colloid size is 0.7 nm, which earned at the close concentration of the saturation of glycine using the batch-type RTH method. Because RTH can slowly hydrolyze Ce (IV) nitrate over several hours, we were able to observe the initial stage of nucleation (0.7 nm), which passes instantaneously in the SA reactor. Furthermore, glycine was found to be particularly effective in stabilizing the surface of cerium oxide due to its high adsorption capacity. Therefore, cerium oxide, which is amorphous in the synthesis stage, remained amorphous up to 100 °C due to glycine adsorption, neutralized the colloidal dispersion to form precipitates, and crystallized at room temperature after glycine was removed by washing treatment, resulting in a fluorite structure with a crystallite diameter of 1.5 nm. This crystallite diameter is maintained after heat treatment at 200 °C for 30 min.