Suitable Values Research Articles

Model-Based input energy control for reproducible AISI 316L laser deposited tracks

In the Directed Energy Deposition (DED) process, when the mass flow of metal particles is relatively high, the thickness of the layers increases, leading to a more productive process. The higher the mass flow is, the more difficult it becomes to get a stable melt pool. The accumulation of residual heat in the previously consolidated material constitutes a thermal input affecting the balance at the laser-material interaction zone. An accurate control of the temperature of the laser-material interaction zone is critical to maintain the dynamic viscosity of the liquid metal within the narrow margin in which it can be managed in a stable way. The present work introduces a thermal model in which domains with tunable properties are considered to reproduce the growing of the manufactured sample. Concurrently, a virtual closed-loop PID regulator has been implemented in order to calculate suitable values of laser power to compensate the heat accumulated in the material, offering the results from the model as input process parameters to be directly applied in the real process. The levels of laser power proposed by the model have been experimentally applied, leading to a stable process capable of carrying out in reality the desired component.

Development and Evaluation of Topical Herbal Formulation for Infectious Eczema

The study Development and Evaluation of Topical Herbal Formulation for Infectious Eczema presents a comprehensive investigation into the preparation and assessment of a herbal gel aimed at addressing infectious eczema. The research methodology involved meticulous plant collection, extraction, and subsequent physicochemical and phytochemical analyses. Murraya koenigli leaves were collected, identified, dried, and ground into a fine powder before undergoing successive extraction with solvents of increasing polarity. The resulting extracts were concentrated and stored for future use. Physicochemical constants of the powdered drug were determined, including moisture content, total ash value, and extractive values, providing insights into the composition and quality of the herbal material. Preliminary phytochemical evaluations were conducted to identify the presence of specific phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, and triterpenoids. These evaluations involved various qualitative tests, each confirming the presence of specific compounds indicative of potential bioactivity. Subsequently, a herbal gel was formulated using the plant extract and Carbopol-934 as a gelling agent, along with other excipients. The gel formulations were evaluated for pH, spreadability, extrudability, and stability over time. Results indicated suitable pH values, spreadability, and extrudability across different formulations, suggesting their potential for dermatological applications. Stability studies demonstrated consistent physical appearance, rheological properties, spreadability, pH, and drug levels over a one-month period, affirming the formulations' stability and therapeutic potential. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the development of effective herbal formulations for managing infectious eczema, contributing to the advancement of natural-based therapies in dermatology and offering promising avenues for further research and clinical application

A study of multi-acoustic black holes considering suitability of attachment positions for suppressing low-frequency vibrations on large motor

Vibrations generated from machinery in various industries, such as the automotive, aerospace, and shipbuilding industries, must be suppressed for developing low-vibration and low-noise systems. High-frequency vibrations can be easily controlled via damping treatments; however, controlling vibrations in the low-frequency range generated from large machinery is a major challenge. In general, a substantial amount of damping material is required for suppressing low-frequency vibrations. This is unsuitable when developing low-cost, lightweight, and eco-friendly systems. To overcome the limitations, effective methods are required for suppressing these low-frequency vibrations. In this study, an effective method was proposed for suppressing vibrations in the low-frequency range using multiple acoustic black holes (multi-ABHs) considering the suitability values of the attachment positions, which were determined by flexural wave propagation and interactions between the multi-ABHs and structures. The suitability values of the attachment positions are proposed as non-dimensional parameters that are calculated using the structural intensity and mode superposition methods. For validating the proposed method, the vibration suppression characteristics were analyzed using a steel plate. The analyzed cases were categorized into six groups according to the suitability values of the attachment positions of the multi-ABHs. The largest reduction in vibrations was observed when the multi-ABHs were attached to the location with the highest suitability in the six cases. Finally, the multi-ABHs were applied to a large 2-pole motor considering the suitability values of the attachment positions, and the dominant vibrations at 60, 120, and 180 Hz frequencies were suppressed.

Generalized multi-point interpolated DTFT frequency and damping factor estimators of real-valued damped sinusoids

In this paper a generalized multi-point interpolated Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) is proposed for frequency and damping factor estimation of real-valued damped sinusoids. The acquired data are weighted by a Maximum Sidelobe Decay (MSD) window and the interpolation function is defined as the ratio between two linear combinations of DTFT samples located one bin apart, which is generalized exploiting a tuning parameter. Analytical expressions for the estimated parameter errors due to the interference of the fundamental image component are derived. Leveraging on these expressions an improved version of the algorithm is also proposed and optimized by selecting a suitable value for the tuning parameter. The developed theory is applied to both a three-point and a four-point interpolated Discrete Fourier Transform (IpDFT) estimators published in the literature and the achieved accuracy improvements are verified through simulations.

From Point Cloud to BIM: A New Method Based on Efficient Point Cloud Simplification by Geometric Feature Analysis and Building Parametric Objects in Rhinoceros/Grasshopper Software

The aim of the paper is to identify an efficient method for transforming the point cloud into parametric objects in the fields of architecture, engineering and construction by four main steps: 3D survey of the structure under investigation, generation of a new point cloud based on feature extraction and identification of suitable threshold values, geometry reconstruction by semi-automatic process performed in Rhinoceros/Grasshopper and BIM implementation. The developed method made it possible to quickly obtain geometries that were very realistic to the original ones as shown in the case study described in the paper. In particular, the application of ShrinkWrap algorithm on the simplify point cloud allowed us to obtain a polygonal mesh model without errors such as holes, non-manifold surfaces, compenetrating surfaces, etc.

Bifurcation analysis, quasi-periodic and chaotic behavior of generalized Pochhammer-Chree equation

We take into account the bifurcation analysis of the generalized Pochhammer-Chree (PC) equation that describes the dynamics of several systems in science and engineering. The considered model is changed into a planar dynamical system by applying the Galilean transformation. The phase portraits are plotted by considering suitable values of the bifurcation parameters. The considered model is solved using the RK method to compute the supernonlinear and nonlinear wave solutions. All phase portraits and wave solutions are depicted in the phase plane by simply fixing the relevant parameters values. The equilibrium points are obtained, and the same are classified. Moreover, sensitive analysis for different initial value problems is applied to analyze the quasiperiodic, chaotic behavior and time series after introducing an extrinsic periodic perturbation term. In addition, the Lyapunov characteristic exponents, Poincare section and bifurcation diagrams are also discussed to examine the chaotic pattern of the model. Numerical simulation results show that changing the frequencies and amplitude values impacts the dynamical features of the considered model.

Investigating the Hydraulic Behaviours of an Alluvial Meandering River Reach Between Two Barrages

The Abassia-Shammia is a meandering stream in Najaf province. Predicting and estimating the flow behavior of meandering rivers is crucial for designing hydraulic structures in an accurate manner in the vicinity and conducting environmental and ecological studies. The hydraulic properties of an alluvial stream are typically subject to change due to its location between two barrages. In this study, HEC RAS 2D, developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System, was employed to simulate the hydraulic performance of the Euphrates River reach between two series of barrages, i.e., Abbassia and Shammia. Reliable input data, such as Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), land cover classification, and data for the 2023 hydrograph as a boundary condition, were utilized to develop the hydraulic model. The model was calibrated by using the observed water surface elevation from field measurements downstream of Abbassia to match the ones calculated by the model. Hence, the hydraulic model of the Euphrates River was created using an appropriate Manning roughness coefficient value (n = 0.04) based on the most suitable values of statistical indices, correlation coefficient (R²), and root mean squared error (RMSE) to assess the agreement between the observed and simulated data throughout the calibration and validation phases. To visualize the HECRAS2D output, the hydraulic maps for the study region were presented. The ten cross-sections from the field study (investigated at the same period of flow hydrograph) were presented for modeling to emphasize the river's hydraulic behaviors. Based on the results, the water surface elevation ranged between 19.1–29.2 m.a.s.l., and the flow velocity was 2.50 m/s. Meanwhile, the values of bed shear stress (Pa) and the water depth (m) ranged between 0.1 Pa and 8.93 m for the entire river. The results also proved the superiority of the HEC RAS2D model to reliably represent the hydraulic performance of the Euphrates River reach located between the two barrages. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-05-013 Full Text: PDF

Biocompatibility and Cytotoxicity of Pulp-Capping Materials on DPSCs, With Marker mRNA Expressions

ObjectivesThe present study aimed to (i) investigate biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of pulp capping materials on viability of hDPSCs, (ii) determine angiogenic, odontogenic, and osteogenic marker mRNA expressions, and (iii) observe changes in surface morphology of the hDPSCs using SEM. MethodsImpacted third molars were used to isolate the hDPSCs, which were treated with extract release fluids of the pulp capping materials (Harvard BioCal–Cap, NeoPutty MTA, TheraCal LC, and Dycal). Effects of the capping materials on cell viability were assessed using MTS assay and the apoptotic/necrotic cell ratios and ROS levels from a flow cytometry. Marker expressions (ALP, OCN, Col1A, SPARC (ON) and VEGF) were determined by RT-qPCR. Changes in surface morphology of the hDPSCs were visualized by SEM. ResultsThe MTS assay results at days 1, 3, 5 and 7 indicated that Harvard BioCal–Cap, NeoPutty MTA and TheraCal LC did not adversely affect cell viability when compared to the control group. According to the MTS assay results at day 14, no significant difference was found among Dycal, Harvard BioCal–Cap, NeoPutty MTA and TheraCal LC affecting the cell viability. Dycal was the only capping material that increases the ROS level. High levels of VEGF expression were observed in Harvard BioCal-Cap, TheraCal LC, and NeoPutty MTA. NeoPutty MTA and Dycal up-regulated OCN expression, whereas TheraCal LC up-regulated Col1A and SPARC expression. Only Dycal increased ALP expression. The hDPSCs were visualized in characteristic spindle morphology by SEM due to TheraCal LC and Harvard BioCal–Cap. ConclusionsNeoPutty MTA and Harvard BioCal–Cap showed suitable biocompatibility values, and in particular, these pulp capping materials were observed to support the angiogenic marker. Clinical SignificanceSince it was thought that cytotoxicity and biocompatibility values would contribute significantly to future studies, a new pulp capping material, NeoPutty MTA and Harvard BioCal-Cap, were used in this study.

Skin cancer classification enabled mobile neuro fuzzy network and entropy with weber local binary pattern based for feature extraction

Skin cancer (SC) is the most quickly spreading diagnosis all over the world due to limited resources presented. Accurately diagnosing skin lesions in their early stages could help clinicians make better decisions by raising the likelihood of a cure before cancer develops. However, because to the imbalance and scarcity of most skin illness images used for training, it is challenging to achieve automatic skin cancer classification. Also, it experiences difficulties like high consumption of time. Deep learning (DL) modules are introduced to deal with these difficulties as well as it aids dermatologists in creating precise examinations. To conquer this concern, a novel entropy system for SC classification is developed by a hybrid network named as Mobile Neuro Fuzzy Network (MNFN), where MNFN is the fusion of MobileNet and Cascade Neuro fuzzy Network (cascade NFN). The input image is forwarded to the pre-processing unit, which is done by using a bilateral filter. Skin lesion segmentation is done by Squeeze U-SegNet. Feature extraction is performed using the proposed Weber Local Binary Pattern (WLBP) with entropy is also extracted. Then, data augmentation (DA) by oversampling scheme Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) is performed. Finally, SC classification is executed by employing a hybrid model MNFN. Here the SC is classified into various class labels. The analytic metrics used for MNFN namely, accuracy, True Positive Rate (TPR), True Negative Rate (TNR), False Positive Rate(FPR) and False Negative Rate (FNR) gained suitable values of 0.930, 0.945, 0.931, 0.110 and 0.094.

Assessing the efficiency of bird habitat conservation strategies in farmland ecosystems

Land use changes negatively impact agroecosystems, where the loss of wildlife habitats is increasingly threatening global biodiversity. Ecological conservation strategies that seek to reduce habitat destruction are important and strongly rely on understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of land use change. In recent years, an expert-based approach using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) has been applied commonly to wildlife habitat assessment, and the Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent (CLUE-s) model is a well-known simulation tool used to predict land use dynamics. Although their effectiveness has been proven widely, existing studies have yet to integrate the two approaches into ecological modeling for conserving bird habitats under the influence of land use changes. Thus, there is a notable research gap regarding the potential synergies of the ANP and CLUE-s models to evaluate the spatial nonstationarity between bird habitats and land use patterns. In this study, we integrated use of the ANP to identify suitable habitats for birds on farmland with the CLUE-s model to predict future changes in habitat suitability by 2035. Our study aims to evaluate the efficiency of various conservation strategies for bird habitat in farmland ecosystems within the Zhuoshui River basin in Taiwan. We formulated conservation strategies to protect areas of farmland based on their relative suitability as bird habitats. The research findings reveal a significant reduction of farmland habitats coinciding with expanding built-up areas and forests, while designating farmland areas for conservation purposes effectively ensures the maintenance of bird habitats amidst these transformations. Conserving highly suitable farmland habitats (those whose suitability values ranked at or above the 75th percentile) presents the most effective strategy to mitigate the impacts of land use change on bird habitats. Under this strategy, changes in farmland habitats lead to a notable decrease of 16.4 % in low and very low suitability, whereas farmland habitats with moderate and high suitability significantly expand by 879.8 % and 225.9 %, respectively. Farmland habitats characterized by high suitability are concentrated in the western region of the Zhuoshui River basin, accounting for 2289 hectares. These findings underscore the magnitude of habitat loss resulting from land use changes outside conserved areas. Our research emphasizes the importance of implementing conservation strategies for bird habitats, providing policymakers with a framework to manage farmland ecosystems effectively.

The habitat utilization and environmental resilience of Homo heidelbergensis in Europe

The European populations of Homo heidelbergensis may have contributed to the genetic heritage of modern Eurasians. A better understanding of the possible effects of palaeoenvironmental alterations on the evolution of ancient humans can help to understand the origin of developed traits. For this purpose, the spatiotemporal alterations of physical factors were modelled in Europe for the period of 670–190 ka, covering the existence of Homo heidelbergensis in Europe. The factors included the following: paleoclimatic conditions, climatic suitability values of ancient humans, two prey species, and the European beech. Furthermore, the distribution and features of wood used for toolmaking were also investigated. Finally, changes in the relative mortality risk, the percentage of the body covered by clothing, and daily energy expenditure values in the coldest quarter of the year were modelled. The results suggest that H. heidelbergensis inhabited dominantly temperate regions in Europe where prey such as red deer were present. In the northern regions, European beech trees were abundant. When making wood tools, they preferred relatively light but not the strongest woods, which were readily available in the vicinity of the sites. Although hard and heavy woods were also occasionally used, at a European level, significant changes were observed in the relative mortality risk, the percentage of the body covered by clothing, and daily energy expenditure values during the period of 670–190 ka. However, substantial differences between archaeological sites in these values, indicating somewhat ecological variations, were not found during the studied period.

A Fixed Point Theorem for Time-Fractional Fornberg-Whitham Equation Arising in Atmospheric Science

In this paper, we apply the Homotopy perturbation transform method of the time-fractional Fornberg-Whitham equation with Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative. We establish the existence and uniqueness solutions of the time-fractional Fornberg-Whitham equation using fixed point theory. The physical interpretation of the nonlinear models are also discussed through the semi analytical solutions, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, 2D and 3D graphs of some derived solutions are depicted through suitable parameter values.

Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of CuBiSeCl2: A Chalcohalide Material with Low Thermal Conductivity.

Mixed anion halide-chalcogenide materials have recently attracted attention for a variety of applications, owing to their desirable optoelectronic properties. We report the synthesis of a previously unreported mixed-metal chalcohalide material, CuBiSeCl2 (Pnma), accessed through a simple, low-temperature solid-state route. The physical structure is characterized through single-crystal X-ray diffraction and reveals significant Cu displacement within the CuSe2Cl4 octahedra. The electronic structure of CuBiSeCl2 is investigated computationally, which indicates highly anisotropic charge carrier effective masses, and by experimental verification using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which reveals a valence band dominated by Cu orbitals. The band gap is measured to be 1.33(2) eV, a suitable value for solar absorption applications. The electronic and thermal properties, including resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity, are also measured, and it is found that CuBiSeCl2 exhibits a low room temperature thermal conductivity of 0.27(4) W K-1 m-1, realized through modifications to the phonon landscape through increased bonding anisotropy.

Suitability and Trueness of the Removable Partial Denture Framework Fabricating by Polyether Ether Ketone with CAD-CAM Technology.

The object of the study was to evaluate the suitability and trueness of the removable partial denture (RPD) framework fabricated by polyether ether ketone (PEEK) with the CAD-CAM technology in vitro. Four different types of dentition defects were selected. In each type, five PEEK RPD frameworks were fabricated by the CAD-CAM technology, while five Co-Cr RPD frameworks were made by traditional casting. The suitability of the framework was evaluated by silicone rubber film slice measurement and the three-dimensional image overlay method. The trueness of the PEEK framework was detected by the three-dimensional image overlay method. Data were statistically analyzed with the use of an independent samples t-test (α = 0.05). The suitability values by silicone rubber film slice measurement of the PEEK group were lower than those of the Co-Cr group in four types, with the differences indicating statistical significance (p < 0.05) in type one, type two, and type four. The suitability values using the three-dimensional image overlay method showed no statistical differences (p > 0.05) between the two groups in four types. The trueness values of the PEEK group were within the allowable range of clinical error. The suitability and trueness of the PEEK RPD framework fabricated by CAD-CAM technology met the requirements of the clinical prosthesis.

Optical modeling of atmospheric black carbon aerosol ensembles with complex particle morphology

Black carbon (BC) aerosol is one of the most important factor in global warming. BC radiative forcing remains unconstrained, mainly because of the uncertain parameterizations of its absorption and scattering properties in the atmosphere. The single sphere model is widely used in current climate assessment of BC aerosols due to its computational convenience, however, their complex morphologies in particle level are excessively simplified which leads to computed inaccuracy. In this study, we present a dynamic model for optical calculations of BC aerosol ensembles considering their complex fractal aggregate morphologies with the constraint of max monomer numbers (N s, max) and radius (a max). We show that the simulation accuracy of the dynamic model with suitable values of N s, max and a max may achieve ∼95% while the computation time may reduce to ∼6%. We find that optical properties of BC aerosol ensembles can be simulated for higher accuracy or faster calculation by performing different selections of monomer numbers and radius in their size distributions. This method enables extensive and accurate optical calculations of BC particles with complex morphologies, which would be useful for the remote sensing inversion and the assessment of climate.

Presence of the crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous in La Rioja, Argentina, and implications for its geographic and environmental niche modeling

Abstract The crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous is one of South America’s most common species of canids; its generalist habits and plasticity allowed the species to adapt to numerous habitats and human presence. In 2020, we registered a specimen of C. thous on a trap camera placed in the vicinity of the Huaco River in La Rioja Province, Argentina. This record was the starting point for evaluating past and present environmental niche models (ENMs) of the species throughout their entire distribution in South America. ENMs models suggest that the presence of C. thous in La Rioja has low suitability values and suggest that we may be facing a sink population scenario due to the low frequency of records in the province. Also, the model indicated that the parameters delimiting the areas with the highest suitability values are related to temperature, isothermality, and precipitation. Long-term studies in the region are needed to determine the population dynamics of C. thous in La Rioja.

SBA-15 with short-sized channels modified with Fe2O3 nanoparticles. A novel approximation of an efficient adsorbent for As removal in contaminated water

The urgent need for technologies to ensure health standards, as per the Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations, has prompted research into addressing human health problems associated with chemical contaminants in air, water, and soil. Heavy metals, particularly arsenic, pose significant health risks, with millions of people worldwide exposed to concentrations exceeding recommended limits. Nanostructured materials, including ordered mesoporous substrates such as SBA-15, have shown promise for arsenic removal due to their high surface area and pore characteristics. This study aimed to synthesize a silica mesoporous material with reduced pore channel length to enhance surface area and active sites, thereby improving arsenic removal efficiency. By exploring various surfactant-to-silica precursor ratios, a suitable value was identified to promote the production of shortened SBA-15 particles. These shortened pore channels facilitated the dispersion of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3) on the SBA-15 surface, resulting in an effective adsorbent that achieved over 95% arsenic removal. The combination of the modified SBA-15 substrate and Fe2O3 nanoparticles demonstrated high efficiency in arsenic removal from aqueous effluents, offering a promising solution to address water pollution and associated health risks.

Extraction of optical wave structures to the coupled fractional system in magneto-optic waveguides

In this article, truncated M-fractional coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) with quadratic–cubic nonlinearity is under observation. The studied model is composed of chromatic dispersion, magneto-optic parameter and inter-modal dispersion. The NLSE is the most significant physical model to explain the fluctuations of optical soliton proliferation. The NLSEs have become more popular because of the clarity with which they explain a wide range of complex physical phenomena and the depth with which they display dynamical patterns via localized wave solutions. Optical soliton propagation in magneto-optic is currently a subject of great interest due to the multiple prospects for ultrafast signal routing systems and short light pulses in communications. The optical solitons are secured in the forms of bright, dark, singular and combo solitons. In addition, hyperbolic, periodic and exponential function solutions have been recovered. The modified Sardar subequation and enhanced modified extended tanh-expansion approaches recently developed integration tools are adopted in this study for securing the solutions. In nonlinear dispersive media, optical solitons are stretched electromagnetic waves that maintain their intensity due to a balance between the effects of dispersion and nonlinearity. The effect of parameters have been observed by allotting suitable values and sketching the different shapes of the graphs.

Optical soliton solutions of generalized Pochammer Chree equation

This research investigates the utilization of a modified version of the Sardar sub-equation method to discover novel exact solutions for the generalized Pochammer Chree equation. The equation itself represents the propagation of longitudinal deformation waves in an elastic rod. By employing this modified method, we aim to identify previously unknown solutions for the equation under consideration, which can contribute to a deeper understanding of the behavior of deformation waves in elastic rods. The solutions obtained are represented by hyperbolic, trigonometric, exponential functions, dark, dark-bright, periodic, singular, and bright solutions. By selecting suitable values for the physical parameters, the dynamic behaviors of these solutions can be demonstrated. This allows for a comprehensive understanding of how the solutions evolve and behave over time. The effectiveness of these methods in capturing the dynamics of the solutions contributes to our understanding of complex physical phenomena. The study’s findings show how effective the selected approaches are in explaining nonlinear dynamic processes. The findings reveal that the chosen techniques are not only effective but also easily implementable, making them applicable to nonlinear model across various fields, particularly in studying the propagation of longitudinal deformation waves in an elastic rod. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the given model possesses solutions with potentially diverse structures.

Bicarbazole-Benzophenone Based Twisted Donor-Acceptor Derivatives as Potential Blue TADF Emitters for OLEDs.

Over the past few decades, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) find applications in smartphones, televisions, and the automotive sector. However, this technology is still not perfect, and its application for lighting purposes has been slow. For further development of the OLEDs, we designed twisted donor-acceptor-type electroactive bipolar derivatives using benzophenone and bicarbazole as building blocks. Derivatives were synthesized through the reaction of 4-fluorobenzophenone with various mono-alkylated 3,3'-bicarbazoles. We have provided a comprehensive structural characterization of these compounds. The new materials are amorphous and exhibit suitable glass transition temperatures ranging from 57 to 102 °C. They also demonstrate high thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures reaching 400 °C. The developed compounds exhibit elevated photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) of up to 75.5% and favourable HOMO-LUMO levels, along with suitable triplet-singlet state energy values. Due to their good solubility and suitable film-forming properties, all the compounds were evaluated as blue TADF emitters dispersed in commercial 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,10-biphenyl (CBP) host material and used for the formation of emissive layer of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) in concentration-dependent experiments. Out of these experiments, the OLED with 15 wt% of the emitting derivative 4-(9'-{2-ethylhexyl}-[3,3']-bicarbazol-9-yl)benzophenone exhibited superior performance. It attained a maximum brightness of 3581 cd/m2, a current efficacy of 5.7 cd/A, a power efficacy of 4.1 lm/W, and an external quantum efficacy of 2.7%.