Sugar Factory Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE PHYSICAL WORKLOAD OF SUGARCANE HARVEST WORKERS AS THE BASIS FOR DETERMINING THE LENGTH OF REST BREAK AT BONE ARASOE SUGAR FACTORY

Arasoe Bone Sugar Factory is one of the sugar factories in Bone Regency, South Sulawesi. The production process at this company entirely uses machines that run automatically. However, the sugarcane harvesting activity is still carried out manually. All sugarcane harvesting activities result in physical workload on workers, especially when lifting sugarcane since in one loading, the workers are able to lift more than 30 kg of sugarcane. This activity is carried out repeatedly which results in fatigue on the harvest workers. The other factors that affect fatigue on the harvest workers are the harvested sugarcane plantations that can reach approximately 7 hectares in area and the work that lasts for 7 hours each day. This study aims to determine how much physical workload is experienced by sugarcane harvest workers and to determine how long the rest break is based on the physical workload that is obtained while working for the sugarcane harvest workers. The assessment of physical workload was carried out using the Cardiovascular Load (%CVL) method and the calculation of the length of rest break was carried out using a physiological approach. Based on the results of calculating the percentage of Cardiovascular Load (%CVL), it was discovered that all respondents experienced fatigue consisting of 5 workers with a %CVL of 60%, 13 people with %CVL of 80%, and 2 people with %CVL of 100%. Therefore, all respondents were included into the category of heavy physical workload. The optimal rest break is 80.79 minutes, while the rest break given is only 60 minutes. Hence, an additional 20.79 minutes of rest break is needed. The rest break of 20.79 minutes is used for spontaneous breaks, i.e., short break after the workload.

Constraining industrial ammonia emissions using hyperspectral infrared imaging

Atmospheric emissions of reactive nitrogen in the form of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3) worsen air quality and upon deposition, dramatically affect the environment. Recent infrared satellite measurements have revealed that NH3 emitted by industries are an important and underestimated emission source. Yet, to assess these emissions, current satellite sounders are severely limited by their spatial resolution. In this paper, we analyse measurement data recorded in a series of imaging surveys that were conducted over industries in the Greater Berlin area (Germany). On board the aircraft were the Telops Hyper-Cam LW, targeting NH3 measurements in the longwave infrared at a resolution of 4 m and the SWING+ spectrometer targeting NO2 measurements in the UV–Vis at a resolution of 180 m.Two flights were carried out over German’s largest production facility of synthetic NH3, urea and other fertilizers. In both cases, a large NH3 plume was observed originating from the factory. Using a Gaussian plume model to take into account plume rise and dispersion, coupled with well-established radiative transfer and inverse methods, we retrieve vertical column densities. From these, we calculate NH3 emission fluxes using the integrated mass enhancement and cross-sectional flux methods, yielding consistent emissions of the order of 2200 t yr−1 for both flights, assuming constant fluxes across the year. These estimates are about five times larger than those reported in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) for this plant. In the second campaign, a co-emitted NO2 plume was measured, likely related to the production of nitric acid at the plant.A third flight was carried out over an area comprising the cities of Staßfurt and Bernburg. Several small NH3 plumes were seen, one over a production facility of mineral wool insulation, one over a sugar factory and two over the soda ash plants in Staßfurt and Bernburg. A fifth and much larger plume was seen to originate from the sedimentation basins associated with the soda ash plant in Staßfurt, indicating rapid volatilization of ammonium rich effluents. We use the different measurement campaigns to simulate measurements of Nitrosat, a potential future satellite sounder dedicated to the sounding of reactive nitrogen at a resolution of 500 m. We demonstrate that such measurements would allow accurately constraining emissions in a single overpass, overcoming a number of important drawbacks of current satellite sounders.

Worker silence in a turbulent neoliberal context: The case of mass privatisation of sugar factories in Turkey

AbstractSilence in the context of work has different meanings across different settings. Turbulence induced by the privatisation of previously state‐owned enterprises presents a curious setting to explore worker silence. Turning to worker silence in the process of mass privatisation of sugar factories in Turkey, we examine why workers remained silent while resenting privatisation. We reflect on the experiences and perceptions of workers in the privatisation of sugar factories in an unregulated neoliberal country, where macro‐national and meso‐institutional mechanisms enforce worker silence Drawing on 48 interviews with workers from sugar factories, we demonstrate that worker silence deepened in the process of privatisation. The study provides evidence that an unregulated form of neoliberalism worsens worker silence through three distinct mechanisms: dismissal of democratic demands, marketisation of everything and decline of solidarity. We extend these mechanisms with 13 different corresponding forms.

Application of Markov Chain in Predicting Sugar Production at Candi Baru Sugar Factory, Sidoarjo

Granulated sugar is a sugar commonly used daily to manufacture food and beverages. The demand for granulated sugar continues to increase, but the number of sugar factories and the area of ​​sugar cane in Indonesia is decreasing. This causes a gap between the demand for sugar which continues to increase, and the production of granulated sugar continues to decline, resulting in Indonesia being the largest country importer of sugar. The imbalance between the demand and production of granulated sugar At Candi Baru Sugar Factory, Sidoarjo, East Java, resulted in not achieving the target to meet these needs. Therefore, predictions are made to get an overview of production planning to optimize granulated sugar production so that sugar needs can be met. The prediction method used at the Candi Baru sugar factory, Sidoarjo, East Java, for the 2022 milling period is the Markov Chain method with a four-state divisor, namely drastically down, down, up, and up drastically. The application of Markov Chains produces predictions for each state. It is predicted that the production of sugar with the highest percentage for May – December upstate.

Heterogeneous Reaction Model for Evaluating the Kinetics of Levulinic Acid Synthesis from Pretreated Sugarcane Bagasse

The abundance of sugarcane bagasse, a by-product of sugarcane juice extraction in sugar factories, serves as an advantage of its potential for producing chemicals such as levulinic acid (LA). Levulinic acid contains carbonyl and carboxyl groups that can be utilized for many applications, such as pharmacies, cosmetics, and solvents. Bagasse hydrolysis into LA was preceded by alkaline-acid pretreatment to separate cellulose from hemicellulose and lignin. This treatment could minimize the disturbance of these unwanted components, so that LA synthesis would be more optimal. Pretreated bagasse contained 82.64% cellulose, about two-fold from the non-pretreated one. It was hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid (HCl), which acts as a catalyst (a Bronsted acid), at 150-170 oC, 0.1-1 M catalyst concentration, 1-10% solid-to-liquid (cellulose:catalyst-solution) ratio, and 0-200 minutes reaction time. The range of LA yield values obtained in the study were between 15-64.05%. The maximum LA yield was obtained at a temperature of 160 oC, 1 M catalyst concentration, and 1% solid-to-liquid ratio. The high LA yield indicates the importance of pretreatment supported by optimal conditions of synthetic reaction. The reaction route involved in hydrolysis was cellulose-glucose-levoglucosan (LG)-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)-LA. The result exhibits that temperature and catalyst concentration do not significantly affect the maximum potential LA yield. However, higher temperatures and catalyst concentration can accelerate the time to achieve the maximum potential LA yield. Meanwhile, the LA yield increases with a lower solid-to-liquid ratio. In contrast to previous studies, this study evaluated the reaction model in a more precise way using combination of models, considering that the reaction occurs between solid and liquid. The heterogeneous reaction model, namely the shrinking core model (SCM) for cellulose conversion to glucose and the first-order homogeneous reaction model for glucose to LA reaction, give good fitting results. The more appropriate reaction model is expected to be the basis of scale-up process carried out for industry one day. The results of this research have the potential to be applied for various other biomass raw materials with some improvements based on their characteristics which can be studied in the future.

Agro-industrial revitalization policy of cane sugar in jember regency

Sugar is one of the essential basic needs. Sugar self-sufficiency that is expected to be achieved is faced with various challenges in terms of on-farm, off-farm, management, and involving players in the review industry. The development level of strength and readiness for sugar self-sufficiency and competition in the current industry, As well as efforts to overcome these problems, can be carried out in research in the form of agro-industrial revitalization policies for cane sugar in the Jember Regency area. Limitation of this scope, a system approach is needed to build a model that can represent the sugar industry system in East Java, specifically in the Jember Regency area with existing dynamics, to increase the sugar production and income of sugarcane farmers in the Jember Regency. The population in this study is a sugar factory that is still operating. The sample size is determined by the existing conditions: two sugar factories in the Jember Regency area, namely SF Semboro and SF. Jatiroto. The built model is hoped to be simulated to produce appropriate policy recommendations.

The Correlation between Awareness, Motivation, and Perception with Safe Behavior at Ngadiredjo Sugar Factory

Introduction: Sugar Factory (PG) Ngadiredjo is one of the manufacturing industry sectors where there are various stages of the production to process sugarcane into white crystal sugar. One of the risks of accidents in each production process is due to worker behavior. This study aims to analyze the strength of the correlation between awareness, motivation, and perception with safe behavior in engineering and processing section workers at PG Ngadiredjo Kediri. Methods: This research was an observational study with a cross-sectional approach. The sample of this study was 80 workers who were determined using the total population technique. Data collection techniques used questionnaires and safe behavior observations. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively using cross-tabulation and the Spearman correlation statistical test to determine the strength of the correlation between independent and dependent variables. Results: The results showed that most workers aged ≥ 36 years (42.5%), had a good level of awareness, good motivation, and fair perceptions. In addition, the results showed a strong correlation between awareness and perception with safe behavior and a very strong correlation between motivation and safe behavior. Conclusion: Based on the research results, there is a strong correlation between awareness and perception with safe behavior and a very strong correlation between motivation and safe behavior. The level of awareness, motivation, and perceptions of a worker will directly influence the level of his safe behavior.

Environmental Pollution from Cane Sugar Factories: A Study of Chemical Features Variations in the Wastewater

Sugar industry processes release large amounts of wastewater and pollution concentrations. This study focuses on environmental pollution produced by a cane sugar factory (Sampling Assalaya factory) with particular emphasis on the chemical properties of wastewater as an essential feature identifying water pollution in the study area. The study aims to analyze wastewater’s chemical features and disparity based on the Sudanese Standards and Metrology Organization (SSMO) standards. The systemic random sampling method collected twenty samples for each parameter (pH, Total Hardness, PO4, BOD, and COD). Analyses were conducted in the laboratory according to the standard methods for examining water and wastewater (USA). Results revealed significant variations in wastewater features at different sampling sites as pH values ranged between 4.55 to 8.39 and PO4 ranged between 0.097 ppm to 670 ppm in the selected sites. Results also pointed out that Total hardness ranged between 50ppm to 470ppm, BOD ranged between 15ppm to 390ppm, whereas the COD in 80% of the tested samples exceeded the SSMO standard (150ppm). The article concluded that these levels are highly exceeding the recommended level by SSMO. The leading causes of such alarming pollutant levels are related to the effluent of the Assalaya sugar factory in the study area. To reduce such effluent pollution levels, suggestions are made for the Assalaya cane sugar factory to treat its effluent by introducing appropriate technology and methods, such as anaerobic treatment. The Assalaya sugar factory ought to keep up with the transformation to green production as an integral part of its policy to achieve sustainability.

Sugar industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan: tax preferences and potential opportunities

Aim – stimulating factors for expanding the activities of sugar beet complex based on the development of a model of tax preferences are considered. Methods – generalizations, analysis and synthesis, comparison of the necessary set of preferential instruments. Results – the problematic aspects of sugar production based on the Descartes square are shown, the need for a qualitative revision of the preferential tax line to stimulate economic entities in sugar industry is proved. A system of tax breaks is proposed, taxes are presented, causal relationships are worked out, and the degree of their influence is substantiated. Conclusions incentives for enterprises based on the proposed mechanism for providing benefits in the taxation system will significantly affect the increase in their activity. A comprehensive plan for the development of sugar industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2022-2026 and special tax regime together will achieve an increase in macroeconomic indicators of beet sugar production, increase the competitiveness of products, stabilize food security, activate the risk management system in the activities of business structures, increase budget revenues, will ultimately increase the intensification of agriculture in the republic as a whole. The authors note that the issue of expanding the scale of sugar industry due to high import dependence is relevant. Supplying the population of the country with sugar, mainly from domestic raw materials, is a state task that allows solving the problem of rational use of natural resources and supply of necessary components for food industry. The level of filling of local budgets depends on the stable operation of sugar factories, which makes it possible to maintain the infrastructure of settlements and maintain socia l stability in beet-growing regions. The qualitative side of beet cultivation in recent years has somewhat improved in terms of yield and planting density as a result of the use of modern equipment and technologies.

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS IN THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AT SUGAR FACTORIES OF UKRAINE

The article considers the importance of sugar mills' environment, conditions, and occupational safety. According to modern requirements, the efficiency of an enterprise should be determined not only using the cost of outproducts but by a comprehensive strategic assessment of energy efficiency, technological safety, impact on the environment, and working conditions at workplaces. The critical driving force for the development of modern technologies is effective approaches to determine the economical components of the environmental impact assessments, as well as management systems to improve conditions and occupational safety at workplaces of sugar production. At the same time, it is necessary to optimize the use of electricity, natural gas, coal, and freshwater with the maximum quality of products at the sugar factories of Ukraine. To economically substantiate the safety and environmental components based on legal, economic, and social requirements in sugar production, these components were analyzed regarding occupational safety, identification of problems, drawbacks in the management, and the regulatory and legal systems of occupational safety. The main environmental factors of sugar production are greenhouse gases emission. These emissions result from using natural gas; the electricity produced by the energy system of Ukraine; decarbonization of limestone; and pulp storage. All these components affect the working conditions at workplaces and the environment. Considering these components and their impact on working conditions and the environment with certain features of the technological process of sugar production, the general economic and social approaches to determine the effectiveness of occupational safety and environmental safety in the system "human-machine-environment" were worked out. It was established that improving working conditions and safety and normalizing ecological impacts can reduce the consumption of natural gas (up to 17%); electricity (about 6.7%) and significantly reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and methane as the leading greenhouse gases. Furthermore, the rationalization of workplace organization in the sugar production management system can increase labor productivity by up to 20%. The introduction of the assessments that consider the safety, legal and environmental components of the system "human-machine-environment" makes it possible to increase the efficiency of sugar production management. Keywords: economic efficiency, social efficiency, environmental safety, sugar production, occupational safety, working conditions, assessment.

Dual multi-objective optimisation of the cane milling process

Sucrose extraction and energy consumption form the basis for evaluating the performance and energy efficiency of milling. Herein a double-layer multi-objective optimisation method was proposed for optimising the sugarcane crushing process. The MIV-MOPSO-KELM is proposed to model the objective function, and the high accuracy and stability of the prediction model are ensured. Monitoring and laboratory data obtained from a sugar factory in China were used as examples to conduct an empirical analysis. The results showed that the model performed well in predicting the energy consumption and sucrose extraction. Finally, the TOPSISdecision-making technique based on entropy weight was employed to undertake multi-objective decision-making. The results show that the proposed double-layer multi-objective optimisation method effectively optimises multi-factor, multi-objective, and nonlinear milling process. This new solution provides a basis for further research on the optimisation control of the sugarcane milling process.

Analisis Load Sharing dan Load Shedding Operasi Paralel Generator Singkron PG Kebun Agung

The Kebon Agung sugar factory has two power supplies, namely from the PLTU Kebon Agung sugar factory itself and from PLN. There are 3 synchronized generators at the Kebun Agung Sugar Factory, with a power of 4.5 MW on generators 1,2 and 1,6 MVA on generator 3. The difference in power between generators 1,2 and 3 causes frequent interference with generator 3 because it has less power. This Final Project analyzes load sharing and load shedding using MATLAB Simulink R2013a. Through these simulations it is shown the division of the load from each generator during normal conditions or when one generator is released. see the effect of the generator that has been set to speed droop when load sharing conditions, the speed of droop is varied so that it knows the characteristics of the generator that has been set speed droop. In the Final Project, the simulation value and calculation of the speed droop setting value in the Kebon Agung sugar factory is ideal. Because ideally the setting of speed droop in the settings so it is not too sensitive and not too long in responding to changes in load that occur in the system.

Biaya Imbangan Eksternalitas Pabrik Gula Djombang Baru

This study aims to analyze how many externalities are received by the community and determine the difference in income of the community during and after the milling process. This study uses the valuation method to estimate the costs and benefits of the existing impacts and the T-test to determine during and after the milling process in the “PG Djombang Baru” sugar factory, Jombang Regency, Indonesia. The results showed that the positive externality generated due to the activity of the “PG Djombang Baru” sugar factory was IDR 170.790.000 per year while the total cost borne by the community is IDR 2,144,640,000 per year with a total Externality Value of the “PG Djombang Baru” sugar factory of negative IDR 1,973,850,000 per year. So the costs incurred are more than the benefits received. Besides, the results of the T-test showed that there was no significant difference in income between during milling and after milling.

Detection of Groundwater Quality Changes in Minia Governorate, West Nile River

The need for freshwater supplies is increasingly rising according to the increase in the inhabitants’ expansion and economic growth. Available water resources are reduced by pollution and overpumping. This research’s prime objective is to study changes in the water quality of the Pleistocene aquifer in Minia Governorate. Historical hydro-chemical data of the groundwater in two years 2009 and 2019 were used to study the changes in the groundwater quality of the Pleistocene aquifer under the impact of the recharge and discharge processes. The Nile River, and the Al-Ibrahimia and Bahr Youssef Canals are considered the main sources of aquifer recharge. Collected data from 53 groundwater wells in the Pleistocene aquifer were used to calculate the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Kelly index (KI), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), magnesium ratio (MR%), permeability index (PI) and chloro-alkaline index (CAI). These data were used to evaluate and detect the quality and changes in groundwater through the years 2009 and 2019 using spatial mapping in the geographic information system (GIS). The values of SAR, KI and Na% varied between 0.06–1.22, 0.02–0.57 meq/L and 3.7–37.63%, respectively, in the year 2009, but these values changed to 0.4–0.75, 0.16–0.28 meq/L and 15.07–23.44% in the year 2019. The calculated MR and PI values indicate that 100% of the groundwater samples were in the “suitable” category. The calculated SSP reflects no changes in groundwater alkalinity between the years 2009 and 2019. The hydro-chemical analysis of the studied groundwater (G.W.) samples shows high pollution levels caused by Pb and Fe in some parts of the study area. Pb was found to be >40 µg/L in the middle parts, whereas Fe was found with high levels in 27% of the studied groundwater samples. The localities of these samples were affected by pollution from the industrial wastewater from the sugar factory of Abou-Qarqas city (e.g., El-Moheet drain), the fertilizer leaching process and pesticides seeping into groundwater from soils and agricultural wastewater.

Determination the parameters of model the technological process of diffusion in sugar production on the basis of neuro network identification

The article considers the sugar industry's importance in the country's food supply. The complexity of technological processes characterizes sugar factories. A system analysis of the technical operation of diffusion and an analysis of indicators of the diffusion process in the diffusion equipment were carried out. An analysis of the mathematical support of automated control systems of complex technological processes is given. The assessment of material, quality, and energy indicators was carried out, as well as the formation of the necessary information variables, which makes it possible to determine the structure of the technological process control system. To effectively manage the complex dynamic technological process of diffusion, it is proposed to use neurocontrol. The use of linear regression models was considered to determine the type of mathematical models in the system of automated control of technological processes in the diffusion department of the sugar factory. When building regression models, a significant number of input and output components of the technology diffusion process were considered. Two variants of regression models of the diffusion process were considered. The obtained regression models were analyzed, and the significance of the indicators of the diffusion process was determined. For an adequate description of the complex diffusion process in an automated control system, it is proposed to use models based on neural network identification. Significant indicators of regression models were taken as the main indicators of the process. The construction of mathematical models that make it possible to respond to changes in the technological process adequately boils down to the issue of building neural network models based on a multilayer perceptron and a radial base network. The most effective model structures were determined from various types of neural network models. The control activation time when using the proposed model was 3 minutes. The error of identification of the received models was 5-7%. Keywords: diffusion equipment, mathematical model, neural network, regression equation, control, identification.

URBAN REVITALIZATION BY PRESERVING AND UTILIZING THE INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE IN PARMA, EX ERIDANIA-BARILLA

In the1960s and 1980s, sugar and pasta factories (Eridania and Barilla) were closed in Parma because of the change in the economic structure, and these factory sites were devastated. In the 1997, Parma began to revitalize the disused factory sites and an old sugar factory was preserved and regenerated into a music hall. The case of the Ex Eridania-Barilla is a pioneer in the preservation and utilization of industrial heritage in Italy. This paper reports on the background, systems, and methods of preservation and utilization of this project, which became a turning point in Parma’s urban policy.

The Effect of Transformational Leadership, Work Motivation, and Job Promotion on Job Satisfaction with Organizational Commitment as an Intervening Variable

This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The sampling technique used simple random sampling. The population in this study amounted to 159 employees and the sample in this study were 61 employees of PT. Candi Baru Sugar Factory in Sidoarjo. Data analysis techniques used Partial Least Square (PLS) with software SmartPLS 3.0. The results of this study prove that there is an effect of transformational leadership on job satisfaction at PT. Candi Baru Sugar Factory, there is an influence of work motivation on job satisfaction at PT. Candi Baru Sugar Factory, there is an effect of promotion on job satisfaction at PT. Candi Baru Sugar Factory, there is an influence of transformational leadership on organizational commitment at PT. Candi Baru Sugar Factory, there is an influence of work motivation on organizational commitment at PT. Candi Baru Sugar Factory, there is an effect of promotion on job satisfaction at PT. Candi Baru Sugar Factory, there is an influence of organizational commitment on job satisfaction at PT. Candi Baru Sugar Factory, there is an effect of transformational leadership on job satisfaction with organizational commitment as an intervening variable at PT. Candi Baru Sugar Factory, there is an effect of work motivation on job satisfaction with organizational commitment as an intervening variable at PT. Candi Baru Sugar Factory, there is an effect of job promotion on job satisfaction with organizational commitment as an intervening variable at PT. Candi Baru Sugar Factory.

Green Accounting Based Tabligh at Sugar Factory in Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to determine the reporting of environmental costs as green accounting based tabligh that applied to sugar factories. This research is a qualitative research using an interpretive phenomenological approach. The source of data in this study is primary data obtained from informants and secondary data using other literature. This research was conducted at PT Perkebunan Nusantara XIV is a sugar factory located in Pa'rappunganta Village, North Podbangkeng district, Takalar Regency, Indonesia. The data analysis techniques used in this study are data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions/verification. The results of this study show that PTPN XIV Takalar Sugar Factory has incurred environmental costs. However, these costs have not been grouped by category, but are only grouped in one cost post on the annual financial statement, namely waste prevention costs. This sugar factory has not fully met the cost elements of environmental cost reporting and sustainable reporting.

Flocculation Performance of Industrial Sugarcane Juice by Acrylamide-Based Anionic Flocculant

Despite the widespread use of ionic polymer flocculants in sugar refineries, there is still insufficient knowledge on the relationship between the polymer properties and the efficiency of flocculation. This paper describes the performance of poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) (poly(SA-co-AAm)) as an anionic flocculant in the flocculation–coagulation of sugarcane juice from the sugar factory Gempolkrep PTPN X Mojokerto. Poly(SA-co-AAm) was successfully prepared via free radical polymerization of sodium acrylate and acrylamide with respective molar ratios of 40:60, 50:50, and 60:40, and compared with the commercial flocculant Accofloc. It was found that the mud height of the sugarcane decreased with increasing SA:AAm ratio. However, mud height increase was observed with further increasing SA:AAm ratio. Furthermore, increasing the flocculant dosage did not induce any significant change in the mud height and pH. The total dissolved solids (TDS) significantly decreased when the ratio of sodium acrylate:acrylamide was changed from 40:60 to 50:50, whereas a further change to 60:40 increased the TDS value again. It is also noticed that the tendency of turbidity is consistent with the TDS value. These results demonstrate that poly(SA-co-AAm) is a feasible alternative to the commercial flocculant owing to its good flocculation–coagulation performance with an optimum SA:AAm ratio of 50:50.

Attributes of an excellent cane sugar factory

Exposure to sugar cane operations around the world has led to conclusions about what distinguishes an excellent operation from an average or mediocre one. This article evaluates the hallmarks of a mill that lead to efficient performance, from cane harvesting through the individual unit operations to the production of sugar, ethanol and energy. The process of cane harvesting and transport impacts the juice purity, which has a major impact on sugar recovery. Conditions in processing affect losses and color formation and the aim is to minimize temperatures and residence times in the process steps, while also minimizing the opportunities for any micro-biological losses. High massecuite exhaustions in the pan house are vital in this respect and affect steam requirements due to lower recycling in the pan house. The requirements for maximum export power include reducing process steam usage and low processing energy requirements.