Sufficient Water Supply Research Articles

EVALUASI KESEIMBANGAN AIR DI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH

Water supply for the domestics use of Central Java Province has been experiencing problems and challenging. With population of 35 million or 16% of Indonesia, it place the province as the third in national population. It have consequently, water need in the province is as such for use of domestics, irrigation/agriculture, industry, etc. Several counties within the province has experiencing water shortage. Particularly during dry season, defisits is inclining that results water use conflicts. Furthermore, conflicts occur not only in counties with water shortage but also in county with sufficient water supply. Conflict is generally triggered by weak management and allocation. This is a result of unlimited territorial sovereighnity of water resources and uncertainty of water rights. Unlimited territorial sovereighnity of water resource contain exclusive right to utilize tap water within the territorial right, in way that the territory hold the sole right to exploit the resource without compensation to neighbouring territory. Hence, water balance should be investigated better and comprehensively. Kata kunci: keseimbangan air, konflik, sumber daya air, Jawa Tengah.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ВОДЫ ЛИСТЬЯМИ РАСТЕНИЙ СОИ: ТРАДИЦИИ И НОВЫЕ КРИТЕРИИ

The aim of the study was to assess the traditional and new criteria for evaluating water use efficiency (WUE) of soybean leaves by comparing different parameters from instantaneous measurements (WUEi) with the WUE at the field level, as well as studying WUEi-parametres in daily dynamics. Studies were performed using photosyn-thesis and transpiration rate monitor PTM-48A to soybean plants (variety Amelina) in pots with sufficient water supply. It was concluded that as close as possible to WUE field value (0,80 g seeds per kg H2O) is the evaluation of the WUEias a ratio of respiration per unit of water transpired. Estimation of leaf WUEiaccording to previously known parameters does not correspond to field level WUE

Agroecology and Sustainable Agricultural Systems

Agricultural practices are essential for producing enough food to feed a constantly increasing human population, but when applying them in farms, we also have to consider that we need to live in a safe world within planetary boundaries. Unfortunately, conventional agricultural activities are one of the main drivers for losing ecosystem functions provided by nature such as pollination, pest control, decomposition of soil organic matter and cycling of soil nutrients, amongst many others. Therefore, we have to research strategies that help us reaching a sustainable agriculture framework through exploring the principles of agroecology, regenerative agriculture, permaculture, natural agriculture, sustainable intensification, biodynamics and biointensive agriculture. All these types of agricultural systems can help in achieving food security and sovereignty, sufficient drinking water supply, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The present Agro Sur Special Issue in “Agroecology and Sustainable Agricultural Systems” aims to ...

Prediction Model of Transpiration Rate of Strawberry in Closed Cultivation Based on DBN-LSSVM Algorithm

A theoretical basis for irrigation of greenhouse crops will be provided by the establishment of a prediction model for transpiration rate of strawberry leaves in solar greenhouse of closed cultivation. This paper selects strawberry in solar greenhouse of closed cultivation as the research object. With sufficient water supply conditions, the deep belief network and least squares support vector regression (DBN-LSSVM) have been used to establish a prediction model for transpiration rate of strawberry leaves in solar greenhouse of closed cultivation, thus predicting the transpiration rate of strawberry through greenhouse environmental parameters. First, the multi-scale feature vectors of meteorological parameters in greenhouse have been extracted by using the deep belief network (DBN) method to eliminate the correlation of variables, thus improving the predictability and generalization ability of the model. The extracted feature vectors have been used to train and optimize the LSSVM model, finally obtaining the prediction model of transpiration rate of strawberry leaves in solar greenhouse of closed cultivation, which have been compared in experiments with the traditional BP neural network and LSSVM model. The results indicate that when training samples become a certain amount, the prediction accuracy and regression fitting degree of DBN-LSSVM can be higher than that of the two traditional models. It performs best with the largest coefficient of determination R2c of 0.972, smallest root mean square error RMSEC of 0.623.In the case of several training samples involved in modeling, the prediction of the model performs better than that of BP neural networks, but slightly lower than that of the LSSVM model. With the training sample size increasing, the prediction accuracy and regression fitting degree of the model have been also steadily improved and significantly superior to the traditional model. The transpiration rate model of strawberry leaves have been established to realize the prediction of leaf transpiration rate through the basic meteorological parameters in greenhouse with high simulation accuracy and obtainable parameters. As a preferable exploration of the research on transpiration rate simulation in short time scale, it is of certain theoretical significance and excellent application prospect.

Flood Disaster Water Supply: A Review of Issues and Challenges in Malaysia

Potable water is essential for the survival of flood victims in flood evacuation centers. This paper review water supply issues during flood events. Several water supply issues experienced by flood victims were identified such as contaminated water resource, scarcity of safe drinking water, flood-related disease outbreak and disruption of water treatment facilities. This paper also discusses on the challenges to overcome the water supply problems during flood such as lack of access to potable water, unable to treat water properly, accessibility of potable water, speedy restoration process of water supply and accessibility of health services. Hence, the management of water supply during the flood should be done efficiently and systematically to ensure sufficient and safe water supply for flood victims. In this effort, roles and cooperation’s of various agencies are very important in ensuring the affected flood victims obtain clean and continuous water supply despite flooding.

Applications of Scientific Data to the Studies of Ancient Tambralinga’s Agriculture and Brick Monuments in Sichon

This article goes beyond the historical narratives to apply scientific methods to the archaeological studies of the ancient kingdom of Tambralinga in Southern Thailand. Its objectives are (1) to examine the geography related to agriculture and settlement pattern using data from ground surveys, aerial photographs, and Geographical Information System, (2) to determine the dates of some important brick shrines using data from the themoluminescence dating technique, and (3) to reveal the layout of the ancient Khao Kha religious complex using the data from the Structure-from-Motion technology in the area of Sichon District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. It proposes that the ancient communities of approximately the 6th to 11th centuries CE lived in the areas suitable for wet-rice cultivation, with sufficient supply of water and alluvial soils. It may also be hypothesized, based on the calculation of the amount of rice produced in the floodplain, the density and dates of brick shrines, and the complicated layout and massiveness of the Khao Kha religious complex, that this area between the Tha Khwai, Tha Chieo, and Tha Thon rivers in Sichon District was one of the most significant centers in the Tambralinga Kingdom.

A distributed eco-hydrological model and its application

Eco-hydrological processes in arid areas are the focus of many hydrological and water resources studies. However, the hydrological cycle and the ecological system have usually been considered separately in most previous studies, and the correlation between the two has not been fully understood. Interdisciplinary research on eco-hydrological processes using multidisciplinary knowledge has been insufficient. In order to quantitatively analyze and evaluate the interaction between the ecosystem and the hydrological cycle, a new kind of eco-hydrological model, the ecology module for a grid-based integrated surface and groundwater model (Eco-GISMOD), is proposed with a two-way coupling approach, which combines the ecological model (EPIC) and hydrological model (GISMOD) by considering water exchange in the soil layer. Water interaction between different soil layers is simply described through a generalized physical process in various situations. A special method was used to simulate the water exchange between plants and the soil layer, taking into account precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration, soil water replenishment, and root water uptake. In order to evaluate the system performance, the Heihe River Basin in northwestern China was selected for a case study. The results show that forests and crops were generally growing well with sufficient water supply, but water shortages, especially in the summer, inhibited the growth of grass and caused grass degradation. This demonstrates that water requirements and water consumption for different kinds of vegetation can be estimated by considering the water-supply rules of Eco-GISMOD, which will be helpful for the planning and management of water resources in the future.

Evapotranspiration of winter wheat estimated with the FAO 56 approach and NDVI measurements in a temperate humid climate of NW Europe

Irrigated agriculture is the dominant user of global freshwater resources and improvements in water management are considered key to simultaneously enhance food production and to secure regional water resources. Irrigation management requires reliable estimates of crop evapotranspiration (ETa) which can be derived from tabulated crop coefficients and estimates of phenological stage lengths or alternatively from remotely sensed canopy data. In order to compare both approaches under sufficient nitrogen and water supply, field trials with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were performed in 2013/14 and 2014/15 at Duelmen, Germany. Crop growth dynamics were measured by a handspectrometer and leaf canopy analyzer, and phenological stages were recorded. ETa was calculated in two different ways: Firstly based on tabulated crop coefficients (Kc) and stage durations (FA-approach) and secondly based on remotely sensed Kc-values (NDVI-approach). Both approaches were used to calculate a daily field water balance (FWB) and compared with measured (FDR-techniques) dynamics of soil water content. Both ETa estimates predicted seasonal dynamics of the FWB reasonably good RMSE: 0.7, 0.6 (FA-approach); 0.6, 0.8 (NDVI-approach) in 2014 and 2015, respectively. ETa estimates of the FA approach for 2014 and 2015 were 403mm and 430mm and exhibited larger between-year variation when the NDVI approach was used (377mm and 463mm). Agronomic water-use efficiencies varied between 1.93–2.76g/l. The relevance of reliable in-field estimates of Kc-values and stage lengths was quantified with a sensitivity analysis. The results indicate that NDVI-based estimates of ETa can be used instead of ETa estimates which are based on tabulated Kc values and estimates of growth stage length. The use of NDVI-based estimates of ETa enables to apply irrigation water more site-specific.

Spatial-temporal soil moisture dynamics under different cocoa production systems

Soil moisture has high spatial and temporal variability, depending on topography, soil texture, vegetation and meteorological conditions. It influences many processes in the soil and supplies water to the vegetation. This is often a limiting factor in agricultural production.Over an 18-month period, we measured soil moisture dynamics down to a depth of 70cm in a long-term trial in Bolivia comprising six different land-use systems, i.e. cocoa monocultures and agroforestry systems, both under organic and conventional management, successional cocoa agroforestry systems and a natural fallow. Soil was heterogeneous over the area and in depth. We identified and separated two soil groups which differed in both, texture and soil water retention capacity. Considering the two groups, we assessed the effect of the different land-use systems on soil moisture dynamics and plant available water on the one hand, and how different soil moisture conditions affect growth and production of cocoa on the other.In monocultures with shallow rooting cocoa only, soil moisture decreased mainly in the uppermost soil layer during the dry season and the lower layers kept more moisture year round. In agroforestry systems soil moisture decreased homogeneously over the soil profile, implying a complementarity in water use of cocoa and deeper rooting trees. The uppermost soil layer in the agroforestry systems had higher soil moisture than in the monoculture, demonstrating the role of shade trees to reduce water loss from top soil by evaporation and transpiration of the cocoa. Even though one soil group had continuously higher water availability than the other group, we did not find an effect on the cocoa yield.Cocoa relies on sufficient water supply, but beside information on the precipitation it is important to know the soil structure and soil water retention capacity when discussing water availability for cocoa production and to consider the heterogeneity of the soil even over small area.

Alfalfa Responses to Gypsum Application Measured Using Undisturbed Soil Columns.

Gypsum is an excellent source of Ca and S, both of which are required for crop growth. Large amounts of by-product gypsum [Flue gas desulfurization gypsum-(FGDG)] are produced from coal combustion in the United States, but only 4% is used for agricultural purposes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of (1) untreated, (2) short-term (4-year annual applications of gypsum totaling 6720 kg ha−1), and (3) long-term (12-year annual applications of gypsum totaling 20,200 kg ha−1) on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth and nutrient uptake, and gypsum movement through soil. The study was conducted in a greenhouse using undisturbed soil columns of two non-sodic soils (Celina silt loam and Brookston loam). Aboveground growth of alfalfa was not affected by gypsum treatments when compared with untreated (p > 0.05). Total root biomass (0–75 cm) for both soils series was significantly increased by gypsum application (p = 0.04), however, increased root growth was restricted to 0–10 cm depth. Soil and plant analyses indicated no unfavorable environmental impact from of the 4-year and 12-year annual application of FGDG. We concluded that under sufficient water supply, by-product gypsum is a viable source of Ca and S for land application that might benefit alfalfa root growth, but has less effect on aboveground alfalfa biomass production. Undisturbed soil columns were a useful adaptation of the lysimeter method that allowed detailed measurements of alfalfa nutrient uptake, root biomass, and yield and nutrient movement in soil.

Factors controlling sediment trapping in two freshwater tidal wetlands in the Biesbosch area, The Netherlands

PurposeA thorough understanding of mechanisms controlling sedimentation and erosion is vital for a proper assessment of the effectiveness of delta restoration. Only few field-based studies have been undertaken in freshwater tidal wetlands. Furthermore, studies that measured sediment deposition in newly created wetlands are also sparse. This paper aims to identify the factors controlling the sediment trapping of two newly created freshwater tidal wetlands.Materials and methodsTwo recently re-opened polder areas in the Biesbosch, The Netherlands are used as study area. Field measurements of water levels, flow velocities, and turbidity at both the in- and outlet of the areas were carried out to determine the sediment budgets and trapping efficiencies under varying conditions of river discharge, tide, and wind in the period 2014–2016.Results and discussionShort-term sediment fluxes of the two study areas varied due to river discharge, tide, and wind. A positive sediment budget and trapping efficiency was found for the first study area, which has a continuing supply of river water and sediment. Sediment was lost from the second study area which lies further from the river and had a lower sediment supply. The daily sediment budget is positively related to upstream river discharge, and in general, export takes place during ebb and import during flood. However, strong wind events overrule this pattern, and trapping efficiencies decrease for increasing wind strengths at mid-range river discharges and for the highest river discharges due to increased shear stress.ConclusionsDelta restoration, based on sedimentation to compensate for sea-level rise and soil subsidence, could only be effective when there is a sufficient supply of water and sediment. Management to enhance the trapping efficiency of the incoming sediment should focus on directing sufficient river flow into the wetland, ensuring the supply of water and sediment within the system during a tidal cycle, creating sufficiently large residence time of water within the polder areas for sediment settling, and decreasing wave shear stress by the establishment of vegetation or topographic irregularities.

A More Beneficial Use: Evaluating Active Groundwater Management in Mohave County, Arizona

For thirty-five years, the State of Arizona has praised the Arizona Groundwater Management Act (the “Groundwater Act”) for its progressive goals toward future sustainability through Active-Management Areas (“AMAs”), Irrigation Non-Expansion Areas (“INAs”), safe yield goals, groundwater well regulations, management goals and plans, and the Assured and Adequate Water Supply programs. The Groundwater Act aims to place the State toward ensuring sufficient water supplies for the foreseeable future. Mohave County is currently the largest county in the State not in an AMA, yet it currently lacks the proper water management tools to protect its water resources against growth in population, industry and out of state agriculture. This comment will assess the value of increasing water supply regulation, as well as explore the proposals Mohave County could pursue for the Detrital Valley, Hualapai Valley, and Sacramento Valley (the “Subject Basins”) to protect its groundwater.

Moderate Drought Stress Affected Root Growth and Grain Yield in Old, Modern and Newly Released Cultivars of Winter Wheat.

To determine root growth and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) under moderate drought stress, a nursery experiment and a field trial were conducted with or without water stress using three representative cultivars released in different years: CW134 (old landrace), CH58 (modern cultivar) and CH1 (new release). In the nursery experiment, plants were grown in soil-filled rhizoboxes under moderate drought (MD, 55% of field capacity) or well-watered (WW, 85% of field capacity) conditions. In the field trial, plots were either rainfed (moderate drought stress) or irrigated with 30 mm of water at each of stem elongation, booting and anthesis stages (irrigated). Compared to drought stress, grain yields increased under sufficient water supply in all cultivars, particular the newly released cultivar CH1 with 70% increase in the nursery and 23% in the field. When well-watered (nursery) or irrigated (field), CH1 had the highest grain yields compared to the other two cultivars, but produced similar yield to the modern cultivar (CH58) under water-stressed (nursery) or rainfed (field) conditions. When exposed to drought stress, CW134 had the highest topsoil root dry mass in topsoil but lowest in subsoil among the cultivars at stem elongation, anthesis, and maturity, respectively; while CH1 had the lowest topsoil and highest subsoil root dry mass at respective sampling times. Topsoil root mass and root length density were negatively correlated with grain yield for the two water treatments in nursery experiment. When water was limited, subsoil root mass was positively correlated with thousand kernel weight (TKW). In the field trial, CH1 and CH58 used less water during vegetative growth than CW134, but after anthesis stage, CH1 used more water than the other two cultivars, especially in the soil profile below 100 cm, which was associated with the increased TKW. This study demonstrated that greater root mass and root length density in subsoil layers, with enhanced access to subsoil water after anthesis, contribute to high grain yield when soil water is scarce.

Water resources – an analysis of trends, weak signals and wild cards with implications for Russia

PurposeThis paper focuses on the long-term situation with water resources, and water sector in particular, analyzed through a Foresight study. The authors attribute particular attention to implication for Russia, which is relatively better positioned regarding the availability of water resources. However, the country still faces challenges related to the protection of water resources, drinking water supply, water networks, consumption patterns, water discharge, treatment and re-use. The present study aims at identification and analysis of trends, factors and uncertainties in water supply, demand, use and re-use with a particular focus on sustainability of water systems; water use by households and industry; and new water services and products.Design/methodology/approachResearch methodology in this paper involves a horizon scanning exercise for the identification of the key trends, factors and uncertainties along with the identification of weak signals of future emerging trends and wild cards in the form of future surprises, shocks and other unexpected events that may disrupt the preservation of water resources and the future of the water sector. Trends characterize broad parameters for shifts in attitudes, climate, policies and business focus over periods of several years that usually have global reach. These are usually experienced by everyone and often in similar contexts. Trends may represent threats, opportunities or a mixture of them, identified through underlying processes, possible events and other future developments.FindingsA key systemic restriction of water use for the next decades both globally and in Russia relates to competition between agriculture, energy, manufacturing and household water use. Given that the amount of renewable water resources is almost fixed and even decreases because of pollution, circular economy solutions for water use will be required. Implications of the global trends identified in the study for Russia are dependent on the overall situation with water resources in the country. Russia has sufficient water supply: the overall intake of water for drinking and economic purposes in Russia amounts to 3 per cent of the total water resources, two-thirds of which are discarded back to water bodies. At the same time, there are substantial problems associated with the extremely uneven distribution of water resources across the country, as well as high “water intensity” of the Russian GDP. The Russian water sector is currently not very attractive for investors. Moreover, it has significantly less lobbying opportunities than other infrastructure sectors, and this complicates its institutional and financial positions. Meanwhile, there have been some positive changes with regard to activities with a short pay-off period.Originality/valueThe paper offers one of the first studies on the future of Russian water resources with a focus on the water supply and sanitation sector. A comprehensive approach to trends identification (not found in other studies on Russian water resources) allowed authors to identify social, technological, environmental, economic, policy and value-related global trends and uncertainties. Moreover, implications of these trends and uncertainties, as well as Russia-specific trends, were outlined.

A study on assessing the domestic water resources, demands and its quality in holiday region of Bodrum Peninsula, Turkey

The Bodrum peninsula is one of the more important tourist locations in Turkey. Due to an increasing population and tourism demand, water shortages have emerged as a significant problem during the summer months in recent years. It has now reached the point where the peninsula no longer has a sufficient, safe and continuous water supply to meet its needs. In this study, population projections of the peninsula until the year 2060 are provided along with estimates of the water needs of the population, the amount of water resources available and the resources that need to be developed to supply water of the required quality. It is concluded that, given population growth and tourist demands, in each of 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050 and 2060 water needs will be 23.47; 32.46; 45.52; 60,76 and 83.18 hm3/year.

ANALISIS HUBUNGAN STATUS GIZI DAN IKLIM KERJA DENGAN KELELAHAN KERJA DI CATERING HIKMAH FOOD SURABAYA

ABSTRACTWork fatigue is condition which some factors have interaction with the workers. Fatigue may occur in the workforce by various factors, such as nutritional status and work climate. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between nutritional status and work climate with work fatigue in Hikmah Food Catering. This was an observational analytic study using a cross sectional design. Samples size 43 peoples were taken by simple random sampling method. The correlation between the dependent and independent variables were analyzed by spearman correlation test (α = 0,05). Work climate in this catering were kitchen area 29,6°C, non AC 26,5°C area, and air-conditioned area 20,3°C. Spearman correlation test results showed that there was nutritional status which had no significant association with work fatigue (p = 0,954) and there was work climate which had a significant association with work fatigue (p = 0.004). The conclusion of this research is nutritional status has no relation with fatigue, meanwhile work climate have a relation with work fatigue. There are advised for the industry such as providing sufficient drinking water supplies, and installing push pull system ventilation, especially in the kitchen area.Keywords: worker, nutritional status,work climate, work fatigue, catering

Water Consumption of Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems along the Ili River in China and Kazakhstan

The Ili River is a transboundary river shared by China, upstream, and Kazakhstan, downstream. The Ili is the main water supplier to Lake Balkhash, the largest lake in Central Asia after desiccation of the Aral Sea. Agreements over water allocation have not been concluded between China and Kazakhstan. This paper investigated water consumption of agriculture and riparian ecosystems in the Ili river basin, to provide information for further debate on water allocation, through the Simplified Surface Energy Balance Index (S-SEBI) approach using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite images. The overall water consumption in the Ili river basin was 14.3 km3/a in 2000, 17.2 km3/a in 2005, and 15 km3/a in 2014. In 2000, China and Kazakhstan consumed 38% and 62% of the water, respectively. By 2014, the relative share of China’s water consumption increased to 43%. In China, 80% of the water consumption is due to agriculture. High runoff during the past 10 years enabled increasing water consumption in China and sufficient water supply to agriculture and riparian ecosystems in Kazakhstan. When runoff of the Ili River decreases, as expected for most rivers in Central Asia, then irrigation efficiency has to be further increased in China, and irrigation systems in Kazakhstan have to be restored and modernized in order to reduce water consumption and protect Lake Balkhash and the riparian ecosystems.

Growth, Morphological, and Physiological Responses to Drought Stress in Bothriochloa ischaemum.

Water shortage in the arid-semiarid regions of China seriously hampers ecosystem construction. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms by which vegetation in that area responds to drought stress may enable us to improve utilization of limited water resources and thus contend with the problem of drought and water shortage. We studied Bothriochloa ischaemum, a native grass species, conducted potting control tests to compare several indicators of B. ischaemum grown under three different moisture conditions (80%, 60%, 40% Field capacity represent sufficient water supply, mild water stress, and serious water stress, respectively). Plant response parameters measured included biomass accumulation, root morphology, transient water use efficiency (WUE), stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C), and stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) of various plant organs and their interrelationships. B. ischaemum had the greatest WUE under mild drought stress. However, serious drought stress resulted in considerable decline in overall biomass but substantial increase in root-to-shoot ratio and fine-root biomass. Coarse-root biomass dropped appreciably, indicating that serious drought stress leads to allocation non-uniformity of the carbon “sink.” δ13C and Δ13C of stem correlated considerably with root morphology, suggesting the feasibility of characterizing WUE, biomass, and root morphology of B. ischaemum via the stable carbon isotope approach. Our evaluation of 21 drought resistance indicators of B. ischaemum showed that under a given moisture treatment gradient one can isolate an optimal indicator to express growth, morphology, and physiology, to improve the accuracy of depicting plant drought resistance and simplify the drought resistance indicator system. This study elucidates the response mechanism of B. ischaemum to drought stress and provides theoretical support to screening of drought-resistant plants across the arid-semiarid regions of China.

EcoLogic -- Investing in a Water-Secure Future

Urban water planners in water-scarce regions face a constant challenge to secure sufficient water supplies to stay a step ahead of the growing water demands nipping at their heels. But looking ahead, the options for bolstering water supplies - which have been so important to urban water management until now - are waning in many water-stressed areas. Efforts to balance water budgets will need to rely much more heavily on demand management in coming decades.

Examining the potential for energy-positive bulk-water infrastructure to provide long-term urban water security: A systems approach

Urban centres are increasingly requiring more water than existing groundwater and surface water sources can supply. Water authorities must consider energy intensive supply alternatives such as recycling and desalination, leading to a water-energy-climate conundrum. In this study, a systems perspective of the water-energy-climate nexus is applied to South-East Queensland (SEQ), Australia. Under a changing climate, SEQ is predicted to experience reduced reservoir inflows and increased evaporation rates, which will consequently lead to reduced water availability. To exacerbate this issue, anticipated high population growth in SEQ will increase water demand, putting even more stress on the traditional water supply sources. Clearly, there is a strong incentive to pursue solutions that increase water security without contributing to anthropogenic climate change. Using a system dynamics model, the water balance of the bulk water supply system is evaluated over a 100-year life cycle. The outputs of the model are used to investigate potential management and infrastructure options available to SEQ for adapting to increased water scarcity. The historical rainfall patterns of SEQ requires significant contingency to be built into surface water capacity in order to mitigate low rainfall years, and provide adequate water security. In contrast, reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants do not require this excess capacity because they are rain-independent. However, RO has high energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions when operating and their potential long periods of redundancy due to periods of sufficient surface water supplies remain unresolved issues. The model demonstrates that dual purpose pressure retarded osmosis desalination plants offer a potential solution, by providing water security at a lower cost than surface water reservoir augmentation, while offsetting energy use through renewable energy generation when RO plants would otherwise be sitting idle. Potentially this technology represents a future sustainable solution to overcome water security concerns.