Sufficient Knowledge Research Articles

Examining Leisure Management Skills of Medical Faculty Students

Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the leisure time management skills of medical school students, who were thought to be in great need of good time management in this study. Methods: The sample of the study consisted of a total of 327 students studying at Konya Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine. A sociodemographic data form and the Leisure Time Management Scale (FTMS) consisting of 15 questions were applied to the participants. The results were evaluated at p<0.05 significance level. Results: As a result of the analysis, it was seen that the leisure time management scores of the medical students were at a moderate level. In the gender variable, statistically significant differences were determined according to daily, weekly, monthly, and annual plans for leisure time and having a regular activity schedule (p<0.05), while no significant difference was found in terms of the age variable (p>0.05). Conclusion: It has been observed that medical students lack sufficient knowledge about how to spend their free time effectively, and their participation in regular activities or events is occasional. The main reason this participation is rare is that they have too many school subjects.

Dentist Mothers' Attitudes, Challenges and Facilitators in the Oral Health Promotion of Their Young Children.

Twice daily parental supervised brushing (PSB) is recommended for the effective oral hygiene of children with toothpaste including fluoride. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify dentist mothers' attitudes, challenges, and facilitators in the oral health promotion of their young children. An online questionnaire was prepared and distributed to dentists via e-mail with a link to the form. Of all the mothers, 46.50% started brushing their children's teeth after the eruption of the first primary teeth. Nearly 50% of the mothers thought that they should brush their children's teeth until at least the age of 7-8 years old. In terms of the main barriers to toothbrushing, 52.9% said children could fall asleep at home or in the car, while 27.5% of all mothers reported being tired as the main barrier to toothbrushing. Although dentist mothers have sufficient knowledge to promote oral and dental health, they do not always have ideal attitudes and behaviors and they may encounter various barriers regarding themselves and their children in practical applications. Providing oral care for young children goes beyond 'knowledge' and is sometimes 'challenging'; however, it could be 'possible' by developing and implementing the most appropriate solution strategies suitable for each unique family and child.

Topical Application of Fluoride in Children with Special Needs at RUBELA Panjangrejo Pundong Bantul

Abstract. Children with special needs should get proper dental health care. Children with special needs have a low level of oral hygiene. Dental and oral hygiene can be achieved if parents have sufficient knowledge about dental and oral health. This level of knowledge is then applied to help children clean their teeth. Community service is carried out for children with special needs in the form of dental health education to parents and actions in the form of topical application of fluoride to children. The results of the service show that there is an increase in the knowledge of parents before and after counseling is carried out. Meanwhile, the results of the plaque index assessment in children are high. Children with special needs require directions from their parents to be able to clean their teeth properly.

PELATIHAN PMR DALAM MEMBERIKAN PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA PADA KECELAKAAN DI SEKOLAH

Child injury is a health problem whose incidence is increasing and requires special attention. The problem at SMAN 1 Bluto is that 82% of PMR members have sufficient knowledge about First Aid, and 75% have low motivation to implement First Aid in the school environment for reasons of lack of self-confidence and fear of making mistakes when helping victims. The solution to this problem is to carry out PMR training in providing first aid for accidents at school. The method in this PKM is socialization to increase PMR knowledge and the next stage is training in providing first aid for accidents at school. PMR is equipped with a First Aid pocket book. PKM activities were carried out at SMAN 1 Bluto in February-September 2023. The results of this PMR training activity had a good impact, namely that after conducting socialization about First Aid for Accidents at School, the participants' knowledge increased to a high level of knowledge by 95%. The level of participant motivation increased, 90% of participants had high motivation to implement first aid in the school environment.

The Potential of Local Food Diversification in Supporting Sustainable Food Security in Maluku Islands

Every region in Indonesia has food potential according to the region's characteristics, as is the case with Maluku, an archipelago province with a diverse group of small islands. Due to the distinctive characteristics of each island, sufficient knowledge regarding the condition of potential food and its constraints is needed to avoid food shortages. The study aimed to analyze the constraints and potential of local food diversification on each island situated in the XII Island Clusters of Maluku to achieve the fulfillment of sustainable food and food security for each of these islands. The data used was descriptive data collected from a significant number of previous research journals, documents, and field notes. Data analysis was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method that attempts to describe and interpret food diversification potentials and constraints in XII GP in Maluku based on the reality through a thorough literature study. The analysis results showed that in most of the small islands in Maluku, the land was dry and hilly, the rainfall was low, the tilling layer was thin, the soil fertility was low, and it was easily degraded. The resources of farmers with qualified agricultural knowledge were still very limited. However, the potential gained was that there were six main types of food spread across XII GP, namely sago, corn, barley (hotong), upland rice, sweet potatoes, and bananas, which can be obtained and processed to fulfill the food needs of the community and ultimately achieve sustainable food security for everyone in the islands.

Edukasi Pemenuhan Nutrisi sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Stunting menggunakan Media Audio Visual

Stunting is an irreversible growth disorder caused by a lack of nutritional intake during pregnancy (during 1,000 HPK), therefore, babies aged 0 to 2 years must receive balanced and optimal nutritional intake, because this period is the golden period of growth and development. child. Stunting is caused by a lack of understanding about how to overcome health problems (nutrition intake), therefore it is necessary to prevent stunting as an effort to increase health knowledge through education. Community service aims to find out how education about fulfilling nutrition in efforts to prevent stunting has an impact on increasing knowledge. The method of implementing counseling is carried out through face-to-face meetings and discussions which are considered more effective, where the activity begins with giving a pre-test questionnaire to measure the level of knowledge of mothers of toddlers, then the presentation of the material that takes place allows the audience to pay attention and focus on audio-visual videos regarding nutritional needs. To prevent stunting, evaluation of the results of the activity is carried out by administering a post-test questionnaire in the form of questions regarding the material that has been presented. This community service was carried out on September 18 2023 in Salekoe sub-district, East Wara sub-district, Palopo City, attended by 40 participants, all of whom were mothers of toddlers. The results showed that there was a significant influence on increasing respondents' knowledge before and after being given counseling with a p-value = 0.00 (p<0.05), where there were 20% of respondents who had good knowledge during the pre-test and this increased to 55% of respondents at the time of the post-test, 25% of respondents had sufficient knowledge about stunting at the time of the pre-test and this increased to 32.5% of respondents at the time of the post-test, 55% of respondents had insufficient knowledge at the time of the pre-test and decreased to 12.5% of respondents at the time post-test. The next follow-up is that health workers are expected to be able to use audio-visual videos in efforts to prevent stunting to increase knowledge among mothers of toddlers so that they can reduce the prevalence of stunting.

Adolescents and reproductive health: Promoting healthy habits for reproductive well-being

Abstract. Adolescence is a critical period in humans in terms of physical, psychosocial, cognitive, and emotional development, especially for the reproductive system. Adolescents must be prepared to face reproductive maturation so they need some information to solve the change in their bodies. Conducting health education about reproductive health is very important as an effort to increase knowledge in dealing with puberty. The reproductive health education program for adolescents facing puberty is one solution that can be done to increase adolescents’ knowledge about reproductive health. This activity aims to increase adolescents’ knowledge about health reproductive in adolescence. The method used was a quasi-experiment research design with a group pretest and posttest approach. The population in this program was elementary school students in grades 4 and 5 at SDN Banyuurip Yogyakarta with a total sample of 38 students and a purposive sampling technique with inclusion criteria for children aged 10-14 years. Then, the data was analyzed by using a paired t-test. The results showed that there was a significant difference in students’ knowledge levels before and after the education was implemented. Before the reproductive health education, the respondents' knowledge level was mostly in the less category of 52%, sufficient category of 42%, and good category of 5%. After the reproductive health education was carried out, most of the students had good knowledge of 71%, sufficient knowledge of 29%, and no students had insufficient knowledge. Other results showed the pre-test mean scored 76.58 and post-test mean scored 83.16, median pretest and post-test scored 80 and 90. The results of the paired t-test obtained a p-value of 0.049 <0.005. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an effect of reproductive health education on Banyuurip elementary school children of Yogyakarta. Conclusion: Reproductive health education is proven to increase students’ knowledge level in dealing with puberty and care for reproductive organs.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Opinions of Physicians on Cups Treatment

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the knowledge, attitudes and thoughts of physicians about complementary medicine and cupping therapy in particular. 
 Material-Method: Between October 1, 2018 and December 10, 2018, a questionnaire consisting of 27 questions was applied face-to-face to 435 physicians working in various health institutions in Ankara and who agreed to participate in the survey voluntarily. Chi-square analysis and logistic regression analysis methods were used in the evaluation of the data. The significance level was taken as 0.05 in the interpretation of the results.
 Results: The person's liking to practice medicine, having sufficient knowledge about traditional medicine, receiving training on traditional medicine, practicing traditional medicine, having him and his relatives practice traditional medicine, having positive and negative knowledge and experience about cupping, are effective in welcoming cupping practice positively (p

Maqasid al-Sharia in Court-Mediation Reform: A Study on Efficiency and Social Justice in Medical Disputes

Islam prioritises peace as a means of resolving disputes. Peace between parties can be achieved in various ways, one of which is mediation. Despite creating social justice, the effectiveness of mediation in resolving various complex civil cases is still questionable. This article aims to analyse the efficiency of resolving medical disputes through mediation based on the principles of Islamic law. This article is based on the results of normative juridical research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results of this study found that the implementation of facilitative mediation by the mediator in medical dispute resolution helps improve its efficiency. Furthermore, before mediating conflicts, judge-mediators need to take a more proactive position, improve their communication skills, and have sufficient knowledge of health law. A well-informed mediator is likely to provide social justice for doctors and patients. 
 
 Keywords: mediation; medical disputes; social justice; court.

Sosialisasi dan Focus Group Discussion Pencegahan Serta Penanganan Stunting Sejak Dini di Desa Sumberanyar Kabupaten Bondowoso

Stunting is a condition where children under 5 years of age cannot grow due to chronic malnutrition, causing them to be shorter than their age. The aim of this socialization is to identify the stunting problem in Sumberanyar village as well as present material on preventing and handling stunting in Sumberanyar village. The implementation method gathered midwives, 10 posyandu cadres, posyandu members in the PKK room at the Sumberanyar village hall. Next was the presentation of material about preventing and handling stunting, then conducting a Focus Group Discussion (FGD). In this activity, the results of the formulation of the stunting problem in Sumberanyar Village were obtained, namely, cigarette smoke, mother's knowledge, snack food, and the habit of defecating in the river. Meanwhile, activities that have been carried out by midwives and Posyandu cadres to prevent stunting include giving worm medicine, giving supplementary food (PMT), latrine building programs, classes for pregnant women and measuring children's height and weight. Based on the activities that have been carried out, it is known that 60% of posyandu cadres and posyandu members have a good level of knowledge and 40% have sufficient abilities before participating in socialization activities. Furthermore, after carrying out socialization regarding the prevention and handling of stunting, the number of posyandu cadres and posyandu members who had a good level of knowledge increased to 80% and the level of sufficient knowledge became 20%. This activity can also help posyandu cadres and members get better information that focuses on preventing and handling stunting.

Edukasi Karakteristik dan Penggunaan Antibiotik untuk Pengobatan Keluarga

The low level of knowledge about the appropriate use of antibiotics causes the practice of irrational antibiotic use to increase. The aim of this community service is to provide education about understanding antibiotics and how to use them appropriately and rationally. The community service method is by providing education through group discussions, workshops and seminars to health workers, posyandu cadre mothers and the community around Ratujaya Village, Depok. The level of knowledge about antibiotic use was measured using a questionnaire, pretest and posttest. The results achieved by this community service after providing education on understanding antibiotics and their use to the community show that people who have good and sufficient knowledge about antibiotics are 88.57%, meaning that more people understand about antibiotics than those who don't. It can be concluded that the education on the use of antibiotics provided to the public can sufficiently increase public knowledge regarding antibiotics.

Nursing Students' Views and Suggestions Regarding the Disability-Friendly Nursing Education Curriculum: A Mixed Method Research

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the views and suggestions of nursing students attending different universities in Türkiye regarding disability-friendly nursing education. Material and Methods: This convergent mixed methods design research was conducted between 1 May and 1 September 2020. The research sample consisted of 830 students studying in the nursing departments of 61 different universities. In order to collect the data for the study, the researchers created an online questionnaire asking nursing students questions about the disabled-friendly framework of the nursing education they received. The Chi-Square Test was used to compare the findings of students' views and thoughts on nursing education with some variables. The answers to the open-ended questions were analysed by content analysis. Results: The study participants are women at the rate of 83.3%. It has been found that the state of having sufficient knowledge about nursing care for the health of persons with disabilities impacts the students' thinking that their nursing education is disabled-friendly (p <.001). Conclusion: As a result of this research, most of the nursing students in Türkiye did not evaluate the education they received as disabled-friendly, and a large part of the students stated that they wanted to be educated on disability-related issues.

French healthcare students and antibiotics: are they ready to promote their appropriate use?

French healthcare students are required to carry out primary prevention interventions as part of the Healthcare Service by Healthcare Students (HSHS). The purpose of this study was to explore students' perceptions of preparedness to address the public's concerns about antibiotic use and how their perceptions changed after implementing their intervention. A questionnaire was sent twice during the 2020-2021 academic year to 920 multidisciplinary healthcare students (nursing, medicine, physiotherapy, pharmacy and midwifery students) enrolled in the HSHS in Franche-Comté (HSHS-FC). This study included 870/920 students (94.6%). Medical and pharmacy students were the most concerned about the issue of antimicrobial resistance. Before enrollment in the HSHS-FC, 463 of the 870 students included (53.2%) reported having sufficient knowledge about antibiotics to lead preventive interventions, reaching 87.9% (58/66) for pharmacy students. Despite this relative lack of knowledge, 77.2% of students felt confident to promote the appropriate use of antibiotics in the healthcare service context. This rate ranged from 68.0% (17/25) for midwifery students to 93.9% (62/66) for pharmacy students. Irrespective of the topic of the intervention, students significantly improved their knowledge and ability to promote antibiotic use after training in the HSHS-FC. Theoretical prerequisites and a feeling of concern vary widely depending on the curriculum. The HSHS-FC promotes multidisciplinary collaboration and can contribute to improving students' knowledge. The support of an expert in antimicrobial resistance may be necessary to validate the content of the interventions proposed by the students.

Application of Fuzzy Topsis for Prioritizing Barriers to Circular Economy Adoption in the Automotive Sector: A Study in an Emerging Country

Acknowledging the substantial economic, social, and environmental impacts of sustainability and circular economy (CE) practices, their imperative role in the automotive industry cannot be overstated. Despite this significance, there is a lack of studies addressing these critical themes within the automotive sector. This paper aims to bridge this gap by providing an examination of the barriers hindering the adoption of CE principles, with a specific focus on the Brazilian automotive industry. A survey, involving 41 experts comprising 21 academics specializing in sustainability and CE, 16 experienced managers, and 4 directors with substantial automotive industry expertise, was conducted. The study identified and evaluated 12 barriers to CE adoption in the automotive sector based on the experts’ assessment using Fuzzy TOPSIS. The study's findings underscore the scarcity of professionals with sufficient knowledge and expertise), the absence of supportive public policies, and the inadequate commitment from leadership as the top three priority barriers. The research recommends targeted actions for companies, policymakers, and universities to collaboratively contribute towards overcoming these identified barriers and fostering a sustainable and circular trajectory for the automotive industry.

Caring for Long Covid patients in Belgian primary care.

Background: The Covid-19 pandemic affected primary health care in various ways and general practitioners (GPs) take a key position in caring for patients with persistent Covid-19-related symptoms, also referred to as Long Covid. In this study, GPs’ knowledge, experiences and opinions on Long Covid, as well as the definition being used by GPs is investigated to provide more insight in the care for Long Covid patients in primary care.
 Methods: An online questionnaire, validated by experts, was distributed to all Belgian GPs through established national GP networks (SGP network, Domus Medica and SSMG) during spring 2022. The survey has 16 (ordinal, open-ended or multiple choice) questions on Long Covid. To characterize GPs, practice and demographic characteristics were collected. A case definition for Long Covid was not included, as there was no widely accepted definition available in general practice at the timing of the study. Descriptive and analytic statistics were performed.
 Results: A total of 105 GPs responded to the survey. GPs were well distributed across all Belgian regions and practice type. Female GPs represented 58.1% and mean age was 51 years (IQR: 38-63).
 Most of GPs reported that they did not have sufficient scientific knowledge on Long Covid, they reported lack of availability of reliable information on Long Covid diagnosis and treatment, and felt that accessibility to educational material on Long Covid was limited.
 For the diagnoses of Long Covid, 60.0% reported that a positive Covid-19 test result is a minimum requirement when speaking about Long Covid complaints. The commonest criteria utilized by GPs for diagnosing Long Covid was the duration of symptoms (from 4 weeks to 5 months) and on the basis of diagnostic criteria by the GP. 58.1% of GPs stated that Long Covid should be considered a chronic disease.
 The majority (75.2%) of participating GPs reported to have cared for Long Covid patients (independently of practice type, GP’s gender or age). These patients suffered mainly from fatigue (94.9%), concentration/memory problems (74.7%), breathing difficulties (68.0%), impairment in daily functioning (66.7%) and brain fog (46.2%).
 Most GPs (93.4%) believed that caring for Long Covid patients should follow multidisciplinary approach. Half of them (51.9%) reported to have been following up these patients by themselves or by GP colleagues and 32.9% by multidisciplinary cooperation. Other healthcare professionals involved include pneumologists, physiotherapists, specialists in physical medicine/rehabilitation and neurologists. GPs were consulted biweekly (17.9%), monthly (47.8%) or every few months (19.4%) by these Long Covid patients. 
 Conclusion: In Belgian general practice, similar definitions and diagnostic criteria are used by GPs to identify Long Covid patients. A majority of GPs frequently provide care to Long Covid patients and GPs take a key role in the (multidisciplinary) coordination of care for these patients. However, multidisciplinary care for Long Covid patients is less organized than preferred by GPs at the timing of the study (spring 2022). With the establishment of the ‘care trajectory post-Covid-19’ for Long Covid patients in primary care since July 2022, collaboration between care givers may be stimulated in Belgian primary health care.

Developing organizational health literacy in primary health care: a learning network of 18 Belgian projects

Objectives:
 
 Introduce the Organisational Health Literacy approach to
 
 primary care practitioners
 
 Discuss the challenges posed by introducing OHL in primary
 
 care
 
 Share potential solutions for best practice in OHL in primary care
 Reflect on appropriate process and outcome measures for OHL in primary care
 
 Rationale: The move towards active patient participation and informed decision making in health care has raised the interest in health literacy. Informed decision making requires sufficient knowledge about the possibilities, consequences, benefits and risks of interventions to make decisions that align with one’s personal values and preferences. As such, health literacy, defined as a person’s knowledge, motivation and skills to obtain, understand, evaluate, and apply health information, plays a key role in making informed health decisions.
 While the importance of health literacy is generally recognized by primary care practitioners, to date most efforts to address it have focused on enhancing the skills of patients to understand and apply the information given by professionals, and of professionals to adjust their communication to patients with low health literacy. Yet, as the health care systems is often complex and demanding, health care organizations can also try to reduce the demands they place on patients and families by implementing policies, practices, and systems that make it easier for people to navigate, understand, and use information and services to take care of their health. This strategy is known as Organizational Health Literacy (OHL). Critical components of OHL include (1) improving access to and navigation of health care facilities and systems; (2) encouraging patient engagement in the health care process; (3) enhancing communication with patients and families; (4) establishing a workforce with OHL-related knowledge and skills; (5) creating an organizational culture and infrastructure supportive of OHL; and (6) meeting patient needs, such as provision of interpreter services and self-management support.
 Efforts to introduce OHL are increasingly implemented with success in the hospital setting and, to a lesser extent, in other health organizations such as health insurance companies, but have thus far rarely been applied in the primary care setting.
 The workshop will address the challenges posed by introducing OHL in primary care, drawing on the first-hand experience with 18 OHL projects launched in 2022 in Belgium with support of the Dr. Daniël De Coninck Fund (managed by the King Baudouin Foundation) and functioning as a learning network.
 Audience: Primary care practitioners and managers of primary care networks.
 Workshop content:
 1.A short introduction to the concept and criteria of OHL
 and the 18 Belgian projects (10min)
 2.Three short presentations of projects focusing on OHL in
 primary care (20min)
 3.Discussion in breakout groups on challenges to introducing OHL in primary care (30min):
 (1)Embedding health literacy in the organizational mission,
 structure and functioning 
 (2)Building relationships between health care professionals
 and service users around HL
 (3)Developing HL through language, action and experience
 (4)Co-creating with service users throughout the care
 journey
 (5)Learning and evaluating across organizational
 boundaries
 4.A plenary debate (20min)
 5.Conclusion and summary of the learnings (10min)
 

THE INTEGRATION OF KNOWLEDGE RESOURCES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES INTO THE SYSTEM OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING FOR CADETS IN MILITARY HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The study is dedicated to the analytical aspects of the prospects of integrating knowledge resources and infor-mation technologies into the system of professional training for cadets at military higher education institutions. An analysis of current trends in the development of the military education sector requiring optimization through the integration of knowledge and information technologies is conducted. The concept of “knowledge resource” is elucidated, and the value of knowledge resources in the training of military personnel is characterized. The main components of knowledge resources in the system of professional training for future military personnel are identified, including educational programs, educational materials (sylla- bi, textbooks, manuals, lecture materials, presentations, recommendations for independent work and seminar classes), human resources (scientific and pedagogical staff conducting formal training for military personnel, possessing sufficient knowledge and experience in the military field), informal and non-formal forms of learning (webinars, seminars, conferences), knowledge assessment system (tests, quizzes, practical assignments, etc.), video and audio materials. The feasibility of implementing in- formation technologies in the military professional education system is substantiated. The research reveals the impact of an integrated approach on the activity, motivation, and adaptability of cadets to modern challenges and threats. The distinction between information technologies and knowledge resources is justified, highlighting that information technologies are tools for processing and transmitting information, while knowledge resources are the information used for acquiring knowledge and solving tasks. Information technologies can assist in accessing knowledge resources, facilitating their processing, and rapid dissemination. The obtained results can serve as a basis for further development of educational programs and strategies for the development of military education aimed at preparing future military leaders.

Methodology of the Legal Status of Administrative Agencies Under Martial Law

The urgency of the study is determined by the fact that the coordinated activity of public authorities, in particular administrative agencies is the basis of proper defense capability of Ukraine, preservation of economic development, especially in the conditions of martial law. The scientific study of state and legal phenomena requires the determination and description of epistemological means actualizing the problems of methodology. It is the methodology that ensures the acquisition of comprehensive and sufficient knowledge about the subject under study as well as the objectivity of the information obtained.
 Methodology plays a crucial role in ensuring quality research. It stipulates the limits, principles and approaches allowing to get comprehensive and sufficient knowledge about the researched subject. The objectivity of the obtained information is a key component of scientific research.
 It is noted that the methodology is considered in two aspects: first, as a set of epistemological tools; secondly, as a teaching about the system of methodological tools and their application. In the context of state and law studies, it is important to take into account the specifics of this field and take into consideration the diversity of methodological approaches, since they can include both legal methods and elements of sociological, philosophical or historical analysis.
 When studying the legal status of administrative agencies, it is important to take into account the axiological component, as it allows to understand how these agencies function in a specific social and cultural and political context. The study of the axiological component of the legal status of administrative agencies allows to reveal not only the formal side of their functions, but also the understanding of society's values, on which their functioning is based.
 It is justified that an important methodological tool is an activity approach allowing analyzing the specific actions and functions of administrative agencies, their tasks and work results, which is important for establishing how they affect the implementation of legal norms and how they contribute to the performance of state functions as a whole .
 It is noted that the application of a hermeneutic approach to understanding the legal status of administrative agencies opens up the possibility of a deep understanding of texts, contexts and meanings, providing a comprehensive analysis in legal and cultural dimensions.
 The system approach allows to include administrative agencies in a wider context - the system of state bodies. The systemic approach also allows taking into account the social and cultural context in which administrative agencies function.

BRIDGING CULTURES: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN PUBLIC RELATIONS FOR JAKARTA PRACTITIONERS

This research aims to describe how public relations practitioners apply intercultural communication competence, who have worked in government institutions, mass media, hospitality, and other organizations with a diversity of ethnic and cultural members, and also should have specific competence to solve their problem communication in all daily activities. This research is based on an intercultural communication perspective, and interpersonal competence of public relations, with the research method being a case study, interviewing technique for gathering data, and qualitative descriptive analysis.Five key informants invited with different background organizations described that they have worked in public relations functions and follow the mechanism of intercultural communication competencies, such as motivation to communicate, sufficient knowledge of culture, appropriate communication skills, sensitivity, and character. The research result describes five competencies that have applied in their professional communication activities, especially building good relationships, mapping cultural background, having a high motivation to communicate with others, practicing relevant communication when they encounter several difficulties, then always trying to understand the psychology of others when they start to communicate, in formal or informal situation. Then, in the process of anticipating so as not to experience frustration or culture shock with communication partners from different cultures, the speakers also made adaptations, making relevant adjustments, based on the current situation, in the form of speaking in general, discussing local products, discussing the latest issues. and optimize social media. It becomes a medium to reduce the inconvenience of communicating due to differences in culture and background.

PROBLEMS FACED BY INPUT DEALERS DURING DAESI PROGRAMME

In India, most of the extension work is carried out by the Public sector i.e. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, Govt. of India, Krishi Vigyan Kendras and some other agencies. At the national level, the ratio of extension workers to farmers is very low as against the recommended ratio. It is necessary that both the private and public extension system should work together as one unit. Agri-input dealers in the country are the prime source of farm information to the farming community, besides the supply of inputs. National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management, (MANAGE) Hyderabad, designed a one-year diploma course entitled ‘Diploma in Agricultural Extension Services for Input Dealers’ (DAESI) which imparts relevant and location-specific agricultural education to equip these input dealers with sufficient knowledge to transform the minto para-extension professionals so as to enable them to address the day-to-day problems being faced by the farmers at field level. The objective of the study was to find out the problems faced by the input dealers in DAESI. The study was conducted on 120 input dealers from 3 different types of National training Institutes (NTIs), organizing DAESI training programme including KVK, Tabiji, Ajmer, ARS, Navgoan, Alwar and SIAM, Jaipur. The major problems faced by the input dealers were that the courses were too lengthy, less number of field visits to different institutions and Agro- industries, resource persons invited for lectures were not competent, classroom sessions were too long to concentrate, no proper arrangement for drinking water, classroom performance and attendance marks were not counted and difficulty in paying course fees.