Sufficient Food Research Articles

Evidence for density-dependent effects on body composition of a large omnivore in a changing Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.

Understanding the density-dependent processes that drive population demography in a changing world is critical in ecology, yet measuring performance-density relationships in long-lived mammalian species demands long-term data, limiting scientists' ability to observe such mechanisms. We tested performance-density relationships for an opportunistic omnivore, grizzly bears (Ursus arctos, Linnaeus, 1758) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, with estimates of body composition (lean body mass and percent body fat) serving as indicators of individual performance over two decades (2000-2020) during which time pronounced environmental changes have occurred. Several high-calorie foods for grizzly bears have mostly declined in recent decades (e.g., whitebark pine [Pinus albicaulis, Engelm, 1863]), while increasing human impacts from recreation, development, and long-term shifts in temperatures and precipitation are altering the ecosystem. We hypothesized that individual lean body mass declines as population density increases (H1), and that this effect would be more pronounced among growing individuals (H2). We also hypothesized that omnivory helps grizzly bears buffer energy intake from changing foods, with body fat levels being independent from population density and environmental changes (H3). Our analyses showed that individual lean body mass was negatively related to population density, particularly among growing-age females, supporting H1 and partially H2. In contrast, population density or sex had little effect on body fat levels and rate of accumulation, indicating that sufficient food resources were available on the landscape to accommodate successful use of shifting food sources, supporting H3. Our results offer important insights into ecological feedback mechanisms driving individual performances within a population undergoing demographic and ecosystem-level changes. However, synergistic effects of continued climate change and increased human impacts could lead to more extreme changes in food availability and affect observed population resilience mechanisms. Our findings underscore the importance of long-term studies in protected areas when investigating complex ecological relationships in an increasingly anthropogenic world.

Copepod community structure in the highly turbid innermost part of Ariake Bay in the 2000s with special reference to high abundances of <i>Oithona davisae</i>

Ariake Bay has Japan’s biggest nori seaweed farming field in the innermost part and has suffered from environmental degradation since the late 1990s. To elucidate the seasonal patterns in the copepod community structure in the inner bay, we examined monthly plankton-net samples collected in the top 2-m layer at 11 stations for 5 years from April 2002 to March 2007. Of the 11 stations, 7 were at the high-turbidity site (HTS) representing the nori farming field and 4 in the offshore low-turbidity site (LTS) for comparison. The copepod community in the HTS was dominated almost year round by Oithona davisae, whose 5-year mean abundance of 203 ind. L−1 comprised 84% of copepods and was more than double that in the LTS. O. davisae became extremely abundant in summer with the maximum monthly mean abundance in the HTS of 2756 ind. L−1 and the maximum sample-specific abundance of 10116 ind. L−1. The following predominant copepods in the HTS were Parvocalanus crassirostris in summer–autumn, Microsetella norvegica in summer, Acartia omorii in spring, and Paracalanus parvus s.l. irregularly. Possible causes for high abundance of O. davisae in the HTS are assumed to be sufficient food resources, water temperature over 21°C, and a wide salinity tolerance range of the species.

Food availability positively affects the survival and somatic maintenance of hibernating garden dormice (Eliomys quercinus)

BackgroundTorpor is an energy saving strategy achieved by substantial reductions of metabolic rate and body temperature that enables animals to survive periods of low resource availability. During hibernation (multiday torpor), the frequency of periodic rewarming—characterised by high levels of oxidative stress—is associated with shortening of telomeres, a marker of somatic maintenance.ObjectivesIn this study, we determined the impact of ambient temperature on feeding behaviour and telomere dynamics in hibernating garden dormice (Eliomys quercinus) over winter. This obligate hibernator prepares for hibernation by accumulating fat stores but can also feed during hibernation.MethodologyFood intake, torpor pattern, changes in telomere length, and body mass change were assessed in animals housed at experimentally controlled temperatures of either 14 °C (i.e., a mild winter) or 3 °C (i.e., a cold winter) over 6 months.ResultsWhen hibernating at 14 °C, dormice experienced 1.7-fold more frequent and 2.4-fold longer inter-bout euthermia, and spent significantly less time torpid, compared to animals hibernating at 3 °C. Higher food intake enabled individuals to compensate for increased energetic costs when hibernating at milder temperatures (14 °C vs. 3 °C), to buffer body mass loss and thus increase winter survival. Interestingly, we observed a significant increase of telomere length over the entire hibernation period, irrespective of temperature treatment.ConclusionWe conclude that higher temperatures during winter, if associated with sufficient food availability, can have a positive effect on the individual’s energy balance and somatic maintenance. These results suggest that winter food availability might be a crucial determinant for the survival of the garden dormouse in the context of ever-increasing environmental temperatures.

32 Food Security as a Predictor of Global Pediatric Postburn Mortality

Abstract Introduction Food security (FS) is defined as access to sufficient and nutritious food. Children are disproportionately affected by low FS. Globally, burns contribute to over 50% of the disability-adjusted life years lost among 0-14 year-old children. Given the significance of nutrition in postburn outcomes, we hypothesized that high FS would be predictive of decreased global postburn mortality in pediatric patients. Methods Publicly-available, deidentified datasets were obtained from the World Health Organization’s Global Burn Registry (GBR) and Corteva Agriculture’s Global FS Index (GFSI). The GFSI calculates a FS score annually from intergovernmental organization data reviewed by a panel of experts. FS score was reported on a scale from 0-100 with 100 indicating the highest FS. The GFSI also groups countries into “Good” (FS score ≥ 60) or “Moderate” (FS Score ≥ 40) FS environments (FSEs). Patients aged 0-19 years were included; after linking GBR and GFSI datasets, countries with < 100 patients were excluded. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were performed on data stratified by FSE. Multiple logistic regression controlling for %TBSA was used to predict mortality with FS score. All statistical analyses were conducted in R version 4.1.2. Results From 2016-2020, there were 2,246 cases over nine countries: Peru (n=839, 37.4%), Tanzania (n=290, 12.9%), India (n=225, 10.0%), Nigeria (n=195, 8.7%), Pakistan (n=181, 8.1%), Kenya (n=166, 7.4%), Nepal (n=145, 6.5%), South Africa (n=105, 4.7%), and Mexico (n=100, 4.5%). Median age was 3.0 [IQR 2.0, 7.0] years with 42.7% female. Median %TBSA was 15.0 [IQR 5.0, 25.0]%. Most injuries were by hot liquid, steam, or gas (n=1,457, 64.9%) followed by flame (n=560, 24.9%). There were 259 deaths (11.5%). Stratified by FSE, 939 cases occurred in “Good” and 1,307 in “Moderate” FSE countries. More flame injuries occurred in Moderate (n=373, 28.5%) vs. Good (187, 19.9%, p< 0.001) FSEs while more hot liquid, steam, or gas injuries occurred in Good (n=688, 73.3%) vs. Moderate (n=769, 58.8%, p< 0.001) FSEs. Mortality was higher in Moderate (n=245, 18.7%) vs. Good (n=14, 1.5%, p< 0.001) FSEs. Regression analysis controlling for %TBSA showed increased FS score was associated with decreased odds of pediatric postburn mortality [multivariable OR 0.77 (95%CI 0.72-0.81), p< 0.001]. Additionally, urban vs. rural patient residence was associated with decreased odds of postburn mortality [multivariable OR 0.36 (95%CI 0.16-0.85), p=0.015]. Conclusions Our study shows that increasing FS score was associated with decreased odds of pediatric postburn mortality. Additionally, mortality and flame injuries were higher in Moderate vs. Good FSE-grouped countries. International efforts to increase FS may improve survival in pediatric burn patients. Applicability of Research to Practice Improving food security is an actionable item that may improve pediatric postburn outcomes regardless of the country’s FSE-grouping.

Physicochemical as Well Biological Parameters of Waste Water of the Last Chamber of the Septic Tank is Advocacy to the Hypothesis - ‘A New Ecosystem of Aedes SP. Mosquito’: A Survey and Observations

Aedes sp. Mosquito a global life threatening insect,“it bred and develop in the clean and clear water”, is an widely accepted theory regarding the life cycle of this vector.
 To establish the Hypothesis: of the present Study, ‘A NEW ECOSYSTEM OF Aedes sp. MOSQUITO’, analysis of Physicochemical and Biological parameters of Septik Tank water have been carried out at different laboratories.Total 5 nos of waste water samples have been collected and analyzed accordingly. Significant and interesting results have come out like,pH:8- 8.5, Nitrate: Below Detection Level, DO:0.7 - 1.0 (mg/L) etc.
 *Besides, Light intensity (LUX) of the covered tank is 00 so it is an APHOTIC ZONE. 
 There is no trace of light and Nitrate in the water, so no problem of Eutrophication, no algal flora have been reported.
 *It is highly helpful for easy movement for the larva and pupa of the mosquito.
 * Bacterial Floral load is excessive high [Total Coliform -255 x 102 CFU).
 * So the water is enriched with sufficient nutrition and food materials for their development.
 Only but the important factor i.e. D.O.: - 0.85 mg/L, is in danger and toxic level for a normal aquatic creature, but this HYPOXIC CONDITION is not at all any problem for larva and pupa of Mosquito (Aedes. Sp.). Because they consume aerial Oxygen from the upper surface of the water with their SIPHON and TRUMP as an adaptive measure of their life cycle.
 From the above survey and observations an inference can be drawn that highly adaptive Aedes sp. mosquitoes are successfully growing in the so called dirty but nutrition enriched water of Septic Tank
 There is a strong interaction between Aedes sp .and Septic Tank. Aedes sp. also performing the role of entomological vector silently and creating a severe community health problem all over the world.

Insight into the Sustainability of the Mediterranean Diet: The Water Footprint of the Recommended Italian Diet

At present, as we face climate change and natural resource scarcity, one of the major challenges linking humans and the environment is to ensure sufficient, nutritious, safe, and affordable food for a rapidly growing world population. In a nutshell, “feed the world without destroying it”. The water footprint (WF), i.e., the withdrawals of fresh water necessary to produce one kilogram of food product, is one of the key indicators of the environmental impact of diets. In this work, the WF of the food patterns suggested by the Italian Food Based Dietary Guidelines, considered a model of the Mediterranean Diet, was evaluated for the first time. The data reported here clearly demonstrate that the suggested Italian dietary patterns have a low WF, the reduction of which by replacing animal foods with plant foods is limited because the suggested consumption of meat is already low. Consumer choice in the consumption of specific products within a food group could further reduce the WF of the diet, underlining the need to provide correct information not only to consumers but also to farmers and producers to encourage them to make water-saving choices.

Nutrition and Diet Challenges of our Global Food Ecosystem

According to the World Health Organization, a healthy diet is one that meets the nutritional needs of individuals by providing sufficient, safe, and diversified foods to maintain active life and reduce risks of disease [1]. Our planet’s food ecosystem is influenced by climate change, energy and water shortage, environment pollutants, shifting global population demographics, food safety, disease pandemics and various types of global conflicts. This food ecosystem is witnessing multiple, often interacting, nutrition global challenges.

Northernmost (Subarctic) and deepest record of Paleodictyon: paleoecological and biological implications

Paleodictyon is one of the most iconic and widespread of trace fossils in the geological record. However, modern examples are less well known and restricted to deep-sea settings at relatively low latitudes. Here, we report the distribution of Paleodictyon at six abyssal sites near the Aleutian Trench. This study reveals for the first time the presence of Paleodictyon at Subarctic latitudes (51°–53°N) and at depths over 4500 m, although the traces were not observed at stations deeper than 5000 m suggesting that there is some bathymetric constraint for the trace maker. Two small Paleodictyon morphotypes were recognized (average mesh size of 1.81 cm), one having a central hexagonal pattern, the other being characterized by a non-hexagonal pattern. Within the study area, Paleodictyon shows no apparent correlation with local environmental parameters. Finally, based on a worldwide morphological comparison, we conclude that the new Paleodictyon specimens represent distinct ichnospecies that are associated with the relatively eutrophic conditions in this region. Their smaller size may reflect this more eutrophic setting in which sufficient food can be obtained from a smaller area in order to satisfy the energetic requirements of the tracemakers. If so, then Paleodictyon size may provide some assistance when interpreting paleoenvironmental conditions.

Analisis Pengembangan Ekonomi Hijau dengan Basis Pertanian dengan Implementasi Maqashid Syariah di Sumatera Utara

North Sumatra is one of the provinces in Indonesia which has abundant natural resources. Due to the irreparable environmental damage that has occurred, several groups advocate and implement policies related to green economy, one of which is agriculture. To improve the health and productivity of agro-ecosystems organically and to provide sufficient, high-quality and long-lasting food and fiber supplies, organic farming systems are a comprehensive and integrated production approach. This study uses a literature review research method in a qualitative descriptive investigation. In an effort to advance its mission to promote environmentally friendly agriculture, the Ministry of Agriculture is currently researching and developing organic rice. One of them was developed in Deli Serdang by local farmers. Current trends show a shift in consumer tastes towards healthier choices. As a result of the existing challenges in obtaining public support, organic farming is still carried out on a small scale in the Deli Serdang area.Organic farming is a paradigm for advancing the overall goal of a green economy because organic farming is ecologically sound and financially profitable, and adheres to the economic principles of Maqasid Syariah.
 Keywords: Green Economy, Agriculture, Maqashid Sharia.

Inclusive diets within planetary boundaries

Inclusive diets within planetary boundaries

Adaptation of effective consortium bacteria for ammonia removal from domestic wastewater using moving bed biofilm reactor

Three effective microbes with the highest ammonia removal potential which are Burkholderia latens isolate NS2, Paenibacillus sp. isolate NB1 and Providencia rettgeri isolate PS were acclimatized with synthetic wastewater for 85 days (∼3 months) to achieve a stable and maximum removal of ammonia (NH3-N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from domestic wastewater. The objective of this paper is to investigate the adaptation of effective consortium bacteria for a low-cost technology of ammonia and COD removal. Synthetic wastewater was used as it provides sufficient food sources such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus for microbes growth. The process was carried out in a 60 L working volume of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) in a batch mode. Propylene hexafilter media was used as a surface attachment for microbes. Microbes attachment at the hexafilter media was observed increased although the aeration was maintained at low flowrate which is at 2.6 L/min. The initial value of ammonia fed into the reactor was 10 mg/L. The highest NH3-N removal percentage achieved was 96.5% with average effluent at 0.82 mg/L at day 75 in 24 h while the highest COD removal percentage achieved was 95.9% with average effluent at 39 mg/L at day 58 in 24 h. The bacteria consortium are considered flexible as it can adapt to low and high COD and able to remove NH3-N at room temperature. The SEM shows the presence of bacteria consortium on the hexafilter carrier. As conclusions, this finding indicates that consortium bacteria can treat domestic wastewater containing ammonia and COD to support the National Water Quality Standard.

Ultra-Processed Food, Reward System and Childhood Obesity.

Obesity and overweight are a major public health problem globally. Diet quality is critical for proper child development, and an unhealthy diet is a preventable risk factor for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as obesity. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in childhood may increase the BMI/BMI z-score, body fat percentage, or likelihood of overweight. A strict feeding regulation system allows for sufficient food to be consumed to meet ongoing metabolic demands while avoiding overconsumption. This narrative review explores the issues of obesity and the regulation of food intake related to reward systems and UPF consumption. Nutrient composition alone cannot explain the influence of UPFs on the risk of obesity. Furthermore, the non-nutritional properties of UPFs may explain the mechanisms underlying the relationship with obesity and NCDs. UPFs are designed to be highly palatable, appealing, and energy dense with a unique combination of the main taste enhancer ingredients to generate a strong rewarding stimulus and influence the circuits related to feeding facilitation. How individual UPF ingredients influence eating behavior and reward processes remains not fully elucidated. To increase the knowledge on the relationship between UPFs and pediatric obesity, it may be useful to limit the rapid growth in the prevalence of obesity and subsequent related complications, and to develop new strategies for appropriate food and nutrition policies.

Exploring the potential of agricultural system change as an integrated adaptation strategy for water and food security in the Indus basin

Water security and food security in the Indus basin are highly interlinked and subject to severe stresses. Irrigation water demands presently already exceed what the basin can sustainably provide, but per-capita food availability remains limited. Rapid population growth and climate change are projected to further intensify pressure on the interdependencies between water and food security. The agricultural system of the Indus basin must therefore change and adapt to be able to achieve the associated Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The development of robust policies to guide such changes requires a thorough understanding of the synergies and trade-offs that different strategies for agricultural development may have for water and food security. In this study, we defined three contrasting trajectories for agricultural system change based on a review of scientific literature on regional agricultural developments and a stakeholder consultation workshop. We assessed the consequences of these trajectories for water and food security with a spatially explicit modeling framework for two scenarios of climatic and socio-economic change over the period 1980–2080. Our results demonstrate that agricultural system changes can ensure per capita food production in the basin remains sufficient under population growth. However, such changes require additional irrigation water resources and may strongly aggravate water stress. Conversely, a shift to sustainable water management can reduce water stress but has the consequence that basin-level food self-sufficiency may not be feasible in future. This suggests that biophysical limits likely exist that prevent agricultural system changes to ensure both sufficient food production and improve water security in the Indus basin under strong population growth. Our study concludes that agricultural system changes are an important adaptation mechanism toward achieving water and food SDGs, but must be developed alongside other strategies that can mitigate its adverse trade-offs.

A Needs Assessment to Inform Research and Outreach Efforts for Sustainable Agricultural Practices and Food Production in the Western United States.

Increasing the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices can help maintain sufficient food production while reducing its environmental impact. To ensure this adoption, it is important to assess the research and training needs of those helping farmers and producers adopt sustainable agricultural practices. However, there is a gap in the literature related to the training needs of producers in the Western United States for sustainable agriculture. Needs assessments help organizations, such as the Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program and Cooperative Extension, to address the demonstrated needs of intended audiences. This study presents the results of a needs assessment with the objective of examining training needs and barriers to adoption to help direct extension programming for sustainable agricultural practices in the western region of the United States, to identify gaps, and to inform sustainable agriculture outreach programs. Using a modified Borich method with an inferential statistical method, the discrepancies between the level at which sustainable agricultural practice training competencies "should be addressed" and the level at which they were "currently being addressed" were examined. Competencies with the largest gaps included financial disparity, food waste, and policy/communicating with decision makers. The top three barriers to adopting sustainable agricultural practices included the potential for financial loss, perceived risk of adoption, and time investment associated with adoption. Results indicated that training needs varied and that these were not all on-farm training needs. The results imply that future funding from Western SARE and other groups looking to support sustainable agricultural food system efforts, may wish to focus on requesting proposals for programs that address these competency gaps and barriers in novel and supplementary ways in combination with existing programmatic efforts.

Analysis of the Evolution Characteristics and Impact Factors of Green Production Efficiency of Grain in China

Ensuring sufficient food production and guaranteeing the safety and quality of food are crucial aspects of food security, how to achieve the balance between food production efficiency and environmental protection is an urgent problem and challenge to be solved. This study introduced an assessment system for the green production efficiency of grain, and measured China’s green production efficiency of grain by using the slacks-based measurement (SBM) model, kernel density estimation, and Tobit regression model. The findings show the following: (1) From 2000 to 2019, China’s green production efficiency of grain showed an overall upward trend, while in different regions it was shrinking. The central region has the fastest growth rate, the western region and the northeast region have the same growth rate, and the eastern region has the slowest growth rate. (2) According to the kernel density estimation, China’s green production efficiency of grain increased year by year, and the national development was relatively balanced from 2000 to 2104. However, there are obvious regional differences from 2014 to 2019; the eastern and northeastern regions are relatively balanced, and the central and western regions have further expanded over time. (3) From the perspective of whole country, the regional financial support for agriculture and the urbanization rate have a significant positive impact on the green production efficiency of grain, while the crop disaster affected area and agricultural output value have a significant negative impact on green production efficiency. (4) From the regional perspective, the impact of different factors on the level of green production efficiency of grain varies.

Socio-ecological challenges and food security in the ‘salad bowl’ of Fiji, Sigatoka Valley

This article examines food security in the Sigatoka Valley, one of the most productive food regions in Fiji, in the context of recent socio-ecological challenges through a case study of Narewa village. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews (n = 25), a fixed question food insecurity experience survey (n = 25), and a free listing exercise about preferred and consumed foods (n = 24). Results revealed that while most households had access to sufficient food, the increased frequency and intensity of droughts, tropical cyclones, and flooding caused almost half to worry about meeting their future food needs. To date, a culture of sharing within the village has helped most households access food but this will likely be inadequate to meet future needs as climate change is projected to impact food production. Given that the foundation of food production in Narewa, like other villages in the valley, relies on the long-term viability of agricultural systems, better focus needs to be placed on the natural resources that form the backbone of these systems such as water availability, soil health, and slope stability and their resilience to anthropogenic and natural stressors. Efforts that focus on protecting and enhancing local ecosystems in light of expected future climate change, combined with greater attention on food storage and the use of resilient crops, and enhancing social cohesion and sharing networks are needed to avoid breaching tipping points in the food system.

Feeding of walleye pollock and its feeding base in the Chukchi Sea in summer-autumn period

Data on feeding of walleye pollock <i>Gadus chalcogrammus</i> (3–70 cm long) in the Chukchi Sea in summer-autumn of 2017–2020 are presented. The food base includes zooplankton, benthic invertebrates and fish. The juveniles in the northwestern part of the sea consumed 0.033 t/km2 of prey per day, mainly fish (30.9 %), mysids (20.1 %) and amphipods (13.9 %), whereas the portion of copepods and euphausiids was 5.0–7.6 % of the diet. In the southwestern part of the sea, the juveniles consumption was much higher, as 0.200 t/km2 of prey per day, and included mainly euphausiids and copepods (24.9–51.1%). The adults with length 40–70 cm long dominated in the southwestern Chukchi Sea and consumed on average 13.2 t/km2 of prey per day, shared between fish (42 %), euphausiids (20 %), copepods (6 %), and decapods (11 %). Composition and structure of plankton was different between the main water masses on the shelf occupied the northern and the southern parts of the sea. In the northwestern Chukchi Sea, zooplankton distributed with the mean spatial density of 56.3 t/km2, formed mostly by chaetognaths (35.3 t/km2) and copepods (12.6 t/km2). In the southwestern Chukchi Sea, the mean spatial density of zooplankton was 49.2 t/km2, mostly euphausiids (17.3 t/km2), chaetognaths (15.8 t/km2) and copepods (9.2 t/km2). The total density was close to the level observed in the 2000s, but slight decreasing in biomass of chaetognaths and copepods was observed, mainly due to the recent lack of cold-water species <i>Calanus glacialis</i>, whereas the biomass of euphausiids, in particularly <i>Thysanoessa inermis</i>, had almost doubled. Biomass of the main groups of zooplankton prevailing in the diet in the Chukchi Sea in summer-autumn, as copepods and euphausiids, exceeded daily consumption of these groups by walleye pollock in 6–11 times that may indicate a sufficient food supply for this species. Besides, walleye pollock dwelled at the sea bottom and fed on shrimps, gammarids, bottom polychaetes, echiurids, mollusks, and also bottom fish. Total fullness of the pollock stomachs was in the range of 218–228 ‱ that also suggested successful feeding.

Evaluation of Sustainable Digital Agriculture Marketing Using The AHP Method

The increasing world population is estimated to reach about 9.7 billion people by 2050. In this case, intensive good agricultural practices aimed at increasing productivity in agricultural production activities were targeted in order to reach sufficient basic food sources. Agricultural businesses that follow a sustainable agricultural policy will benefit greatly in achieving the level of economic, social and environmental sustainability in the future by using their resources effectively and efficiently. With the increase in yield techniques and good agricultural practices depending on the developments in agricultural technologies, the issue of digitalization will play an important role in the agriculture and marketing sectors. Efforts to solve the problems related to the agricultural sector will make important contributions in the field of sustainable digital agriculture and marketing. In this study, the alternatives related to the use of precision agricultural technologies, the use of digital platform and tools, the use of social media and digital marketing was evaluated by AHP method and it was understood that the use of precise agricultural technologies was in the first place. Keywords: digital agriculture, AHP, marketing, sustainable DOI: 10.7176/JMCR/89-04 Publication date: April 30 th 2023

Analysis of farmers’ refusal to participate in the Prima 3 Certification Program

Providing sufficient food, nutritious and safe to consume, is a must to improve the quality of human life. For this reason, the government has issued Prima-3 certification, which labels safe vegetables and fruit. This study aims to identify the causes of farmers’ refusal of the Prima-3 certification program. The research was conducted using a survey method in Nagari Banuhampu Tanah Datar Regency, and 30 farmers were asked about their opinions of Prima-3 certification. The data collected is further analyzed in quantitative descriptive analysis and presented as tabulation and narrative. The results showed that the farmer’s main reason for refusing in Prima-3 certification program is that Prima-3 certified farmers require more labour than conventional farming. At the same time, the products have the same selling price. For social reasons, smallholders do not get permission from the landowner to participate in the program. This reason is specifically for smallholders only. Even though farmers currently refuse to join in the Prima-3 certification, they still have a high intention to participate in the future if there is a guarantee that the price of certified products is better than non-certified products. While the intention of farmers in the future to follow this program is high value if farmers get a better or higher guaranteed price.

Peningkatan Kesehatan Masyarakat Suku Arfak melalui Bakti Sosial di Kampung Kwau Papua Barat

Health services in Papua are still a serious problem that not all Papuan people cannot reach, especially people living in remote and mountainous areas. Kampung The purpose of this service activity is to provide free health check up and assess nutritional status in an effort to improve the health of the Arfak community in Kwau Village, West Papua Province. through health checks and body measurements. The number of patients receiving treatment was 85 people with an age range of 1-70 years, consisting of children to elderly patients. Our result showed most of the patients suffered from Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI) as many as 39 people, then stomach ulcers as many as 18 patients, muscle diseases and arthritis as many as 18 people. Other diseases, which amounted to 10 people, were relatively few suffered by the people of Kampung Kwau. In general, children in Kwau Village have good nutrition. There were three children who were categorized as very short. The sustainable use and management of local food by the Arfak traditional community in Kwau Village shows that the community has sufficient food security to meet optimal nutritional intake.