Sudden Power Research Articles

NTFS Data Tracker: Tracking file data history based on $LogFile

The $LogFile is a file system metafile that stores NTFS (New Technology File System) transaction data. It is used to restore the file system to its normal state in the event of a file system error, such as one caused by sudden power outages. The transaction data recorded in $LogFile contain changes in the metadata of files and directories in the $MFT. By analyzing it, all file operations performed in the file system during a specific period can be identified. Existing research on the $LogFile has focused on finding file-level events including create, delete, move and rename. Research has also been conducted on file data in $LogFile to acquire data location information (data runs) that is initially stored at the time of file creation, or to reconstruct only the final location information of the data. No research, however, has been conducted to date on tracking the entire history of changes in the file data. In this paper, we develop a technique that reproduces changes in the metadata within the $MFT on a file-by-file basis by using transaction data recorded in the $LogFile to overcome the limitations of existing research in the area. We use this technique to track all data on the history of a given file according to changes in it over time from its creation to deletion. An NTFS Data Tracker is also developed based on the results and various example use cases are discussed.

Evaluating Reliability of SSD-Based I/O Caches in Enterprise Storage Systems

I/O caching techniques are widely employed in enterprise storage systems in order to enhance performance of I/O intensive applications in large-scale data centers. Due to higher performance compared to <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Hard Disk Drives</i> (HDDs) and lower price and non-volatility compared to <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Dynamic Random-Access Memories</i> (DRAM), Flash-based <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Solid-State Drives</i> (SSDs) are used as a main media in the caching layer of storage systems. Although SSDs are known as non-volatile devices but recent studies have reported large number of data failures due to power outage in SSDs. To overcome the reliability implications of SSD-based I/O caching schemes, RAID-1 (mirrored) configuration is commonly used to avoid data loss due to uncommitted write operations. Such configuration, however, may still experience data loss in the cache layer due to correlated failures in SSDs. To our knowledge, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">none</i> of previous studies have investigated the reliability of SSD-based I/O caching schemes in enterprise storage systems. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis investigating the reliability of SSD-based I/O caching architectures used in enterprise storage systems under power failure and high-operating temperature. We explore variety of SSDs from top vendors and investigate the cache reliability in mirrored configuration. To this end, we first develop a physical fault injection and failure detection platform and then investigate the impact of workload dependent parameters on the reliability of I/O cache in the presence of two common failure types in data centers, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">power outage</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">high temperature</i> faults. We implement an I/O cache scheme using an open-source I/O cache module in Linux operating system. The experimental results obtained by conducting more than twenty thousand of physical fault injections on the implemented I/O cache with different write policies reveal that the failure rate of the I/O cache is significantly affected by workload dependent parameters. Our results show that unlike workload requests access pattern, the other workload dependent parameters such as request size, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Working Set Size</i> (WSS), and sequence of the accesses have considerable impact on the I/O cache failure rate. We observe a significant growth in the failure rate in the workloads by decreasing the size of the requests (by more than 14X). Furthermore, we observe that in addition to writes, the read accesses to the I/O cache are subjected to failure in presence of sudden power outage (the failure mainly occurs during promoting data to the cache). In addition, we observe that I/O cache experiences <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">no</i> data failure upon high temperature faults.

Complex dual-tree wavelet transform and unified power management based control architecture for hybrid wind power system

This study proposes a complex dual-tree wavelet transform (CDTWT) based control technique for a combined sensitive load, battery, and hybrid wind power system (HWPS) to improve the power quality (PQ). To make the system hybrid both DC-grid and AC-grid are connected through two parallel inverters and to circumvent the sudden power demand, it is connected to the main grid. The CDTWT based control technique easily decomposes the non-linear load current into different frequency levels and extracts the fundamental line frequency component for the computation of the actual active current component. In addition to that, to improve the power reliability (PR) and generate the desired current signals, a novel centralized control and power management (CCPM) approach is proposed. The generated reference current is used to coordinate both of the parallel inverters for offering synchronize power flow, regulate the voltage and frequency and offer regardless of switching operation, at both grid supporting and islanding conditions. The MATLAB/Simulink software is used to develop and test the proposed HWPS at different working modes as the failure of one inverter and the sudden addition of two wind turbines at grid-supporting mode and to show battery functionalities at islanding modes of operation. To justify the necessity of the proposed controller, the total harmonic distortion (THD), stability, and advancement of CDTWT results are also presented at different operating modes. From the test results, it is found that with the presence of 20.06% non-linear load current, the overall improvement percentage of inverter and grid current is 96%-97% and 99% respectively. In addition to that, the proposed technique takes only 0.04 s-0.05 s transition time. The above percentages are well within the prescribed limit of IEEE-1541 and IEEE 1547–2018 and are suggested for real-time complex microgrid operation.

Research on coordinated control strategy based on hybrid multi-terminal HVDC transmission network

Most of the control strategies of hybrid multi-terminal HVDC transmission technology consider frequency support, voltage control and power control, which ignore the influence of external parameter disturbance and power change. Aiming at the deficiencies of the above control strategies, this paper proposes a coordinated control strategy that can resist the external parameters to be disturbed and suppress the bus voltage to be fluctuated caused by the power mutation. Firstly, the control law function with passive characteristics is derived by using the system topology, and the optimal injection damping parameters can be selected by the bode diagram of the transfer function of the state variable, which proves that the traditional passivity-based control (PBC) strategy has certain anti-parameter disturbance ability. Secondly, considering that the traditional PBC strategy does not eliminate the influence of sudden external power changes on the AC bus voltage, the nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) is applied to the PBC strategy to realize real-time monitoring of disturbance variables. Meanwhile, the selection of appropriate observer gain can shorten the time of voltage fluctuation and improve its stability. Finally, simulation results based on Matlab/Simulink verify the practicability and effectiveness of the control method proposed in the hybrid multi-terminal HVDC grid.

A review on hybrid source energy management strategies for electric vehicle

Electric and hybrid electric vehicle technology demonstrates a performance to replace the internal combustion engines (ICE) in the current scenario. It attracts attention with improved fuel or energy efficiency with lower emissions. The overall system performance depends on powertrains, types of energy sources, electro-electronic interfaces, and energy management strategies (EMS). Significant issues of battery-powered electric vehicles (EV) are effects on the range, battery life, EV performance, battery maintenance, and replacement cost. Hybrid power source system (HPSS) solves EV challenges to a large extent. A hybrid combination of battery and supercapacitor (SC) to power the EV enhances the overall performance and life of the vehicle. Learning and integrated-based EMSs are gaining attention, with their ability in accurate and fast response in power handling among various sources. This paper analyses various DC-DC converter topologies of HPSS and compares multiple EMS with recent developments. In the context of challenges involved in EVs and research gaps that are discussed in the paper, EMSs need to be enhanced. The EMSs must consider the inputs for varying driving behaviors, road traffic, load, and environmental conditions to assure the flexibility of EV among different users across the globe. This is achieved by the management of SC power available to support the vehicle during sudden power requirements and enabling it to recuperate braking energy to improve the energy efficiency throughout the trip. Lastly, recommending precise research directions to achieve the development and improvement of the EMS and power electronic interfaces.

Pembelajaran Daring Dengan Metode Resitasi Dan Pemanfaatan Google Classroom Pada Pembelajaran IPS

&lt;em&gt;The covid-19 pandemic, which has infected some Indonesians, led to learning done by learning from home (BDR) method. This study aims to describe online learning by recital method and make use of google classroom in grade IX IPS learning at SMP negeri 2 Sendang. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods. In this design, the researchers described the phenomenon of the research object, gathered and informed information about the phenomenon of the research object, and reported it narratively about the information that had been found. The location of this research is SMP Negeri 2 Sendang located in Kedoyo Village, Sendang District, Tulungagung Regency. The data collection used in this study is a method of observation, interview, and documentation. The result of this study is that teachers are very capable of managing online classes, students respond positively to online learning, learning consists of five steps. Obstacles in learning are the limitations of student internet quota, stable student internet, and sudden power outages, the solutions include using wifi, waiting for PLN&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;electricity to turn on. Granting internet quota kemendikbud, prioritize 3G network&lt;/em&gt;

Numerical Simulation of Connected Flow in the Inlet and Outlet of the Pumping Storage Power Station

Pumping and storage power stations with different hydraulic units are simultaneously in power generation and pumping operation (same-in-one pumping operation) is an effective means to alleviate the adverse effects caused by the sudden power imbalance of the power grid and adapt to the emergency dispatching requirements of the power grid. In this mode of operation, the water flow in the different inlet and outlet ports is reversed, and water flow communication will be formed in the front pool. Aiming at the problem that the connected flow is difficult to measure in physical model test and prototype observation, a three-dimensional flow field numerical simulation is used to determine the flow connection path and orifice velocity distribution, and the area-weighted average method is used to obtain the connected flow calculation method for different paths. Taking the inlet and outlet of a pumped storage power station as an example, this method is used to analyze the flow rate of the orifice and its proportion. The results show that when the pumped storage power station is running in the same pumping operation, the flow rate of some orifices will exceed 80% of its total flow. It is easy to cause the cooling water of the unit to circulate between the hydraulic units and keep heating up, thus reducing the cooling effect of the unit.

Voltage Stability Analysis of an Interconnected Power System Considering Varied Output of Wind Power Plants

A sound power system must have voltage values at all buses that do not exceed the tolerance limit of ± 5% with small power losses. Voltage instability can be caused by interference or sudden power generation outage from the system. Indonesia's Southern Sulawesi power system has been interconnected with wind power plants located in Sidrap Regency and Jeneponto Regency. Wind speed energy used by wind power plants to generate electricity vary and not always constant. Hence, this can cause fluctuations and produce varied outputs that will affect the voltage profile and stability of the Southern Sulawesi interconnection system. Therefore, it is essential to assess the voltage stability of the Southern Sulawesi power system after the integration of Sidrap and Jeneponto WPPs. First, this study analyzes the voltage profile of the Southern Sulawesi interconnection system voltage after integrating the Sidrap wind power plants and Jeneponto Wind Power Plant during the peak day load and peak night load. Second, the study assesses the voltage stability with a varied output power of both Sidrap and Jeneponto Wind Power Plant. After integrating Sidrap and Jeneponto Wind Power Plants, the results showed that the voltage values at all system buses are stable and within the IEEE standard (between 0.95 p.u. and 1.05 p.u.). In addition, the voltages of the Southern Sulawesi power system with various outputs of both WPPs are still stable and within the IEEE standard.

E-H mode transitions and high-energy electron characteristics of helical antenna coupled plasma

Metastable and high-energy electron characteristics obtained from optical emission spectroscopy are used to analyze the dependence of the H mode on the magnetic field strength and discharge pressure. The results show that the H-mode characteristics gradually appears as the magnetic field strength is increased, the reason being that electrons undergo multiple acceleration-collision cycles at high magnetic field strength, thereby the metastable ionization will be increased. This improves energy utilization and making the H mode appearing. The variation in the density of metastable states and the Langmuir probe data shows that the electron energy distribution function evolves from non-Maxwellian to Maxwellian. The radial constraint of the magnetic field to the electrons and thus reduces the electron heating efficiency. Moreover, the increase in electric field strength with magnetic field leads to an increase in energy obtained by the electrons per unit distance. The competition between the two makes the number of high-energy electrons decrease rapidly first, and then increase slowly with magnetic field strength increasing. The turning point increases with the increase of discharge pressure and radio-frequency (RF) power. And the higher the pressure the lower the high-energy electron. For fields between 105.5 G and 212.7 G. In the H-mode regime, and with increasing RF power, the number of high-energy electrons will be sudden rise after experiencing a steady increase. The sudden rise RF power increase with magnetic field and decrease with discharge pressure increase. However, at high magnetic fields (>265 G) and high power (>450 W), the high-energy electron density decreases with power increasing.

Analisis Sistem Kerja UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) Power Scale 200 kVA Terminal Bandara PT. Angkasa Pura II (Persero)

The higher the level of electricity consumption, the PLN (State Power Plant) as a provider of electricity andas a national electricity energy manager has the obligation to meet the national electrical energy needswhich are increasingly increasing. In order to avoid an undesirable thing, the electricity network is cut off atthe airport terminal which can endanger the safety, comfort and safety of prospective airplane passengers.So, UPS is used as an alternative electrical energy supplier to anticipate sudden power outages whilewaiting for an emergency generator to be activated (emergenci diesel generator). This report focuses ondiscussing how long UPS can back up the Airport Terminal load without an emergency generator which isdone using the observation method in the field. The results of the observations in the field were found that byusing a UPS, namely: 3) The level of efficiency of the AC - AC UPS at the Airport Terminal is 95%, meaningthat the more power the source can provide by the Airport Terminal, this allows significant energy savings inevery work carried out at the airport, 5) The ability of the UPS to accommodate the transmitter system load,which is for 34.16 minutes, this time is more than enough to switch the power source to the generator set, 6)The UPS loads at the Airport Terminal by 60% (120 kVA is used from 200 kVA), more loads can still bedone, 7) UPS rating at the Airport Terminal has more power than the ideal UPS rating (oversizing UPS).This is done to get a longer runtime, if there are additional tools, and not all electronic devices are backedup by UPS.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Distributed placement of wind farms to minimize the impact of power fluctuations on the electric power system

The problem of the influence of power fluctuations of wind farms due to the variability of the wind speed on the electric power system is considered. With high wind energy penetration, an increase in the operating reserve in electric power systems is required to cover possible sudden power fluctuations. One of the ways to reduce the stochastic nature of the wind farms power generation is their geographically distributed location. A method is proposed for the selection of capacity and distributed placement of wind farms, taking into account the factor of the variability of the total generated power. In each of the prospective areas for wind farm placement, the simulation of electricity generation by a single wind turbine with hour-by-hour breakdown is carried out using the developed WindMCA software based on long-term ground-based weather stations data. Optimization of wind farms capacity and their distributed placement in areas is carried out using a genetic algorithm in the MATLAB environment. The target function is the coefficient of variation of the power generated by all wind farms in the areas under consideration, depending on the number of wind turbines therein. Power duration curves are used in the final comparison of wind farms siting options. The application of the method is carried out on the example of the wind farms placement in the Zabaykalsky Krai. A solution has been obtained that provides a minimum coefficient of variation of the wind farms generated power and a relatively high capacity utilization factor. With a distributed location of wind farms, the duration of the period with the maximum output is reduced, however, the duration of low power generation is significantly increased. With an increase in the number of wind farms connected to various nodes of the electric power system, a certain guaranteed level of power generation can be obtained, which, ultimately, will reduce the required amount of the reserve of generating capacities.

High-Performance Spintronic Nonvolatile Ternary Flip-Flop and Universal Shift Register

Multiple-valued logic (MVL) shows considerable advantages over binary logic in certain applications because of the increased informational content of its signals, and hence reduction in interconnects. Flip-flops (FFs) are the basic elements of many systems and are widely used in microprocessors due to their high performance. This article presents two spintronic ternary retention FFs, and a nonvolatile universal ternary shift register (NUTSR) based on gate-all-around carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (GAA-CNTFETs) and nonvolatile magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). In the proposed input-aware ternary retention FF circuit, power consumption is significantly reduced by adding a magnitude comparator (MC) circuit and preventing duplicate data transfer to MTJs. Simulation results indicate that our design offers at least 22%, 40%, and 15% reductions in power consumption, backup time, and restore energy, respectively. Moreover, it eliminates the risk of data loss in the event of a sudden power outage.

Comparison of artificial neural network models of categorized daily electric load

The efficient operation of power systems and future planning, electricity load forecast is very important. Load estimation is based on predicting future electric load by examining past conditions. Short-term load prediction plays a decisive role in the load sharing of power plants. It also allows to overcome shortcomings caused by sudden load increases and power plant losses. Weather conditions are effective in short-term electrical load estimation. Daily or hourly electricity consumption data is generally used for short-term load estimation. In this study, daily electrical energy consumption of Turkey in the four years of data were used. Short-term load prediction modeling has been carried out. In this modeling, past electrical load values and temperature values were used as input, and in order to increase the prediction accuracy, the characteristics of the days were categorized weekly and classified according to the seasons. Different Artificial Neural Network models have been created according to input data, weekly categorization, and season criteria. In the study, mean absolute percentage error values were calculated. Among the models developed with ANN, the best MAPE value was 2.51% and the worst MAPE value was 4.48%. When the season criterion is added, the MAPE value is more successful.

Modeling and Control of a Multiport Converter based EV Charging Station with PV and Battery

As an environmental friendly vehicle, the increasing number of electrical vehicles (EVs) leads to a pressing need of widely distributed charging stations, especially due to the limited on-board battery capacity. However, fast charging stations, especially super-fast charging stations may stress power grid with potential overload at peaking time, sudden power gap and voltage sag. This project discusses the implementation and modeling of space vector modulation to multiport converter based EV charging station integrated with PV power generation, and battery energy storage system. In this paper, the control scheme and combination of PV power generation, EV charging station, and battery energy storage (BES) provides improved stabilization including power gap balancing, peak shaving and valley filling, and voltage sag compensation. As a result, the influence on power grid is reduced due to the matching between daily charging demand and adequate daytime PV generation. Simulation results are presented to confirm the benefits at different modes of this proposed multiport EV charging circuits with the PV-BES configuration with SVM technique. Furthermore, SiC devices are employed to the EV charging station to further improve the efficiency.

Accessing the current limits in lithium ion batteries: Analysis of propensity for unexpected power loss as a function of depth of discharge, temperature and pulse duration

The maximum extractable power from lithium-ion batteries is a crucial performance metric both in terms of safety assessment and to plan prudent corrective action to avoid sudden power loss/shutdown. However, precise estimation of state of power remains a challenge because of the highly non-linear behaviour of batteries that are further aggravated at extremities of temperature as well as battery state of charge. To address this issue, we present the current limit estimate (CLE), which is determined using a robust electrochemical-thermal reduced order model, as a function of the pulse duration, depth of discharge, pre-set voltage cut-off and importantly the temperature. The CLE calculated from the model is experimentally validated using commercial mobile phone cells. With cell temperatures varying from 0 °C to 65 °C and full range of depths of discharge, the model gives a prediction accuracy of more than 98%. The model is computationally efficient and compact enough to be implemented on battery management systems for on-board, real time state of power estimation. Further, key insights on what limits power capability of a battery are drawn through an analysis of contributions of different kinetic and transport processes to the cell resistance as a function of temperature and depth of discharge.

A Crash Recovery Scheme for a Hybrid Mapping FTL in NAND Flash Storage Devices

An FTL (flash translation layer), which most flash storage devices are equipped with, needs to guarantee the consistency of modified metadata from a sudden power failure. This crash recovery scheme significantly affects the writing performance of a flash storage device during its normal operation, as well as its reliability and recovery performance; therefore, it is desirable to make the crash recovery scheme efficient. Despite the practical importance of a crash recovery scheme in an FTL, few works exist that deal with the crash recovery issue in FTL in a comprehensive manner. This study proposed a novel crash recovery scheme called FastCheck for a hybrid mapping FTL called Fully Associative Sector Translation (FAST). FastCheck can efficiently secure the newly generated address-mapping information using periodic checkpoints, and at the same time, leverages the characteristics of an FAST FTL, where the log blocks in a log area are used in a round-robin way. Thus, it provides two major advantages over the existing FTL recovery schemes: one is having a low logging overhead during normal operations in the FTL and the other to have a fast recovery time in an environment where the log provisioning rate is relatively high, e.g., over 20%, and the flash memory capacity is very large, e.g., 32 GB or 64 GB.

Architecture design and performance analysis of a hybrid hydrogen fuel cell system for unmanned aerial vehicle

The flight endurance of UAV systems is an important issue that restricts the operational capabilities. Thus, different energy systems and alternative onboard energy generation systems have been tested for the UAVs. Within these systems, fuel cells provide high energy density that can increase flight endurance greatly. In this study, a PEM fuel cell – Li-Po battery hybrid system has been developed by evaluating three architecture models. In the guide of the experimental power demand data of a fixed-wing UAV, modeling and testing procedures were performed. Battery voltage and fuel cell current variations observed during the ground tests were evaluated. It has been observed that approximately 160–170 W of the 250 W power is met by the fuel cell since no preconditioning has been applied and the temperature values at which the fuel cell exhibits its optimum performance. In the case where the fuel cell could provide 7.8 An under conditions where the humidification effects were not included in the model, the required current was over 7.8 A between approximately 400-1200 s. The fuel cell and battery behavior in response to the sudden power changes and to the uncertainties corresponding to the changes in the motor power during the flight are also detailed.

Adaptive predictive control for peripheral equipment management to enhance energy efficiency in smart manufacturing systems

The importance of implementing energy efficiency methodologies in industrial environments has increased considerably in the last decade given the high energy costs and environmental impact (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions). This paper proposes a methodology to improve the energy efficiency of an industrial machine, without sacrificing either production or quality, using an adaptive predictive controller based on dynamic energy models that manages peripheral devices to activate/deactivate them at the proper times. The proposed adaptive mechanism aggregates robustness to the control system in industrial environments, which experiment constantly changes related to equipment degradation and that affect their energy consumption profile over time. Thus, this novel adaptive mechanism automatically updates the energy model to minimize the error between prediction and real energy consumption, including new energy behavior resulting from machine degradation. This methodology has been validated via a testbed and its performance was compared with rule-based control, which is the most widely used control strategy in industry. The energy efficiency of both approaches was evaluated using performance indicators, which show the effectiveness of the proposed control approach, highlighting remarkable improvements in reducing both energy consumption (about 2%) and sudden power peaks (more than 11%).

Feedback Linearization Control of Converters With LCL Filter for Weak AC Grid Integration

This paper investigates the design and analysis of a robust nonlinear controller for voltage source converters (VSCs) connected to weak AC grids. Feedback linearization method is used to develop the control inputs that regulate the active power and output voltage of the grid-connected converter. The frequency-domain model of an LCL filter in dq-frame is used to develop the nonlinear control blocks for small-signal stability analysis. Impact of phase-locked loop (PLL) is added to the control block through feedforward loops. It is shown that unlike vector controlled converters, the proposed controller is not negatively affected by the PLL gains and a broader range of operation is achieved. In addition, the designed controller is robust against sudden active power commands from 0 to 1 p.u., and is capable of fault ride through when AC grid is very weak. The robustness of the proposed controller is evaluated using eigenvalue analysis of the linearized closed-loop model and time-domain simulations of a grid-connected VSC in various cases.

Polyaniline integration and interrogation on carbon nano-onions empowered supercapacitors

The clean energy storage and fast delivery during the demand for sudden power applications encourage us to synthesize highly graphitic carbon nano-onions (CNOs) using a simple, one-step synthesis protocol. The as-synthesized CNOs demonstrate an excellent electrochemical property without employing any post-synthesis harsh chemical treatments and purifications. The integration of CNOs with the polyaniline (PANI) by the in-situ oxidative polymerization of the aniline monomer shows noticeable enhancement in the PANI's overall electrochemical performance. PANI/CNO heterostructure exhibits a maximum deliverable specific capacitance of 196 F g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1. Notably, the energy and power densities also show enhancement for the heterostructure. In the hybrid heterostructure, CNO effectively improves the electronic conductivity, lessens the PANI fibers' agglomeration, and generates a larger active surface for the electrolytic ion interactions. Simultaneous contribution and synergistic effect from the CNO and the PANI lead to the co-existence of both electric double layer and pseudocapacitive specific capacitance in the nanocomposite. Favorable mesoporous structure with uneven surface contributed by incorporating CNOs results in enhanced wettability and shorter ion diffusion path in the PANI/CNO electrode. The successful integration of CNO into PANI augmented the capacitive performance of the device effectively.