Sudden Temperature Changes Research Articles

A case of acute renal failure requiring emergency hemodialysis due to hypothermia-associated rhabdomyolysis

Hypothermia is described as a decrease in body temperature below 35 °C. Although the body reacts neuroendocrinally, behaviourally, and cardiovascularly against sudden changes in temperature, uncontrolled hypothermia can lead to severe complications such as rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, coma, coagulopathy, malignant cardiac arrhythmia, and cardiac collapse. Herein, we aimed to emphasize hypothermia, its serious complications such as rhabdomyolysis and related acute kidney injury in a 60-year-old male patient exposed to environmental cold.

An E-Ornament for Women to Escape the Effects of Date Rape Drugs

India is a developing country which had shown several successful faces in various fields. Though there is a good rate of social, economic and political development in our country on one hand, the amount of violence, crimes and illegal activities are increasing on the other hand. With regard to this, a survey of National Crime Records Bureau had stated that the fourth most common crime in our country is Sexual Assault. To ensnare the victims of sexual assault, women trafficking, robbery and other crimes related to women, criminals most probably uses date rape drugs. In this paper, we had put forth an idea of developing an Electronic Band which would be help for automatic indication and earlier rescue of the victim. This E-ORNAMENT is fitted with system interfaced with sensors which keeps an eye on the body conditions of women wearing the band. When there is a sudden change in usual pulse rate, body temperature and activity state of the victim, an automatic message of changes noticed in the body conditions along with the location of the victim is generated from the e-band and sent to her family or friends such that they can ensure with the victim about her safety (or) In case of no response received from her, they can rescue the victim as soon as possible. We hereby use tools such as Microcontroller, Pulse Rate Monitoring Sensor, Temperature Sensor and Panic safety button.

Risk insurance of agricultural enterprises

The paper is devoted to the interpretation and analysis of risk insurance of agricultural enterprises. Agricultural insurance is one of the most specific types of insurance, because a huge number of natural factors and emergencies (drought, floods, sudden changes in air temperature, humidity, and insect pests) are constant and inevitable risks of any agriculture. They cause considerable financial losses, and therefore such a sector of the economy must find reliable opportunities to protect against them. One of the risky types of insurance is agricultural risk insurance. This type of insurance is an important means of reducing the degree of risk in agriculture. The paper considers the peculiarities of the functioning of the agricultural segment of the insurance market in foreign countries. The possibility of attracting and adapting foreign experience of state financial support to the insurance market of Ukraine within the framework of basic insurance models is determined. The purpose of the study is to study and generalize risks in insurance, insurance models, foreign experience in agricultural production, development of recommendations for improving insurance operations for public financial support in the agricultural sector of Ukraine, taking into account foreign experience. Risk in agriculture is seen as a threat or possibility to deviate from the expected results of activities or decisions made from the planned ones. The paper also considers the experience of working with foreign countries on this issue. The purpose of the paper is to study the theoretical aspects of risk insurance that arise in the implementation of business activities in agriculture, justification of ways to improve the legislative and financial influence of the state in this process. The purpose of state assistance is to develop insurance infrastructure, standardize insurance conditions, reduce the cost of insurance products for agricultural users and improve the quality of insurance products. So, the main task for insurers of Ukraine is to gain and maintain a decent reputation and provide effective insurance services. Today, the state is trying to improve and stabilize the situation in the agricultural sector, for example, it involves the practice of providing state support in insurance of agricultural products (providing from the state budget to agricultural producers in the form of subsidies to reimburse part of the insurance payment actually paid for them).

Recent advances in plant thermomemory.

This review summarizes the process of thermal acquired tolerance in plants and the knowledge gap compared to systemic acquired resistance that a plant shows after pathogen inoculation. Plants are continuously challenged by several biotic stresses such as pests and pathogens, or abiotic stresses like high light, UV radiation, drought, salt, and very high or low temperature. Interestingly, for most stresses, prior exposure makes plants more tolerant during the subsequent exposures, which is often referred to as acclimatization. Research of the last two decades reveals that the memory of most of the stresses is associated with epigenetic changes. Heat stress causes damage to membrane proteins, denaturation and inactivation of various enzymes, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species leading to cell injury and death. Plants are equipped with thermosensors that can recognize certain specific changes and activate protection machinery. Phytochrome and calcium signaling play critical roles in sensing sudden changes in temperature and activate cascades of signaling, leading to the production of heat shock proteins (HSPs) that keep protein-unfolding under control. Heat shock factors (HSFs) are the transcription factors that read the activation of thermosensors and induce the expression of HSPs. Epigenetic modifications of HSFs are likely to be the key component of thermal acquired tolerance (TAT). Despite the advances in understanding the process of thermomemory generation, it is not known whether plants are equipped with systemic activation thermal protection, as happens in the form of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) upon pathogen infection. This review describes the recent advances in the understanding of thermomemory development in plants and the knowledge gap in comparison with SAR.

INFLUÊNCIA DA INCORPORAÇÃO DE VINHAÇA NAS PROPRIEDADES DE COMPÓSITOS CIMENTÍCIOS NO ESTADO FRESCO

Tension and compression stresses are introduced in the concrete when Portland Cement are used in large volumes, inducing pathologies such as micro-cracks related to sudden changes in temperature. Sucrose is used as a cement hydration retarding additive and produce good results. In this sense, vinasse is a source of sucrose still little explored. Vinasse is a by-product of the sugar and alcohol industry, produced in large volumes, making it very attractive in this application. This study investigates the influence of vinasse on hydration in cement pastes. The total reducing sugars (TRS) and total soluble sugars (AST) as well as the sucrose present in vinasse was determined through Fehling method. The amount of 25%, 50% and 100% of vinasse were used to substitute water in cement pastes composition. The consistency, initial and final setting time and thermal variation during hydration of pastes were. The results show that the lower amount of substitution (25%) leads to an increase in the initial and final setting time, while larger amounts did not cause the same benefits. The calorimetry test confirmed the results obtained by the setting time test, showing less heat of hydration of the paste with 25% substitution of water for vinasse.

A compact QCL spectrometer for mobile, high-precision methane sensing aboard drones

Abstract. A compact and lightweight mid-infrared laser absorption spectrometer has been developed as a mobile sensing platform for high-precision atmospheric methane measurements aboard small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The instrument leverages two recent innovations: a novel segmented circular multipass cell (SC-MPC) design and a power-efficient, low-noise, intermittent continuous-wave (icw) laser driving approach. A system-on-chip hardware control and data acquisition system enables energy-efficient and fully autonomous operation. The integrated spectrometer weighs 2.1 kg (including battery) and consumes 18 W of electrical power, making it ideally suited for airborne monitoring applications. Under stable laboratory conditions, the device achieves a precision (1σ) of 1.1 ppb within 1 s and 0.1 ppb CH4 at 100 s averaging time. Detailed investigations were performed to identify and quantify the effects of various environmental factors, such as sudden changes in pressure, temperature, and mechanical vibrations, which commonly influence UAV-mounted sensors. The instrument was also deployed in two feasibility field studies: an artificial methane release experiment and a study on vertical profiles in the planetary boundary layer. In both cases, the spectrometer demonstrated its airborne capability of capturing subtle and/or sudden changes in atmospheric CH4 mole fractions and providing real-time data at 1 s time resolution.

Numerical Analysis of Temperature Influence on Transverse Cracks in Concrete Box-Girder Bridges

Concrete box-girder bridges are widely used in China. During several routine inspections of two-year-old highway bridges of this type in the China Central Plains region, we found that transverse cracks are widespread on the bottom flanges of those box girders, mainly distributed in the area of 1/4L to 3/4L of the span. Selected cracks were then monitored continuously for one year. Our results showed that there had been no change in the widths of the cracks, but their lengths had increased and new cracks had formed. Taking into consideration factors like hydration reaction, relative humidity difference, shrinkage and creep, sunlight thermal differential effect, sudden temperature change, vehicle load, and their combined efforts, we have developed spatial structural models and conducted stress analyses on the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete box-girder bridges, respectively. Our numerical analysis results indicated that the hydration reaction is the main reason for the initial bottom flange crack and the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the box girders caused the crack developments at the later stage.

Chemically Robust Antifog Nanocoating through Multilayer Deposition of Silica Composite Nanofilms.

A coating must remain intact to perform its inherent functions on a surface, and often functional organic coatings fail due to deterioration because of their intrinsic vulnerabilities. In this work, we present a biomimetic material based on a glass sponge to provide a robust silica composite nanocoating with an antifog effect. The silica composite nanocoating was constructed with a binary film structure consisting of (1) a Fe(III)-tannic acid (TA) nanofilm for adhesion to coat the substrates and (2) a SiO2 layer to enhance the durability of the coating. Due to the universal coating property of Fe(III)-TA nanofilms, we demonstrated that the silica composite nanocoating was effective regardless of the substrate. By layer-by-layer assembly of the silica composite, it is possible to precisely control the nanocoating thickness. The superhydrophilic nature of the SiO2 layer showed an exceptional antifog effect that remained intact against multiple deteriorative conditions, including acid treatment, peroxide degradation, sudden temperature change, severe heat conduction, and oil contamination. In addition, the silica composite nanocoating is scalable for surfaces of different shapes and sizes with the aid of a spray-assisted deposition technique. The bioinspired, multicomposite nanocoating strategy herein contributes to the improvement of organic coatings for uses in applications to tackle current technological problems.

Effects of puzzolanic materials in surface paste disposal by pilot-scale tests: observation of physical changes

There are only a few pilot schemes, especially among scientific studies carried out to solve numerous environmental and ecological problems created by water during tailing storage on the surface. It is extremely important to establish precautions that can be taken, especially in the tailing storage process by examining the physical, chemical, mineralogical, and geotechnical changes that develop due to the effect of moisture in the tailing and surface water. In this study, 2 different pilot-scale designs of storage with no additions (reference) and with binder additions (cement and fly ash) to some layers were observed in field conditions for about 1 year to determine the effects of seasonal changes on paste material. The results of the measurements revealed that the water content of the reference design was ~ 10% higher than that of the design with cement addition at the substrates that provide stability and sudden temperature changes at the top layer of the reference design was found to be ~ 35 °C. Maximum sudden temperature changes in layers with cement addition and layers with cement and fly ash addition were observed to be ~ 15 °C. As a result, the use of cement has made the material more resistant to external factors. However, the study also revealed that fly ash could be used instead of cement with a substitute rate of 50% to reduce the cost for long-term storage in terms of industrial applications.

Prediction of failures in steam boiler using quantification of residual stresses

The paper presents an analysis of the causes of an accident that occurred in the steam boiler during operation as aresult of the failure of the control system and subsequent uncontrolled operation of the steam boiler for several hours. After shutdown of the boiler, cracks were identified in many places of the piping system of the boiler and in one place the pipeline was completely destroyed. Analysis of the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the material and quantification of residual stresses by the hole drilling method were performed to assess possible causes of the failure of the steam boiler piping system. The effect of sudden temperature change on the failure of a piping system was performed by the finite element method. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the temperature change in the piping system cannot be considered the main cause of the pipe system failure and that the accident did not occur only due to the failure of several protective mechanisms of the system. High levels of residual stress quantified at the site of the breach were found to be the most important cause of the failure.

Deformation and stress in hydrothermal regions: The case of a disk-shaped inclusion in a half-space

Hydrothermal regions are affected by a wide variety of phenomena, including ground inflation and deflation episodes. Among them, calderas offer the opportunity to study the complex interactions between magmatic processes at depth and permeable rocks saturated with fluids in the upper sedimentary layers. One of such regions is the Campi Flegrei caldera in southern Italy, where several source models have been applied over the years to reproduce the ground displacement and seismicity observed during the most recent phase of major unrest (1982–1984). The present work aims at introducing a new source model consisting of a thermo-poro-elastic inclusion embedded in a homogeneous poroelastic half-space. The inclusion is meant to represent a permeable rock layer stressed and strained by hot and pressurized volatiles released upward by an underlying magmatic reservoir and is modeled as a thin horizontal disk inside which a sudden change of temperature and pore pressure occurs. We provide semi-analytical solutions for the displacement and stress fields both within and outside the source and check them by comparison with those obtained through a fully numerical approach. Results provided by our model are compared with two other deformation source models often used to describe volcanic environments in terms of pressurized cavities describing a spherical magma chamber (Mogi source) or a sill-like magma intrusion (Fialko source). For the Campi Flegrei 1982–84 unrest, our model provides a better reproduction of ground deformation data and manages to explain the widespread presence of compressive focal mechanisms, since the stress field promoted both inside and outside the thermo-poro-elastic inclusion is very different from pressurized cavities.

Intensified impacts on mortality due to compound winter extremes in the Czech Republic

Although impacts of extremely cold temperatures on human health have been widely studied, adverse effects of other extreme weather phenomena have so far received much less attention. We employed a high-quality long-term mortality time series (1982–2017) to evaluate impacts of extreme winter weather in the Czech Republic. We aimed to clarify whether compound events of extreme weather cause larger impacts on mortality than do each type of extreme if evaluated individually. Using daily data from the E-OBS and ERA5 datasets, we analyzed 9 types of extreme events: extreme wind gust, precipitation, snowfall, and sudden temperature and pressure changes. Relative mortality deviations from the adjusted baseline were used to estimate the immediate effect of the selected extreme events on excess mortality. The impact was adjusted for the effect of extreme cold.Extreme events associated with sudden rise of minimum temperature and pressure drops had generally significant impact on excess mortality (3.7% and 1.4% increase). The impacts were even more pronounced if these events occurred simultaneously or were compounded with other types of extremes, such as heavy precipitation, snowfall, maximum temperature rise, and their combinations (increase as great as 14.4%). Effects of some compound events were significant even for combinations of extremes having no significant impact on mortality when evaluated separately. On the other hand, a “protective” effect of pressure increases reduced the risk for its compound events. Meteorological patterns during extreme events linked to excess mortality indicate passage of a low-pressure system northerly from the study domain. We identified extreme winter weather events other than cold temperatures with significant impact on excess mortality. Our results suggest that occurrence of compound extreme events strengthen the impacts on mortality and therefore analysis of multiple meteorological parameters is a useful approach in defining adverse weather conditions.

Evaluation of the performance of radioprotection ionization chambers used in radiometric survey of radiology clinical systems

Introduction: The discovery of ionizing radiation and its application in medicine was an important advance for society due to the various possibilities of use for treatment and diagnosis of diseases. On the other hand, the knowledge about the damages caused by the biological effects of the ionizing radiation, requires a continuous improvement of the quality control in diagnostic radiology. Radiation detectors are equipment used to measure the levels of radiation emitted by sources, be they natural or artificial. Among the most commonly used detectors are ionization chambers (IC). During transport for clinical routine use, sudden changes in temperature and humidity may affect the behavior of these detectors at the time of measurement. For the equipment to recompose its stability, it is necessary a time that is often incompatible with the free time available for the tests. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of an ionization chamber used in radioprotection measurements in diagnostic radiology, considering the climatic variations in the different regions of Brazil[1]. For that, a system of air conditioning was developed to simulate the environmental situations found for the parameters of temperature and humidity at the moment of the clinical measurements, making possible to estimate the influence of these factors in the obtained values.Methods: Before submitting the IC to the proposed climatic tests, the dosimetric system composed of an ionization chamber for radioprotection (Radcal®, 10x15 - 1800) and electrometer (Radcal® 9015) was calibrated in the instrument calibration laboratory of the Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (LCI-IPEN), in the ISO N series radiation qualities[2,3]. In order to evaluate the behavior of the detector in different environmental conditions, a system of air conditioning was constructed, which allows the control of humidity and temperature in an acrylic box with dimensions appropriate to the test, and a control source of 90Sr + 90Y [PTW® , model 8921, 33MBq (1994)] for the irradiation of IC. The IC was then positioned within the acclimatization chamber for 15 minutes for stabilization according to the manufacturer's manual. A series of measurements was made with the source of the check to analyze the behavior of the CI with the typical environmental conditions of the city of Manaus, capital of Amazonas state that is located in the north of Brazil.Conclusions: Preliminary results indicate an increase in the accumulated dose values obtained with the ionization chamber due to increase in temperature. The humidity parameter interfered in the background value measured by the ionization chamber and after the test, the ionization chamber showed a significant current leakage. Determining the influence of environmental factors is not an easy task, but it is fundamental to the reliability of measurement and optimization of quality control. The methodology proposed in this work pointed to a repeatable character, allowing the simulation of environmental tests for the parameters of humidity and temperature of several models of ionization chambers.

Triggering factors in non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage

BackgroundIn ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage, there are known preceding triggering events that predispose to the stroke by, for example, abruptly raising blood pressure. We explored, whether triggering events can be identified in non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). MethodsWe used structured questionnaires to interview consented patients with ICH treated in a tertiary teaching hospital, between 2014 and 2016. We asked of possible trigger factors, including Valsalva-inducing activity, heavy physical exertion, sexual activity, abrupt change in position, a heavy meal, a sudden change in temperature, exposure to traffic jam, and the combination of the first three (any physical trigger) during the hazard period of 0–2 h prior to ICH. The ratio of the reported trigger during the hazard period was compared to the same 2-h period the previous day (control period) to calculate the relative risks for each factor (case-crossover design). ResultsOf our 216 consented ICH patients, 97 (35.0%) could be interviewed for trigger questions. Reasons for not able to provide consistent and reliable responses included lowered level of consciousness, delirium, impaired memory, and aphasia. None of the studied possible triggers alone were more frequent during the hazard period compared to the control period. However, when all physical triggers were combined, we found an association with the triggering event and onset of ICH (risk ratio 1.32, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.73). ConclusionsObtaining reliable information on the preceding events before ICH onset was challenging. However, we found that physical triggers as a group were associated with the onset of ICH.

Моделирование температурных напряжений в фундаментных плитах здания

Computer modeling of the thermal stress state of a concrete foundation slab of an educational institution building is considered. To simulate the thermal stress state, the specialized Midas Fea software package is used. The actual tensile stresses in concrete are compared with the maximum allowable values taking into account the equivalent age. It was established that the likelihood of cracking due to sudden changes in temperature is high, which entails the likelihood of destructive processes in concrete. Based on the calculations and modeling of temperature processes in concrete, it is proposed to use surface thermal insulation or to reduce the initial temperature of the concrete mixture in order to reduce the heat transfer rate of the concrete surface.

Impact of short-term thermal experience on thermal sensation: A case study of Chongqing, China

Sudden changes in outdoor air temperature within the time scale of several days can affect human thermal comfort demand. Although the influence of short-term thermal experience on the thermal sensation (STEI) in one season (e.g., in summer) has been focused on, the differences of this effect in different seasons have rarely been studied. In this study, to investigate the regularity of the difference, a follow-up field survey was conducted from July 2019 to January 2020 in Chongqing, China. The results show that when outdoor air temperature suddenly rises, the STEI is higher in summer than that in autumn (approximately 0.14 scales) when the indoor air temperature is 28–30 °C. When the indoor air temperature is 24–27 °C, no significant difference was observed. In addition, the STEI is higher in autumn than that in summer (approximately 0.09 scales) when the outdoor air temperature suddenly decreases, and when the STD is −1 °C, the impact of short-term thermal experience on the body in autumn is less than that in winter, by approximately 0.04 scales. The effect can cause a variation of approximately 0.28–0.84 °C in the body's neutral temperature, with a maximum of 1.3 °C based on Griffiths method (G = 0.356/K).

Application of Low-Cost Electrochemical Sensors to Aqueous Systems to Allow Automated Determination of NH3 and H2S in Water.

Usage of commercially available electrochemical gas sensors is currently limited by both the working range of the sensor with respect to temperature and humidity and the spikes in sensor response caused by sudden changes in temperature or humidity. Using a thermostatically controlled chamber, the sensor response of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide sensors was studied under extreme, rapidly changing levels of humidity with the aim of analyzing nebulized water samples. To protect the sensors from damage, the gas stream was alternated between a saturated gas stream from a Flow Blurring® nebulizer and a dry air stream. When switching between high and low humidity gas streams, the expected current spike was observed and mathematically described. Using this mathematical model, the signal response due to the change in humidity could be subtracted from the measured signal and the sensor response to the target molecule recorded. As the sensor response is determined by the model while the sensor is acclimatizing to the new humid conditions, a result is calculated faster than that by systems that rely on stable humidity. The use of the proposed mathematical model thus widens the scope of electrochemical gas sensors to include saturated gas streams, for example, from nebulized water samples, and gas streams with variable humidity.

SYNERGISTIC ON AUXIN AND CYTOKININ 1 positively regulates growth and attenuates soil pathogen resistance

Plants as non-mobile organisms constantly integrate varying environmental signals to flexibly adapt their growth and development. Local fluctuations in water and nutrient availability, sudden changes in temperature or other abiotic and biotic stresses can trigger changes in the growth of plant organs. Multiple mutually interconnected hormonal signaling cascades act as essential endogenous translators of these exogenous signals in the adaptive responses of plants. Although the molecular backbones of hormone transduction pathways have been identified, the mechanisms underlying their interactions are largely unknown. Here, using genome wide transcriptome profiling we identify an auxin and cytokinin cross-talk component; SYNERGISTIC ON AUXIN AND CYTOKININ 1 (SYAC1), whose expression in roots is strictly dependent on both of these hormonal pathways. We show that SYAC1 is a regulator of secretory pathway, whose enhanced activity interferes with deposition of cell wall components and can fine-tune organ growth and sensitivity to soil pathogens.

3D-FOWLP에서 TMV (Through Mold Via) 유형(Cu-Via, EMC Filling Via)에 따른 열기계적 특성 시뮬레이션 분석

Currently, Through mold via (TMV) technology is being actively researched for 3D-Intergrated Circuit stacking in fan-out wafer level packaging (FOWLP). However, because of problems, such as extrusion, cracking, and warping of the Cu materials forming the via, its mass production process is difficult. Moreover, sudden temperature changes when using the chips cause heat fatigue in the TMV. To overcome this problem, the Epoxy molding compound (EMC) filling via (EFV) is being developed to form a thin Cu via through a deposition process and then fill the interior of the via with EMC. Through simulations, this study analyzed the thermal-mechanical properties of the TMV in the 3D-FOWLP according to the type of TMV (Cu via and EFV) to minimize the thermal stress and deformation generated when using the chip. Consequently, EFV exhibits better thermal-mechanical properties in comparison with those of the Cu via when the 3D-FOWLP is deformed by heat.

Spatial Heterogeneities in Structural Temperature Cause Kovacs' Expansion Gap Paradox in Aging of Glasses.

Volume and enthalpy relaxation of glasses after a sudden temperature change has been extensively studied since Kovacs' seminal work. One observes an asymmetric approach to equilibrium upon cooling versus heating and, more counterintuitively, the expansion gap paradox, i.e., a dependence on the initial temperature of the effective relaxation time even close to equilibrium when heating. Here, we show that a distinguishable-particle lattice model can capture both the asymmetry and the paradox. We quantitatively characterize the energetic states of the particle configurations using a physical realization of the fictive temperature called the structural temperature, which, in the heating case, displays a strong spatial heterogeneity. The system relaxes by nucleation and expansion of warmer mobile domains having attained the final temperature, against cooler immobile domains maintained at the initial temperature. A small population of these cooler regions persists close to equilibrium, thus explaining the paradox.