Sucrose Treatment Research Articles

Insights into influences of sucrose amendment on nitrification and denitrification in sewage sludge composting

Sucrose amendment could promote ammonia assimilation and reduce nitrogen loss in sewage sludge (SS) composting, but the effects of sucrose amendment on nitrification and denitrification are still unknown that were firstly researched in present paper. Result showed that sucrose amendment reduced 33.0% of N2O emission by changing the physicochemical indexes, nitrogen forms, related bacteria and functional genes. In the sucrose treatment, the higher nitrifying bacteria community, amoA and nxrA genes abundance were, the lower hao, narG、nirS、nirK and norB genes abundance were. Based on the correlation analysis, the number of nitrifying bacteria was significantly positively correlated with NO3− and nxrA abundance, indicating that sucrose amendment promoted the growth of nitrifying bacteria, the contents of NO3− and the activity of nitrite oxidation. Moreover, contents of NO2− were positively correlated with N2O emission, narG, nirS and norB abundance, indicating that denitrification was the main path of N2O generated.

Brassinosteroid signaling integrates multiple pathways to release apical dominance in tomato

The control of apical dominance involves auxin, strigolactones (SLs), cytokinins (CKs), and sugars, but the mechanistic controls of this regulatory network are not fully understood. Here, we show that brassinosteroid (BR) promotes bud outgrowth in tomato through the direct transcriptional regulation of BRANCHED1 (BRC1) by the BR signaling component BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (BZR1). Attenuated responses to the removal of the apical bud, the inhibition of auxin, SLs or gibberellin synthesis, or treatment with CK and sucrose, were observed in bud outgrowth and the levels of BRC1 transcripts in the BR-deficient or bzr1 mutants. Furthermore, the accumulation of BR and the dephosphorylated form of BZR1 were increased by apical bud removal, inhibition of auxin, and SLs synthesis or treatment with CK and sucrose. These responses were decreased in the DELLA-deficient mutant. In addition, CK accumulation was inhibited by auxin and SLs, and decreased in the DELLA-deficient mutant, but it was increased in response to sucrose treatment. CK promoted BR synthesis in axillary buds through the action of the type-B response regulator, RR10. Our results demonstrate that BR signaling integrates multiple pathways that control shoot branching. Local BR signaling in axillary buds is therefore a potential target for shaping plant architecture.

Motor learning impairment in rats under a high sucrose diet

Motor learning skills are reliable indicators of behavioral acquisition and cognitive disorders. The ease with which learning skills are measured disparities the complexity of the interpretation concerning neural plasticity. Conversely, a wealth of information regarding metabolic derangements has long been reported with direct connection to high sucrose diets. However, the impact of excessive sucrose consumption on undergoing cognitive processes has been only scarcely addressed up to now. Therefore, the goal of this work was to describe the associative relationship between high sucrose consumption and changes in motor learning skills acquisition. Motor learning impairments conditioned by central alterations are hypothesized. Rotarod, elevated plus-maze and open field trials, along with metabolic and pro-inflammatory biomarkers tests in Wistar rats under a high sucrose treatment, were performed. Motor learning impairment in high sucrose diet-treated rats was found while spontaneous locomotor activity remained unchanged. Even though, no anxiety-like behavior under high sucrose diet-treatment was observed. Consistently, the worst outcome in the glucose tolerance test was developed, the worst motor learning performance was observed. Furthermore, insulin resistance correlated positively with a pro-inflammatory state and a decreased latency to fall in the rotarod test. Indeed, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α serum levels, along with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), significantly increased in motor learning impairment. Together, these results support behavioral, metabolic and pro-inflammatory changes associated with deleterious changes in central nervous system likely involving crucial motor learning structures. Underlying pro-inflammatory-triggered processes may explain cognitive disorders in advanced states of metabolic derangements.

LecRK-Ⅷ.2 mediates the cross-talk between sugar and brassinosteroid during hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis

Sugars and phytohormones co-regulate various common responses and development processes in plants. The previous studies reveal that the cross-talk between sugar and phytohormone signaling affects cellular elongation in root and hypocotyl. The elongation of hypocotyl is vital for the initial growth and development of seedlings during the transit from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. Here, we found that LecRK-Ⅷ.2 gene regulated hypocotyl elongation involving in cross-talk between sugar and BR signaling. The results showed that sugar treatment could partly recover the defect of brassinosteroid (BR) response in bak1 mutant. LecRK-Ⅷ.2 gene regualted hypocotyl elongation by integrating the signaling cross-talk among BR, sucrose, glucose and fructose. Expression analysis of BR signaling related genes in response to exogenous sugar and BR suggested that LecRK-Ⅷ.2 may play essential roles in regulating hypocotyl growth. We also studied the roles of sugar transporter genes (STP1 and STP13) during hypocotyl elongation in the lecrk-Ⅷ.2 mutants in response to sugar/BR. The results showed that STP1 and STP13 expression in lecrk-Ⅷ.2-1 mutants were higher than that of Col-0 plant under sugar-free conditions. The expressions of STP1 in lecrk-Ⅷ.2 mutants were down-regulated compared to Col-0 under glucose treatments. The expressions of STP13 in lecrk-Ⅷ mutants were up-regulated compared to Col-0 under sucrose treatments. Altogether, our work indicated that LecRK-Ⅷ.2 regulated hypocotyl elongation by mediating the signaling cross-talk among sucose, glucose and BR.

Fabrication of whey protein isolate-sodium alginate nanocomplex for curcumin solubilization and stabilization in a model fat-free beverage

The present study aimed to fabricate whey protein isolate (WPI)-sodium alginate (ALG) nanocomplexes for curcumin (CUR) stabilization in a model fat-free beverage. Mass ratio of 5:1 at pH 5.0 in the absence of NaCl was optimized for WPI-ALG nanocomplex fabrication. Mean particle size and zeta-potential of CUR-WPI-ALG nanocomplex was 209.9 nm and −39.1 mV at pH 5.0, respectively. Highest loading amount (LA) of CUR in CUR-WPI-ALG nanocomplex were 15.26 μg/mg. No obvious precipitates were observed for CUR-WPI-ALG nanocomplex under simulated food processing and storage conditions including high sucrose, high NaCl, and thermal treatment at 90 °C for 2 h. Fluorescence results confirmed that the spontaneous interaction between CUR and WPI-ALG nanocomplex was primarily motivated by hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding. Compared with CUR (free), chemical stability (UV light, and heat), and DPPH scavenging capacities of CUR in CUR-WPI-ALG nanocomplex were strikingly improved.

Improving sewage sludge compost process and quality by carbon sources addition

In present study, the effects of carbon sources on compost process and quality were evaluated in the lab-scale sewage sludge (SS) composting. The composting experiments were performed for 32 days in 5 L reactors. The results showed that carbon sources could change the nitrogen conversion and improve the compost quality. Especially, the readily degradable carbon source could promote organic matter degradation, improve nitrogen conversion process and accelerate compost maturation. The addition of glucose and sucrose could increase dissolved organic carbon, CO2 emission, dehydrogenase activity, nitrification and germination index during the SS composting. That's because glucose and sucrose could be quickly used by microbes as energy and carbon source substance to increase activity of microbes and ammonia assimilation. What's more, the NH3 emission was reduced by 26.9% and 32.1% in glucose and sucrose treatments, respectively. Therefore, the addition of readily degradable carbon source could reduce NH3 emission and improve compost maturity in the SS composting.

Pleiotropic effects of erythropoietin on renal and aortic injury in sucrose-induced insulin resistant rats

We previously reported that erythropoietin inhibits renal and vascular dysfunction by activating PI3K/Akt pathway in animal models such as type 1 diabetes. The PI3K/Akt pathway is the central components in insulin signaling. Impairment of insulin signaling occurs not only in hepatic and muscle cells but also in vascular and renal cells, which are suggested to contribute to tissue injury. We investigated whether erythropoietin would inhibit glucose tolerance and vascular and renal injury. Rats were treated with 12%sucrose in drinking water and erythropoietin (150U/kg, 3 times/week) subcutaneously for 10 weeks. Despite our previous results, erythropoietin (150U/kg) induced hematopoiesis and hypertension. Maybe because of hypertension, impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, medial thickening and proteinuria in insulin resistant rats were worsened by erythropoietin. While reducing the dose (75U/kg) and period (last 4 weeks of sucrose treatment) even caused mild hypertension, erythropoietin had no effects on endothelial function, medial thickness, or proteinuria. Oral glucose tolerance test and the value of HOMA-IR showed that erythropoietin improved insulin sensitivity. Erythropoietin reduced fibrotic collagen deposition in renal tubulointerstitial area and macrophage infiltration in aortic adventitia. In conclusion, erythropoietin might protect vascular and renal injury in insulin resistant state. Further investigation into insulin signaling and modification of treatment dose/period are needed.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI SUKROSA TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK SARI BUAH PROBIOTIK TERONG BELANDA (Solanum betaceaum Cav.) TERFERMENTASI DENGAN ISOLAT Lactobacillus sp. F213


 
 
 This research was aimed to determine the effect of sucrose on the characteristics of tamarillo probiotic juice which was fermented by Lactobacillus sp. F213 and to determine the concentration of sucrose that produced the best characteristic of fermented tamarillo probiotic juice. This research used random block design with concentration of sucrose as treatments, which consisted of five levels: 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%. Treatment was repeated 3 times to obtain 15 units of sample. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by multiple comparison test of Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result showed that different concentration of sucrose significantly affected total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total sugar, total acid, pH, color (score), flavor (hedonic), sour taste (score), sweet taste (score), overall acceptance (hedonic), but had no significant effect on color (hedonic) and aroma (hedonic). The 9% sucrose treatment produced the best fermented tamarillo probiotic juice with the characteristics of 9.31 log CFU/mL total LAB, 16.98% total sugar, 1.53% total acid, pH of 4,31, orange color, with slightly sour and sweet taste, aroma, and overall acceptance liked slightly.
 
 

PENGARUH AIR REBUSAN DAUN HARENDONG BULU (Clidemia hirta) TERHADAP KADAR GULA DARAH MENCIT (Mus musculus)

This study aims to determine the effect of the water boiled leaves of Clidemia hirta on blood sugar levels in Swiss Webster mice (Mus musculus). This research using a completely randomized design research design (CRD) with 5 treatment groups namely; Aquades control group (P0), 3 g sucrose treatment (P1), 3 g sucrose treatment + boiled bristle leaves boiled water at a dose of 0.13 ml/KgBB (P2), 3 g sucrose treatment + boiled bristle leaves boiled water at a dose of 0.26 ml/KgBB (P3), 3 g treatment of sucrose + boiled bristle leaves boiled water at a dose of 0.39 ml/KgBB (P4). Before administration of the extract, mice in the treatment groups P1, P2, P3 & P4 were induced using 3 g of sucrose for 5 days. Then after 5 days for groups P2, P3, and P4 followed by giving boiled water leaves for 7 days. The analysis result of One Way Anova Test shows that Fcount > Ftable (18.86 > 2.51). This shows the boiled water affects the blood sugar levels of male Swiss Webster mice. The concentration of extract at P4 (0.39 ml/KgBB) was more effective in reducing blood sugar levels.

Informing primi and elderly pregnant women about iron sucrose administration for moderate anemia can improve treatment compliance in public health facilities, Kancheepuram health district, Tamil Nadu, India, 2017: A cross-sectional study

IntroductionTamil Nadu administers intravenous iron sucrose for correcting moderate anaemia among pregnant women (Haemoglobin level 7–8.9 g/dl) based on preliminary studies. We did a cross-sectional study to estimate compliance level and that of factors associated with intravenous iron sucrose treatment for moderate anaemia among pregnant women attending health facilities of Kancheepuram health district, Tamil Nadu, India, 2017. MethodsWe needed five pregnant women of 20–30 weeks from 70 clusters (health subcentres) for the assumptions of 64% compliance, 7% absolute precision, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and a design effect of two. We collected data on knowledge and experience with iron sucrose treatment and reasons for non-compliance. We abstracted haemoglobin levels and administered doses from records. We computed compliance level (%) with 95% CI and estimated adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for non-compliance through logistic regression analysis. ResultsThe median age of 350 women was 24 years (Range = 22 to 26). Compliance level to intravenous iron sucrose was 79% (95% CI: 73 to 84). Non-compliance was more likely among women aged 25–35 years (AOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2 to 3.7), primi (AOR: 2.2’ 95% CI: 1.2 to 3.8) and not received treatment information (AOR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.1 to 8.8). Major reasons for non-compliance were lack of information about treatment, belief that food was better than injections and that injections could harm the baby. ConclusionsThe compliance to intravenous iron sucrose was insufficient. Providing clear information about intravenous iron sucrose to moderately anaemic pregnant women could increase the compliance to intravenous iron sucrose.

NtMYB12a acts downstream of sucrose to inhibit fatty acid accumulation by targeting lipoxygenase and SFAR genes in tobacco.

MYB12 promotes flavonol biosynthesis in plants by targeting several early biosynthesis genes (EBGs) of this pathway. The transcriptions of these EBGs are also induced by sucrose signal. However, whether MYB12 is activated by sucrose signal and what the other roles MYB12 has in regulating plant metabolism are poorly understood. In this study, two NtMYB12 genes were cloned from Nicotiana tabacum. Both NtMYB12a and NtMYB12b are involved in regulating flavonoids biosynthesis in tobacco. NtMYB12a is further shown to inhibit the accumulation of fatty acid (FA) in tobacco leaves and seeds. Post-translational activation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that NtMYB12a directly promotes the transcriptions of NtLOX6, NtLOX5, NtSFAR4 and NtGDSL2, which encode lipoxygenase (LOX) or SFAR enzymes catalyzing the degradation of FA. NtLOX6 and NtLOX5 are shown to prevent the accumulation of FA in the mature seeds and significantly reduced the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in tobacco. Sucrose stimulates the transcription of NtMYB12a, and loss function of NtMYB12a partially suppresses the decrease of FA content in tobacco seedlings caused by sucrose treatment. The regulation of sucrose on the expression of NtLOX6 and NtGDSL2 genes is mediated by NtMYB12a, whereas those of NtLOX5 and NtSFAR4 genes are independent of sucrose.

Iron deficiency is associated with larger infarcts and with adverse remodeling in STEMI patients and reduces myocardial tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion by inhibiting the eNOS/sGC/PKG pathway in mice

Abstract Background Iron deficiency (ID) interferes with the cardioprotective pathway endothelial nitric oxide synthase/soluble guanylate cyclase/protein kinase G (eNOS/sGC/PKG), but its role in acute myocardial infarction remains unclear. Methods Patients (n=125) with a first anterior STEMI treated with PCI underwent magnetic resonance imaging in the acute phase and at 6 months. We assessed whether ID (ferritin level <100 μg/L or <300 μg/L if transferrin saturation was <20%) was associated with infarct size acutely or with adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling (LV end-diastolic volume increase at 6 months >20%, n=105). C57BL6/N mice were fed with standard diet or iron-deficient diet for 4 weeks before undergoing 45-min coronary occlusion/24-h reperfusion. Results Patients with ID (43.2%) had larger infarcts (22.8±10.2 vs 16.8±9.8% of LV mass, P=0.002) and more frequent microvascular obstruction (70.0 vs 43.3%, P=0.004) in the initial exam than the rest. They also developed adverse LV remodeling more often (38.6 vs 14.8%, P=0.005), even after adjusting by infarct size and final TIMI flow grade (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1–8.6, P=0.027). In mice, ID diet reduced myocardial iron content, serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels without reaching anemic values and without inducing echocardiographic alterations. ID diet reduced myocardial eNOS protein content, its dimeric form, and nitrites/nitrates and cGMP levels. eNOS decrease was associated with reduced HSP90 levels and increased eNOS ubiquitination in correlation with oxidative and nitrosative stress. Weekly iv administration of iron sucrose effectively reverted the ID-diet effects. Infarct size was larger in the ID group than in controls (58.8±3.0 vs. 40.3±3.6%, P=0.03) but was not increased in ID-diet animals treated with iron sucrose (36.3±4.0%) or receiving the sGC activator ataciguat before ischemia (31.0±2.5%). Conclusions ID is associated with larger infarcts and with more frequent adverse LV remodeling in patients with STEMI and reduces myocardial tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion in mice by attenuating eNOS/sGC/PKG pathway activity. Iron sucrose treatment and sGC activation reverted these deleterious effects of ID in mice. Iron supplementation might be beneficial in STEMI patients with ID. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): CIBER-CV. Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI16/00232), co-financed by the ERDF

ADDITION OF SUCROSE IN MAKING NATA DE COCO WITH ROSELLA EXTRACT (HIBISCUSS SABDARIFA L.)

This research aim to determine the effect of giving sucrose with different concentrations on the characteristic of nata produced and to determine the best addition of sucrose concentration. The raw materials used in this study were roselle petals and coconut water. The treatment in this study was sucrose which was added as a carbon source of Acetobacterxylinum with a combination of treatments being 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications. The result showed that in the initial fermentation medium, the sucrose concentration had no significant effect on the initial pH of fermentation but had a significant effect on sugar content. In the resulting nata de coco, the sucrose concentration had no significant effect on thickness, weight, yield, vitamin C levels, and organolepic values but had a significant effect on crude fiber content. Sucrose treatment with 8% concentration produced the best product with a pH initial of fermentation 4.21, sugar content 10.20 0Brix, 81.16 thick, 400 g weight, 80% yield, 11.29 mg/100g vitamin C content, 1.36% crude fiber content, and organoleptically preferred.

Morphological and physiological responses of tara (Caesalpinia spinosa (Mol.) O. Kuntz) microshoots to ventilation and sucrose treatments

One of the main problems of in vitro plant tissue culture is the poor ventilation in the culture vessels. This leads to morphological and physiological anomalies in regenerated in vitro plants, a crucial issue in woody species, such as Caesalpinia spinosa (Mol.) O. Kuntz, which is a legominous tree or thorny shrub of the Andes, adequate photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic in vitro rooting systems could eliminate these problems. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic treatments to optimize the in vitro rooting of C. spinosa microshoots. Micropropagated shoots were cultured in vessels sealed with a polypropylene lid with 0, 1, or 3 ventilation holes covered with a 0.45-μm adhesive polypropylene microfilter. The vessels contained MS salts with or without 30 g L−1 sucrose or, alternatively, a porous substrate (PRO-MIX®), which facilitated rooting and produced greater fresh and dry weights, a higher concentration of photosynthetic pigments and phenolic compounds, and more developed leaves. The optimal performance and higher survival was obtained by using PRO-MIX® with three filters for increased ventilation. For treatments in agar, only the one with sucrose and highly ventilated (three filters) reached a performance approaching that with PRO-MIX®. To date, the presented results have not been reported in scientific literature for C. spinosa.

Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed the cooperative regulation of sucrose and IAA on adventitious root formation in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)

BackgroundIn China, lotus is an important cultivated crop with multiple applications in ornaments, food, and environmental purification. Adventitious roots (ARs), a secondary root is necessary for the uptake of nutrition and water as the lotus principle root is underdeveloped. Therefore, AR formation in seedlings is very important for lotus breeding due to its effect on plant early growth. As lotus ARs formation was significantly affected by sucrose treatment, we analyzed the expression of genes and miRNAs upon treatment with differential concentrations of sucrose, and a crosstalk between sucrose and IAA was also identified.ResultsNotably, 20 mg/L sucrose promoted the ARs development, whereas 60 mg/L sucrose inhibited the formation of ARs. To investigate the regulatory pathway during ARs formation, the expression of genes and miRNAs was evaluated by high-throughput tag-sequencing. We observed that the expression of 5438, 5184, and 5345 genes was enhanced in the GL20/CK0, GL60/CK0, and CK1/CK0 libraries, respectively. Further, the expression of 73, 78, and 71 miRNAs was upregulated in the ZT20/MCK0, ZT60/MCK0, and MCK1/MCK0 libraries, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that most of the differentially expressed genes and miRNAs in the GL20/GL60 and ZT20/ZT60 libraries were involved in signal transduction. A large number of these genes (29) and miRNAs (53) were associated with plant hormone metabolism. We observed an association between five miRNAs (miR160, miR156a-5p, miR397-5p_1, miR396a and miR167d) and nine genes (auxin response factor, protein brassinosteroid insensitive 1, laccase, and peroxidase 27) in the ZT20/ ZT60 libraries during ARs formation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the high-throughput tag-sequencing data.ConclusionsWe found that the expression of many critical genes involved in IAA synthesis and IAA transport was changed after treatment with various concentration of sucrose. Based on the change of these genes expression, IAA and sucrose content, we concluded that sucrose and IAA cooperatively regulated ARs formation. Sucrose affected ARs formation by improving IAA content at induction stage, and increased sucrose content might be also required for ARs development according to the changes tendency after application of exogenous IAA.

Response of Soybean Root to Phosphorus Deficiency under Sucrose Feeding: Insight from Morphological and Metabolome Characterizations.

Phosphorus (P) is one the least available essential plant macronutrients in soils that is a major constraint on plant growth. Soybean (Glycine max L.) production is often limited due to low P availability. The better management of P deficiency requires improvement of soybean's P use efficiency. Sugars are implicated in P starvation responses, and a complete understanding of the role of sucrose together with P in coordinating P starvation responses is missing in soybean. This study explored global metabolomic changes in previously screened low-P-tolerant (Liaodou, L13) and low-P-sensitive (Tiefeng 3, T3) soybean genotypes by liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. We also studied the root morphological response to sucrose application (1%) in P-starved soybean genotypes against normal P supply. Root morphology in L13 genotype has significantly improved P starvation responses as compared to the T3 genotype. Exogenous sucrose application greatly affected root length, root volume, and root surface area in L13 genotype while low-P-sensitive genotype, i.e., T3, only responded by increasing number of lateral roots. Root : shoot ratio increased after sucrose treatment regardless of P conditions, in both genotypes. T3 showed a relatively higher number of differentially accumulated metabolites between P-starved and normal P conditions as compared to L13 genotype. Common metabolites accumulated under the influence of sucrose were 5-O-methylembelin, D-glucuronic acid, and N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine. We have discussed the possible roles of the pathways associated with these metabolites. The differentially accumulated metabolites between both genotypes under the influence of sucrose are also discussed. These results are important to further explore the role of sucrose in the observed pathways. Especially, our results are relevant to formulate strategies for improving P efficiency of soybean genotypes with different P efficiencies.

Evaluation of urinary biomarkers for early detection of acute kidney injury in a rat nephropathy model

IntroductionThe implementation of novel, reliable biomarkers for the early and differential diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) could greatly improve the timely treatment and prevention of disease progression, particularly since the current gold standards for detecting kidney injury such as serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) lack sensitivity and specificity. We evaluated novel urinary kidney injury biomarkers focusing on early detection and better prediction of AKI with higher sensitivity and specificity. MethodsIn the rat, urinary biomarkers for kidney injury, i.e. albumin, beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), clusterin, cystatin C, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), osteopontin (OPN), and total protein (TP), were investigated in an AKI model using different hyperosmolar and high-dose solutions, i.e. mannitol, sucrose, and contrast medium (CM), as acute single insults leading to kidney injury. Additionally, dose-dependency of sucrose was investigated and effects were compared to the sucrose- and iron-containing marketed drug Venofer®. ResultsLevels of excreted urinary biomarkers correlated with severity of AKI, exhibited a dose-dependent response to sucrose treatment, and demonstrated evidence of recovery from kidney injury with transient and reversible changes. The exceptions were KIM-1 and NGAL, which showed later responses following CM and iron-induced renal injury. All biomarkers outperformed plasma creatinine (PCr), BUN, and histopathology, with regard to practicability and/or detection of proximal tubular injury. DiscussionThe use of a panel of urinary kidney injury biomarkers emerged as an early, sensitive, and predictive tool to detect AKI showing enhanced sensitivity compared to current state-of-the-art markers.

Differential Effects of Chronic Ingestion of Refined Sugars versus Natural Sweeteners on Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis in a Rat Model of Diet-Induced Obesity.

While the detrimental effect of refined sugars on health has been the subject of many investigations, little is known about the long-term impact of natural sweeteners on metabolic disorders. In this study we compared the metabolic responses to chronic ingestion of refined sugars compared to various natural sweeteners in diet-induced obese rats. Wistar rats were fed a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHS) for 8 weeks and daily gavaged with a solution containing 1 g of total carbohydrates from refined sugar (sucrose or fructose) or six different natural sugar sources, followed by assessment of glucose homeostasis, hepatic lipid accumulation, and inflammation. While glucose tolerance was similar following treatments with refined and natural sugars, lowered glucose-induced hyperinsulinemia was observed with fructose. Consumption of fructose and all-natural sweeteners but not corn syrup were associated with lower insulin resistance as revealed by reduced fasting insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) compared to sucrose treatment of HFHS-fed rats. All-natural sweeteners and fructose induced similar liver lipid accumulation as sucrose. Nevertheless, maple syrup, molasses, agave syrup, and corn syrup as well as fructose further reduced hepatic IL-1β levels compared to sucrose treatment. We conclude that natural sweeteners and especially maple syrup, molasses, and agave syrup attenuate the development of insulin resistance and hepatic inflammation compared to sucrose in diet-induced obese rats, suggesting that consumption of those natural sweeteners is a less harmful alternative to sucrose in the context of obesity.

Transcriptome analysis reveals pathways responsible for the promoting effect of sucrose on astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis under high light condition

Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amount of astaxanthin, a valuable ketocarotenoid with super antioxidant activity, under stress conditions. Providing suitable carbon source has been proved to be an effective method to promote astaxanthin accumulation in H. pluvialis, however, mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we demonstrate that adding sucrose (1–10 mM) into the culture media increase astaxanthin yield by 27.9–34.2% in H. pluvialis under high light stress. Subsequently, comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed the mechanism underling the promoting effect of sucrose on astaxanthin biosynthesis. Sucrose treatment significantly up-regulated the expression of many enzyme encoding genes involved in sucrose and starch metabolism, glycolysis, astaxanthin biosynthesis, and fatty acids metabolism. In addition, sucrose treatment significantly changed the expression of 29 transcriptional factors, potential key regulators in sucrose metabolism, lipid biosynthesis and astaxanthin biosynthesis. Furthermore, exogenous application of metabolites involved in sucrose catabolism and glycolysis pathway (glucose-6-phosphate disodium and fructose-1,6-diphosphate trisodium) significantly promoted astaxanthin yield by 33.1% and 18.1%, respectively. Our results indicated that sucrose treatment exerts remarkable effects on the transcriptomes of H. pluvialis, favoring the shift from carbon metabolism to astaxanthin accumulation under high light condition.

Sucrose transportation control mediates the fresh-keeping effects of burdock fructooligosaccharide in 'Crimson Seedless' grapes.

In 'Crimson Seedless' grapes, the appearance of senescence caused by abnormal dark red color, the loss of crisp taste caused by the decrease in firmness, and the fading of sweetness caused by the decrease in total soluble sugar (TSS) are the main problems affecting its edible qualities after storage. In the mesocarp, burdock fructooligosaccharide (BFO) restricted sucrose export; therefore, more carbohydrates were retained directly leading to higher TSS and sweetness, and cell osmotic pressure and firmness were retained indirectly. In the exocarp, BFO restricted sucrose import; therefore, the signal molecule sucrose was reduced and the senescence-related processes were inhibited. The downregulation of SUC12 and SUC27 by BFO may play an important role in restricting sucrose transportation. The opposing effects exhibited by exogenous sucrose treatments compared to those of BFO further verified these mechanisms. Based on the above mechanisms, sucrose transportation mediates the fresh-keeping effects of BFO in 'Crimson Seedless' grapes.