Succinic Acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide Research Articles

Effect of Succinic Acid‐2,2‐Dimethylhydrazide on Endogenous Auxin Level in Apple Shoots

AbstractEndogenous auxin levels in the shoots of apple cv. Ingrid Marie (red mutant) treated with SADH (succinic acid‐2,2‐dimethylhydrazide) were measured. SADH was applied in aqueous solution at 12.5, 25 or 50 mM concentrations in June, 3 weeks after flowering. The defoliated shoot tips were analysed just before SADH spray and 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after spraying. Similar treatments had been made in earlier years.When analysed before the treatment of the year started, shoot extracts of control plants contained higher auxin level than those shoots which were to receive SADH treatment, indicating a residual effect of SADH treatmens during previous years. There was almost no auxin activity in the shoots analysed after 7, 15 and 30 days of SADH treatment. The control plants maintained a high level of auxin activity during this period. However, after 60 days of treatment, shoots treated with 25 or 50 mM exhibited higher auxin activity than control shoots. There appears to be no relationship between the SADH concentration and reduction in auxin activity in the shoots at early stages after treatment.

Effect of Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethyl Hydrazide (SADH) on Starch Accumulation in Young Apple Trees

SummarySpraying young apple trees with 2 000 ppm of SADH resulted in a rapid decrease in the elongation growth of the apical meristem. Within at least four weeks after the application no difference was observed in the total dry weight of the plants compared to unsprayed controls. However, there was a significant increase in the starch content in the whole plant, bark, wood and roots.

GROWTH RETARDANTS FOR CONTROL OF LODGING IN FLAX

Redwood 65 and Linott flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) were grown in the field with and without added nitrogen to evaluate the use of growth retardants in reducing lodging. BAS 0660W (N-dimethylmorpholiniumchloride) at 0.21 and 0.63 kg/ha, chlormequat [(2- chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride] at 4.2 and 8.4 kg/ha, and ancymidol (α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol) at 1.05 and 3.15 kg/ha reduced plant height but failed to reduce lodging or increase seed yield when applied at 1,044 liters/ha. Two years of tests with SADH (succinic acid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide) at 4.2 and 8.4 kg/ha also resulted in no benefits. A third year of testing with SADH, applied early, late and early + late, resulted in reduced duration of flowering, delayed maturity, reduced height and marginally increased lodging, but no effect on seed yield. Number of capsules per plant was increased, but this was offset by a decrease in number of seeds per capsule.

Reduction of Peel Roughness of ‘Shamouti’ Orange with Growth Regulators1

Abstract Excessive rough and thick peel, linked with large fruit sizes is found in ‘Shamouti’ oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) grown under marginal soil and climatic conditions. This condition was overcome by early (April-May) sprays of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride (CCC, chlormequat), probably counteracting high endogenous promotors found in rough tissues. While SADH is too expensive to be profitable and it usually decreases fruit size, CCC can be used without this effect and is commercially rewarding.

Enhancement by Low pH of Gibberellin Effects on Dormant Celery Seeds and Embryoless Half‐Seeds of Barley

AbstractThe action of gibberellins on celery (Apium graveolens L.) seed germination and the release of reducing sugars from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed endosperm were enhanced by decreasing the pH of the incubation solution to below the pKa point. In most cases, low pH was obtained by mixing the solution with weak acids such as succinic acid 2.2 dimethylhydrazide (SADH), 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA), or citric acid. However, lowering the pH of the gibberellin solution with strong acid (HCl) also increased markedly the activity of low concentrations of GA4/7. The synergistic action of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) with gibberellin was not dependent on the pH level of the incubation solution. The response of celery seeds to gibberellins was increased when their distal ends were removed: solution pH and EDTA had no effect on this response.The possible explanations of the synergism between low pH compounds and gibberellins are discussed.

Responses of Mature Concord Grapevines to SADH in Pennsylvania1

Abstract Applications of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) solutions at 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm during the 1967-1969 growing seasons in Erie County, Pennsylvania were not effective in increasing yields of mature ‘Concord’ grapes (Vitis labrusca L.), although the number of berries per basal cluster and cluster weights were increased significantly over the three-year experimental period. Berry weights and vine vigor were reduced significantly at the highest concentration of SADH utilized in this study. Treatments did not significantly affect the amount of fruit produced per node retained or juice quality.

EFFECTS OF TIME AND RATE OF SADH APPLICATION TO BRUSSELS SPROUTS

SADH (succinic acid-2, 2 dimethylhydrazide) was applied to Brussels sprout plants at rates ranging from 2,000 to 8,000 ppm in field trials conducted over 4 yr. SADH applied to cv. Hedda, 6–8 wk after transplanting at a rate of 8,000 ppm increased marketable yield over that of the untopped controls by 13–31% in two out of three experiments. Plant height was reduced by SADH application, the date of application being more critical than the rate of application. Very early and very late SADH treatments had no effect on plant size. The quadratic equation Y = (0.16889 × 10−3) X2 − (0.20711) X + 132.343 ± 7.35, where Y = plant height as a percent of height of control plants and X = accumulated heat units, describes the relation between SADH effect on plant height and time of application measured as accumulated heat units from date of transplanting.

Discoloration of Processed Peaches as Influenced by SADH and Ethephon1

Abstract The color of the cheek and USDA color score of processed fruit of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. cv. Redskin) were significantly higher when succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl-hydrazide (SADH) was used alone or in combination with (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon). Both compounds and the combination strikingly reduced pit cavity discoloration.

CURRENT SEASON AND HOLDOVER EFFECTS OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF SADH APPLIED AS SPLIT OR SINGLE SPRAYS ON PREHARVEST DROP, FIRMNESS AND OTHER RESPONSES OF MCINTOSH APPLE

In two experiments, succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at low to moderate rates (62.5–1,000 ppm, 0.93–4.32 kg/ha (0.82–3.84 lb/acre)) increased fruit firmness and decreased fruit drop of McIntosh apples (Malus sylvestris Mill.) proportionately to amount applied. Split and single sprays that applied the same total amount of SADH were equally effective. Addition of Tween 20 at 0.025% (vol/vol) had no significant effect on response. None of the treatments affected cropping over three seasons, fruit color or fruit size in the year of application. Fruit size in the year following application showed a threshold effect in that earlier dates and lower rates had no measurable effect.

Ethephon Influence on Storage Quality of ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples1

Abstract Summer application of succinic acid-2,2,dimethylhydrazide (SADH) followed by an (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) application 1 month before normal harvest to ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ trees resulted in highly-colored, firm fruits with storage quality for 28 weeks if harvested 20 days after ethephon application. Ethephon application to ‘Golden Delicious’ trees 1 month before normal harvest resulted in soft, over-ripe fruits when harvested 10, 20 or 30 days after treatment. Firmness of ethephon-treated ‘Golden Delicious’ fruits rapidly declined in storage.

Ação de reguladores de crescimento no peso médio dos frutos de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Estudaram-se os efeitos da aplicação de sulfato de amônio e reguladores de crescimento no peso médio dos frutos de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivares "Angela" e "Roma". Em dois ensaios efetuou-se a aplicação de (NH4)2 SO4 (2g/l solo), SADH 3000 ppm, SADH + (NH4)2 SO4, CCC 2000 ppm, CCC+ (NH4)2 SO4, GA 100 ppm, GA + (NH4)2 SO4, além do tratamento controle. Em outros dois ensaios, além do controle, realizou-se a aplicação de 1-(2,4-diclorofenoxiacetil) -3,5- dimetil pirasol 3,75, 15,00 e 7,50 ppm, e de CEPA nas concentrações de 500, 1000 e 1500 ppm. Verificou-se que o SADH promoveu redução no peso médio dos frutos dos tomateiros "Angela", em relação ao tratamento com (NH4)2 SO4. A incorporação de sulfato de amônio no solo restringiu os efeitos detrimentals da aplicação foliar de SADH. Pulverização com CCC, GA, Tomakon e CEPA não afetou o peso médio dos frutos das cultivares "Angela" e "Roma".

Competition of Florida Beggarweed and Sicklepod with Peanuts II. Effects of Cultivation, Weeds, and SADH

When peanuts (Arachis hypogaeaL.) were not kept weed-free, a single cultivation 4 weeks after emergence increased yields substantially over those of non-cultivated peanuts. Cultivation had no effect, however, when peanuts were maintained weed-free for 4 or 8 weeks. The length of the weed-free periods, cultivation, and the presence or absence of peanuts all strongly influenced the density of the sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) plants which grew above the canopy of peanut foliage. Peanut foliage, which was released from weed-free maintenance at 8 weeks but then competed with sicklepod until harvest, reduced the green weight of sicklepod 95 to 98% thus illustrating the competitive capacity of the peanut plant. Moderate stands of Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC] did not markedly affect yield of peanuts. Application of a growth regulator, succinic acid, 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), did not influence weed competition or yield of in-shell peanuts consistently at any of the three locations. Quality analyses showed that treatment variables did not modify the taste of peanuts; however, in some experiments, components of the market grade of in-shell peanuts were changed by SADH, cultivation, length of the weed-free period, and cultivation X length of the weed-free period.

SADH-Cycloheximide Effects on Orange Fruit Abscission1

Abstract ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange fruit [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] explants responded to cycloheximide [CHI = 3-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl] glutarimide] by increased ethylene and cellulase production, which decreased fruit removal force (FRF). Succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (SADH) applied with CHI increased ethylene production in ‘Valencia’ but not ‘Hamlin’ oranges. Cellulase and FRF remained unchanged when ethylene was removed by reduced atmospheric pressure. Partially regreened ‘Valencia’ oranges responded to SADH plus CHI with increased ethylene production. This possibly indicated that more CHI penetrated the rind when SADH was applied. Mature ‘Pineapple’ sweet oranges sprayed with CHI did not respond to SADH treatments with increased ethylene production.

Maturation and Ripening of ‘Canino’ Apricot as Affected by Combined Sprays of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and 2,4,5 Tri-chlorophenoxypropionic Acid (2,4,5-TP)1

Abstract SADH affected color enhancement of ‘Canino’ apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) thereby increasing the percentage of fruit harvested during the first 2 harvests. The sprays at and after pit hardening had a greater effect on color than “after bloom” spray. Other parameters of ripening, however, were unaffected, or were even retarded, indicating the different effects of SADH on various species of stone fruits.

Use of Growth Regulators for Increased Quality of New Zealand Spinach1

Abstract Repression of specific growth parameters of Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze (syn. Tetragonia expansa Murray) was studied after application of two types of growth regulators. Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) decreased stem height and dry weight progressively with increased concentration. Ratio of leaf dry weight to stem dry weight increased with concentration. Maleic hydrazide (MH) caused substantial reduction of fruit weight, with fruit number decreasing only at higher concentrations. Whole plant fresh weight and leaf area decreased only with a multiple 500 ppm application of MH. Leaf to fruit fresh weight ratio increased with concentration and number of applications. A formulation C6 to C12 fatty alcohols (Off-Shoot T) had little effect on fruit development and leaf area.

Effects of Time of Application of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide on Yields and Associated Characteristics of Peanuts1

Abstract Experiments were conducted during 3 years to evaluate the effects of applying succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at various times during the growing season on yield and other characteristics of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plants in field plots were treated with 0.95 kg/ha of SADH at 6, 8, 10 or 12 weeks after planting. SADH was applied as a foliar spray to the ‘Starr’ cultivar in 1970 and ‘Tifspan’ and ‘Florunner’ cultivars in 1971 and 1972. In 1970 and 1972 an “as needed” treatment was included to keep plants shorter than 34 cm. Pod yields were not significantly (P < .05) increased by SADH. Weight per pod, pod length, pod diameter and kernel size were decreased by early applications. There were trends toward increased pod and kernel size with 12 week SADH application, but the trends were significant (P < .05) only for Florunner pod length and the percentage of Tifspan kernels larger than 7.5 mm diameter in 1972. Multiple SADH application in the “as needed” treatment tended to increase pods per plant and decrease pod and kernel size.

Use of Ethephon to Stimulate Red Color Without Hastening Ripening of ‘McIntosh’ Apples1

Abstract A regional experiment was conducted to determine if 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) could be used to increase red color of ‘McIntosh’ apples without stimulating fruit ripening. Ethephon was applied at 75 or 150 ppm in combination with succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and either 20 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 10 ppm 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (fenoprop). All combinations enhanced red color, but 150 ppm ethephon usually softened the fruit slightly. Following CA storage, apples treated with 150 ppm ethephron, or 75 ppm ethephon plus 20 ppm NAA, were slightly softer than ones sprayed with only SADH. Nevertheless, 5-member panels were generally unable to distinguish ripeness differences among the samples. We concluded that with careful restrictions, low concentrations of ethephon can be used to enhance red color without sacrificing fruit condition following storage.

Control of Ripening in ‘McIntosh’ Apples. II. Effect of Growth Regulators and CO2 on Fruit Ripening, Storage Behaviour, and Shelf Life.1,2

Abstract Fruit quality measurements and taste panel assessments indicated considerable latitude for programming harvest of ‘McIntosh’ apples. Ripening at 20°C was advanced by ethephon-auxin and delayed by succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and CO2. The rate of softening and acid catabolism at 0°C were not altered by the growth regulator treatments. SADH suppressed ethylene production and CO2 suppressed both ethylene production and softening of ripening fruits held at 20°C. These effects were greatest in fruits not subjected to cold storage and declined linearly in fruits held 30, 60 or 90 days at 0°C. Neither SADH nor CO2 influenced acid loss at 20°C.

Control of Ripening in ‘McIntosh’ Apples I. Some Growth Regulator Effects on Preharvest Drop and Fruit Quality at Four Harvest Dates1,2

Abstract Ethephon (600 ppm applied 3 weeks or 300 ppm applied 1 week ahead of “normal” harvest) combined with either NAA or 10 or 20 ppm 2,4,5-TP increased red color and decreased firmness of fruits harvested 6 or 12 days after each treatment. In neither series did NAA or 2,4,5-TP control drop adequately. A midsummer treatment with 1000 or 2000 ppm succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) modified these results by enhancing color and firmness and greatly reducing fruit drop relative to fruits treated solely with ethephon-auxin.

A Method for Selecting the Optimum Maturity Distribution for Mechanical Harvesting of Clingstone Peaches for Processing1

Abstract High speed reflected light spectrophotometry was used to determine an optimum maturity distribution of mechanically harvested clingstone peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) for processing. Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applied at pit-hardening, advanced the optimum harvest date from 3 to 5 days and increased the yield of processable fruit from 62% for the control trees to 80% for the treated trees.