Successive Solvent Extraction Research Articles

Phytochemical analysis and comprehensive evaluation of pharmacological potential of Artemisia brevifolia Wall. ex DC

Multitude of diseases and side effects from conventional drugs have surged the use of herbal remedies. Thus, the current study aimed to appraise various pharmacological attributes of Artemisia brevifolia Wall. ex DC. Extracts prepared by successive solvent extraction were subjected to phytochemical and multimode antioxidant assays. Various polyphenolics and artemisinin derivatives were detected and quantified using RP-HPLC analysis. Compounds present in methanol (M) and distilled water (DW) extracts were identified using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Extracts were pharmacologically evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antileishmanial and antidiabetic potentials. Moreover, cytotoxicity against Artemiasalina, human cancer cell lines and isolated lymphocytes was assessed. Genotoxicity was evaluated using comet, micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays. Lastly, anti-inflammatory potential was determined through a series of in vitro and in vivo assays using BALB/c mice.Maximum extract recovery (5.95% w/w) was obtained by DW extract. Highest phenolics and flavonoids content, total antioxidant capacity, total reduction potential, percentfree radical scavenging, β-carotene scavenging and iron chelating activities were exhibited by M extract. RP-HPLC analysis revealed significant amounts of various polyphenolic compounds (vanillic acid, syringic acid, emodin and luteolin), artemisinin, dihydro artemisinin, artesunate and artemether in ethyl acetate (EA) extract. Total 40 compounds were detected through HRMS. A noteworthy antimicrobial activity (MIC 22.22 µg/ml) was exhibited by EA extract against A. fumigatus and several bacterial strains. Maximum antimalarial, antileishmanial, brine shrimp lethality and cytotoxic potential against cancer cells was manifested by EA extract. None of the extracts exhibited genotoxicity and toxicity against isolated lymphocytes. Highest α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition capacities were demonstrated by DW extract. Various in-vivo anti-inflammatory models revealed significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory potential of M and DW extracts. In conclusion, present findings divulged theremarkable pharmacological potential of A. brevifolia and endorse its richness in artemisinin.

Polarity-wise successive solvent extraction of Scenedesmus obliquus biomass and characterization of the crude extracts for broad-spectrum antibacterial activity

Polarity-wise successive solvent extraction of Scenedesmus obliquus biomass and characterization of the crude extracts for broad-spectrum antibacterial activity

In-vitro evaluation of the thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory activity of capparis sepiaria root extracts

The dried roots of Capparis sepiaria was powdered and extracted successively in soxhlet assembly. The extracts acquired had been dried after which subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. The in vitro thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory activities of total ethanolic and aqueous extracts for Capparis sepiaria roots were performed using thrombolytic and inhibition of protein denaturation assays respectively. The preliminary phytochemical screening carried out from successive solvent extracts of Capparis sepiaria has shown the presence of carbohydrates, fixed oil, fats, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phytosterols. Total aqueous and ethanol extracts were tested for clot lysis and inhibition of protein denaturation showed significant thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory activity. The total aqueous extract has shown more potential as compared to the total ethanolic extract. It can be concluded that the Thrombolytic and Anti-inflammatory properties of the total ethanolic and aqueous extracts are due to the presence of the specific phytoconstituents present in the root extracts. Keywords: Capparis sepiaria, Thrombolytic, Anti-inflammatory activity, Root extracts and Phytochemical screening.

Maranta Arundinacea Linn. (Tugaksheeri) – Phytochemical Evaluation

Tugaksheeri is an important drug that has been widely used in the preparation of various ayurvedic formulations. The plant is botanically identified as Maranta arundinaceaLinn. of marantaceae family and has a nutrient dense starchy rhizome which has very low glycemic index, easy to digest and ideal for meeting the nutritional demands of sick. As per Samhithasand nighantusit is used in the treatment of kshaya(tuberculosis), swasa(dyspnoea), kasa(cough), daha(burning sensation), raktha dosha(disorders of blood), kamala(jaundice), pandu (anaemia)and mutrakruchra(dysuria). In folklore practices it is widely used in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery and colitis. In order to validate these traditional claims scientifically and also to determine the quality and purity preliminary phytochemical evaluation of the drug was carried out. It revealed the presence of variable phytoconstituents suchas alkaloids, phenol, flavonoids, steroid, carbohydrate etc which are responsible for the therapeutic potential of the drug. Values of total ash, acid insoluble ash, moisture content, alcohol and water-soluble extractives were comparable with the available references. Apart from the findings of previous research works, in the present study water insoluble ash value, quantitative estimation of fibre, tannin, total sugar, reducing sugar, qualitative analysis of ash for acid and basic radicals, successive solvent extraction in various solvents like petroleum ether, cyclohexane, acetone and alcohol, qualitative analysis of successive solvent extractives were carried out for the first time. All these findings will help to ensure the quality and purity of the drug.

Antioxidant potentials of successive green solvent extracts from the unexplored Ficus subincisa

Ficus subincisa Buch-Ham.Ex Sm. is considered an endemic medicinal plant. The current researchbased on the antioxidant potential of four different green solvent extracts obtained by the successive solventextraction method from the unexplored F.subincisa leaves was evaluated. Various in vitro assays wereperformed to achieve the aim and variation in scavenging potential of the four green extracts, showed thehighest total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC), and free radical scavenging potentialagainst DPPH, ABTS, FRAP Phosphomolybdate, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay as compared toother extracts.The extraction of Ficus subincisa with different green solvents namely: d-limonene, isopropylalcohol, ethyl lactate, and hydroalcohol.Extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using differentassays namely, DPPH, ABTS, and nitric oxide scavenging. The Folin-Ciocalteau and AlCl3 colorimetricmethods were measured the content of total phenolics and total flavonoids respectively. Reducing power wasdetermined by phosphomolybdate and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods.Considerableamount of phenolic and flavonoid contents were recorded in the hydroalcohol extract. Although hydroalcoholfractions exhibited good antioxidant activities, the most distinguished radical scavenging potential.Hydroalcohol sowed equivalent to standard in radical scavenging activity by DPPH. Hydroalcohol showedthe higher radical scavenging activity by DPPH (92.03%), Nitric oxide (89.21%) and by ABTS (89.45%),antioxidant activity, the highest total phenols content (78.67 ± 1.07 mg GAE/g fraction), the highest totalflavonoids content (195.58 ± 3.31 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract fraction). The hydroalcohol extractshowed a reducing power of (93.2%) and (1373.91 ± 4.35 µM/ml Ascorbic acid equivalent) using thephosphomolybdate and FRAP assays, respectively.Hydroalcohol shows the strongest antioxidant activity, andit can be attributed to its high content in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. It can be concluded that leavesof Ficus subincisa can be used as an effective natural source of antioxidant, and as a commercial basis for theevolution of nutraceuticals

In vitro cytotoxicity investigations of chloroform extract of Anisomeles malabarica on vero and lung cancer [A-549] cell lines

The main objective of this study is to investigate the cytotoxic potential of chloroform extract of medicinal plant Anisomeles malabarica. Successive solvent extraction of Anisomeles malabarica in chloroform was done. The extracts were tested against normal cell lines (Vero) human lung cancer cell lines (A-549) using the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide test (MTT) assay. The results of the present investigation revealed that the chloroform extract of Anisomeles malabarica shown anti-lung cancer activity. The evaluation of the toxicity of medicinal plants and their herbal preparations is essential to determine the applicability of the samples as pharmacological drugs. Further studies are necessary for more extensive pharmacological and toxicological evaluations.

Anti-inflammatory secondary metabolites from Scrophularia kotschyana.

The species belonging to Scrophularia genus grow mainly in Irano-Turanian and Mediterranean regions and have been used as folk remedy for inflammatory-related diseases since ancient times. The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts of Scrophularia kotschyana as well as the isolated compounds. The aerial parts and the roots of the plant were separately extracted with methanol. Anti-inflammatory activities of both extracts were evaluated with formalin test in mice. As the methanolic extract of the aerial parts significantly (p < .05) inhibited inflammation, it was then submitted to successive solvent extractions with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol to yield subextracts. Anti-inflammatory activities of the subextracts were evaluated within the same test system. Among the subextracts tested, the n-butanol subextract produced a significant (p < .05) anti-inflammatory activity at all doses (5, 10, and 30mg/kg, ip.). Sequential chromatographic separation of the n-butanol subextract yielded 8-O-acetyl-4'-O-(E)-p-coumaroylharpagide, 8-O-acetyl-4'-O-(Z)-p-coumaroylharpagide, β-sitosterol 3-O-β-glucopyranoside, apigenin 7-O-β-glucopyranoside, apigenin 7-O-rutinoside, luteolin 7-O-β-glucopyranoside and luteolin 7-O-rutinoside. The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolates were evaluated at 5mg/kg dose. Luteolin 7-O-β-glucopyranoside and apigenin 7-O-rutinoside caused a significant (p < .05) inhibition of oedema formation.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVE COMPONENT OF SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA (RAKTURA) FOR THEIR ANTI-ARTHRITIC ACTIVITY

S. campanulata, widely distributed in India is traditionally used as astringent, aphrodisiac, purgative, anthelmintic, depurative, febrifuge and expectorant. The plant is also used in rheumatism, dropsy, urinary diseases and jaundice. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of the methanolic extract of the flower of S. campanulata in experimental animal models. The powdered drug was subjected to successive solvent extraction, with solvents in increasing order of polarity to obtain the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of the plant. Isolation and characterization of plant extract were performed through UV, IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopy. Characterization approximately conformed the isolated compound was kaempferol. S. campanulata was evaluated for anti-arthritic action by Freund's adjuvant induced arthritis test in adult Albino rats (150-200 gm). Rats were injected 0.1 ml of complete Freund's adjuvant into the planter region of the left hind paw. Statistical analysis was performed using One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferonni test. P less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The methanolic extract of in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg showed 75.50% and 68.33% protection against increase in paw edema, respectively. S. campanulata showed dose-dependent action in all the experimental models.

Dietary and bioactive properties of the berries and leaves from the underutilized Hippophae salicifolia D. Don grown in Northeast India.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-021-00988-8.

Optimization of solvent extraction and HPLC-DAD method parameters for determination of phenolic compounds in various Brazilian propolis

Propolis is an organotherapeutic product collected by honey bees that contains a large number of phytoconstituents, possessing excellent pharmacological properties. In this study, phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity were evaluated in different types of Brown, Green and mixture of Red, Green I and Brown II (RGB) Brazilian propolis. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction was performed by direct solvent extraction (DSE) and successive solvent extraction (SSE) methods. The ethanolic extract of Green I propolis by SSE was higher in total phenolics (403.88 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoids (311.57 mg QE/g extract), and DPPH· scavenging activity (82.33 µMol TE/g extract) compared to other Brazilian propolis samples. Moreover, different solvent phases were used in the HPLC-DAD analysis and the results were validated by linearity and sensitivity. The optimized method was proven to be precise revealing good separation of standard phenolic compounds. Thermal stability of the compounds was accessed by using different column oven temperatures (40, 50 and 60 °C), and the results showed that lower temperature (40° C) retains the maximum contents of total phenolics in the 80% ethanolic extract of Green I propolis (253.71 mg/g extract) by DSE compared to other propolis samples. This extract (109.35 mg/g extract) also obtained a higher amount of total phenolic compounds in the SSE compared to ethyl acetate and acetone extracts. Among the phenolic compounds, artepillin C (60.10 mg/g extract) was higher in the SSE of Green I propolis 80% ethanolic extract. Thus, this study optimized the extraction and HPLC analytical conditions for the determination of phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity in different samples of Brazilian propolis.

Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Pigments of Mediterranean Herbs and Spices as Affected by Different Extraction Methods.

This study examined the composition and properties of chlorophyll and carotenoid extracted from the leaves of several Mediterranean evergreen shrubs and subshrubs (Myrtus communis L., Pistacia lentiscus L., Thymus vulgaris L., Salvia officinalis L. and Laurus nobilis L.) commonly used as herbs and spices. In order to fully assess their composition over a wide polarity range, pigments were extracted by successive solvent extraction with hexane, 80% acetone and 96% ethanol. Agitation-assisted extraction (AAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were employed and compared regarding their effect on the pigments’ yield and composition. Individual chlorophylls and carotenoids were analyzed by HPLC-DAD, while the content of total pigments and the extracts’ antioxidant capacity were determined spectrophotometrically. Throughout the experiments, pheophytin a, b and b’ were dominant chlorophyll molecules, while lutein and β-carotene were dominant carotenoids. Overall, the extracted pigments were determined as being in the range of 73.84–127.60 mg 100 g−1 and were the lowest in T. vulgaris, with no significant differences between other species. M. communis and P. lentiscus had the highest antioxidant capacities, showing a moderate positive correlation with carotenoid and chlorophyll levels. Significant differences were found in the levels of individual pigments with most of them showing a medium level of polarity due to the dissolution in acetone as a medium polar solvent. AAE and PLE demonstrated similar efficacy in the extraction of both carotenoids and chlorophylls; however, preference can be given to PLE, being a novel method with numerous advantages, e.g., shorter extraction time and lower solvent consumption. The examined plant species certainly expressed great diversity and showed the potential for application in the production of various functional products.

ANTI-FERTILITY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES AND STEM PARTS OF ARTABOTRYS ODORATISSIMUS. (ROXB.) R.BR. ANNONACEAE

The present study was done to evaluate the effects of Artabotrys odoratissimus in regulation of fertility in female albino wistar rats. Two successive solvent extracts (Ethanolic and Aqueous) of the leaves and stem of Artabotrys odoratissimus used at two dose levels 250, 500 mg/kg and 200, 400 mg/kg respectively to evaluate antifertility in female albino wistar rats by interfering the growth and release of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation). To observe the effect of various treatments on rats the rats were divided into six groups. After 21 days treatment, it was observed that the growth rate, weight gain and obesity of the rats, violent behavior of the rats like lateral attacks, biting and the muricidal behavior significant increase in Test- Iand Test- IV groups in compared with others group. The serum cholesterol and estrogen levels were increased tremendously in the Test- I, whereas estrogen levels decreased when compared to other groups. In histopathology of ovary the area of the largest follicle and the thickness of its follicular wall that is the theca cell layer and granulosa cell layer were calculated. The ovarian follicles and corpora lutea (CL) at different stages of development and regression, and the theca and granulosa cell layer were analyzed profoundly

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENDOLICHENIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM HYPOTRACHYNA INFIRMA (KUROK.) HALE

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate of phytopharmaceutical importance of endolichenic fungi isolated from Hypotrachyna infirma (Kurok.) Hale. Methods: The lichen species were collected from Sholaiyar hills, Coimbatore and identified as Hypotrachyna infirma (Kurok.)Hale. From this lichen, 29 endolichenic fungi were isolated and 13 endolichenic fungi were identified. From the identified endolichenic fungi, 26 extracts were prepared by successive solvent extraction methods using Ethyl acetate and chloroform. Results: The phytochemical study revealed the presence of important constituents like Alkaloids, Tannins, Carbohydrates, Phenols, Protein, Terpenoids, Steroids, Glycosides Flavonoids and Saponins. From the 13 endolichenic fungi, only 5 endolichenic fungi (Nigrospora oryzae (Berkand Broome)Petch, Geotrichum candidum Link, Scytalidium lignicola pesante, Aspergillus oryzae(Ahlb.) cohn, Aspergillus niger Gr.) have more constitutents. These 5 endolichenic fungi have good results in Quantitative analysis also. Conclusion: Compared to ethyl acetate extracts Chloroform extracts showed very less concentration of the phytochemicals. From this study we conclutated Nigrospora oryzae (Berk and Broome) Petch gave the best results in both qualitative and quantitative compared to other endolichenic fungi.

Chemical profiling and in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of bioactive fraction(s) from Trichodesma indicum (L.) R.Br. against LPS induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTrichodesma indicum (L.) R. Br. (family: Boraginaceae) is a medicinal herb largely used to treat arthralgia, rheumatoid arthritis, wound healing, dysentery, etc. It's mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity has not been systematically analyzed yet. Aim of the studyThe present study was undertaken to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of successive solvent extracts (n-hexane extract (HE), ethyl acetate extract (EA), ethanol extract (EE), aqueous extract (AE) and fractions of HE) from the aerial parts of Trichodesma indicum (TI) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated inflammatory reaction using mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Materials and methodsCytotoxic effects of the extracts and fractions of TI were assessed by MTT assay. The effect of extracts and fractions on the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 macrophages were measured using the Griess reagent method. IL - 6, IL - 1β, TNF-α, iNOS and COX-2 gene expressions were examined by a qRT-PCR method. ResultsRAW 264.7 macrophages pretreated with HE, EA, EE and AE of TI showed a significant decrease in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and NO without exhibiting cytotoxicity. The potent HE was fractionated using flash chromatography into FA, FB, FC, FD and FE. Among the five fractions, FE displayed a stronger ability to reduce IL - 1β, TNF-α, iNOS, COX2 and NO importantly no cytotoxicity was observed. The phytochemical compounds present in FE were further screened by Gas chromatography - Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS analysis revealed that 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid diisooctyl ester is the major compound in FE. Molecular docking analysis showed good inhibition of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid diisooctyl ester against TLR-4, NIK and TACE. ConclusionOur results suggested that 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid diisooctyl ester could be a potential candidate in alleviating inflammatory reactions in TI.

IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITY STUDIES ON ISOLATED AND PURIFIED COMPOUNDS FROM CHRYSOPOGON ZIZANIOIDES CHLOROFORM EXTRACT ON VERO AND HCT-116 CANCER CELL LINES

The main objective of this study is to investigate the cytotoxic potential of four puried compounds (compounds 1,2,3 and 4) from medicinal plant Chrysopogon zizanioides L were investigated. Successive solvent extraction of Chrysopogon zizanioides in chloroform was done. The extract were tested against the normal cell lines (Vero) human colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT-116) using the thiazolyl blue test (MTT) assay. The chloroform fractions of Chrysopogon zizanioides had shown the signicant results against Vero and HCT-116 tumor cell lines. The IC50concentration of the selected puried compounds C1, C2, C3, and C4 against HCT 116 were 79.06 µg/ml, 84.13 µg/ml, 94.36 µg/ml and 68.47µg/ml, respectively. Whereas the IC50concentration of the selected puried compounds C1, C2, C3, and C4 against Vero were 130.30µg/ml, 157.36µg/ml, 160.48µg/ml and 255.28µg/ml, respectively. Among all the tested compounds, compound four can be considered as potential sources of anti-cancer compounds. Additional studies are necessary for more extensive biological evaluations.

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Gymnema sylvestre

The present study was designed with the main aim to evaluate antimicrobial activity of aqueous leaf extract of Gymnema sylvestre against pathogenic microorganisms. Leaves of G. sylvestre was subjected to successive solvent extraction by continuous hot extraction (Soxhlet) with water. The extracts were diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) before testing the antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of extract for B. subtilis, K. aerogenus, S. aureus, E. coli, A. niger and P. chrysogenium was determined by agar well diffusion technique. The results of the present study revealed that aq. leaf extract of G. Sylvestre exhibited zones of inhibition at 100 mg/ml concentration. Aq. leaf extract of G. sylvestre exhibited zone of inhibition zone bacterial species like B. subtilis (10.55 mm), K. aerogenus (11.00 mm), S. aureus (8.50 mm), E. coli (12.50 mm), and against fungal species like A. niger (10.00 mm). In conclusion, present preliminary study delineated that the aqueous extract of G. sylvestre possesses considerable antimicrobial activities against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. aerogenes and A. niger. Hence, further experiments like isolation and purification of phytoactives of G. sylvestre responsible for antimicrobial activities could be recommended to carry out to further enhance the antimicrobial activities of phytoactives present in aq. leaf extract of G. sylvestre.

ANALYSIS OF BIO-ACTIVE COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN THE LEAVES AND STEM OF TRICHOSANTHES ROXB. USING GC-MS TECHNIQUE WITH RESPECT TO ITS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTION

Objective: Structural elucidation studies on Trichosanthes lobata ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaf and stem parts through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique with respect to anti-inflammatory potential.&#x0D; Methods: Extracts obtained with shade dried and powdered samples in successive solvent extraction using ethyl acetate and methanol by Soxhlet apparatus and subjected to GC-MS analysis and interpreted for its anti-inflammatory compounds.&#x0D; Results: The study revealed that the extraction solvent used was able to recover compound of classes such as organic acid esters and conjugated alkaloids in larger quantities than other classes of compounds and they varied with leaf and stem and also with the polarity of solvents used. In total compounds identified, GC-MS profile of the Ethyl Acetate leaf extract of T. lobata contained 41 compounds, stem extract contained 45 compounds which have reported bioassays in PubChem. Whereas GC-MS profile of methanol leaf extract of T. lobata contained 66 compounds and stem extract contained 46 compounds having bioassay reports in PubChem. A large number of phytochemical peaks with good area percentage were found in methanolic extract. We were also able to find out potent anti-inflammatory compounds including Octanoic acid, Dodecanoic acid, Octadecane, Enoic acid, Hexanoic acid, Quinazolin-8-one, Ilicic acid, Pentadecanoic acid, Oxaspiro, Benzeneacetic acid, etc. from the extracts.&#x0D; Conclusion: T. lobata contains phytocompounds against inflammation which may serve as a new drug lead of natural products origin in future and make it employable in modern pharmacological practices.

Anti-angiogenic activity of Calotropis gigantea leaf extract by chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay method

Background and aims Cancer has affected humans since the ancient times. One of the class of cancer treatment is targeted drugs which includes angiogenesis inhibitors or anti-angiogenics. The formation of new blood vessels is called angiogenesis. These class of drugs will affect the blood vessels and thus block the supply of nutrients to cancer cells and kill the cancer cells.Methods Calotropis gigantea leaves were selected for the study by chick chorioallantoic membrane CAM assay method using egg where the eggs are incubated for 8 days until the formation of blood vessels and on 8th day CAM layer is cut open and the extract will be tested for anti-angiogenic activity which will cause breakage of blood vessels. Successive solvent extraction of leaves was carried out using petroleum ether chloroform methanol and water and their percentage yield was calculated. Phytochemical screening for all the extract was carried out.Result All extracts were subjected for anti-angiogenic activity where the chloroform extract showed the maximum activity.Conclusion Calotropis gigantea leaves contained anti- angiogenic activity

Isolation, characterization, and chromatographic estimation of esculin: A potential fluorescent marker from Launaea pinnatifida cass

Background: Launaea pinnatifida (Willd.) Sch. Bip ex Kunze (Asteraceae) is an Indian Ocean intertidal sand dune herb that is useful as traditional medicine. The plant is one of the species of traditional Indian Ayurvedic herb “Gojihva.” Objectives: The present study was performed to isolate, characterize, and estimate a potential marker compound from L. pinnatifida. Materials and Methods: The leaves of the plant were subjected to successive solvent extraction with the help of solvents of varying polarity. Based on bioactivity studies performed using these extracts, the most bioactive methanolic extract was further subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography using chloroform and methanol in varying proportions. A phytoconstituent was isolated from fraction chloroform: methanol (90:10), elucidated to be Esculin based on its analytical (FTIR, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and ultraviolet) data. For the quantitative analysis of esculin in L. pinnatifida leaves, simple and validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) methods were developed. Results: The purity of isolated as well as purchased standard esculin was found to be 97.66% and 98.2%, respectively, by HPLC, whereas the yield of esculin in the methanolic extract of leaves was found to be 1.40% w/w by HPTLC. Conclusion: Esculin has been reported for the first time in this plant and can be considered a potent phytochemical marker. It can also be useful for the standardization and quality control of L. pinnatifida formulations.

Phytochemical studies and hypoglycemic effects of chenopodium album extracts on alloxan induced hyperglycemic the albino rabbits.

Objectives: Chenopodium album (Bathua) is commonly occurring small herb and has found to have different biological activities. Folk medicine claims its use in the treatment of diabetes in many part of the world. Method: Different extracts of plant investigated for phytochemical and hypoglycemic potentials, were obtained by successive solvent extraction of the whole plant parts using solvents of different polarities in an increasing order of polarity (Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol). The phytochemical investigations revealed that all the three extracts of the plant have metabolites of different chemical groups notably glycosides, flavonoids, phenols. Chloroform extract and methanol extract also found to have alkaloids in them. The hypoglycemic investigation of Chenopodium album was carried out in alloxan (200 mg/kg) induced diabetic rabbits (albino) by treating them with crude extracts of this plant. Results: Significant antidiabetic activity was evident with the Petroleum ether and Chloroform extracts at a dose of 100 μg/kg. The methanol extract did not show any hypoglycemic activity at this dose. Active extracts were tested with a double dose of 200 μg/kg and both extracts showed significant reduction in blood glucose level of the alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. The antidiabetic effect of Chenopodium album extracts was might be due to presence of glycosides, flavonoids and phenolic constituents. Isolation of active constituents from these extracts can lead to new drug molecule discovery.