Successful Reform Research Articles

ГЛОБАЛЬНА ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКА АКТИВНІСТЬ ІНДІЙСЬКИХ ТНК В КОНТЕКСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНОГО ЦЕНТРУ РЕГІОНАЛЬНОЇ ВЛАДИ

The article examines the problems of forming a new center of regional economic power headed by India. At the same time, the prerequisites, regularities and possible results of its formation are shown along with the selection of zones of economic interests of India. It is shown that the fundamental in this context is the further development of the entrepreneurial activity of Indian transnational corporations, which have already undergone the process of initial incorporation into global economic networks, are characterized by relative stability, have good indicators of credit and financial stability and significant amounts of capitalization. It was thanks to the active internationalization of Indian business that the ambitious project "North-South" became possible for implementation, which enables India to claim regional leadership. The further directions of the development of this project are defined and the possible scenarios of the transformation of India into a global leader are shown, provided that a number of internal contradictions in internal development are eliminated and the structure of the country's economic complex is adjusted. It was determined that the state-corporate partnership in India in recent years has become a key to successful internationalization of activities and under the conditions of strengthening the social responsibility of local business can become a catalyst for successful reform of the country's domestic economic complex. It was noted that Indian TNCs work mainly in high-tech sectors of the economy and form appropriate enclaves of innovative leadership, which makes it possible to help regions characterized by weak development, both inside the country and abroad. And the active offshoring business in the countries of Africa and Asia makes it possible to intensify business and export activity. Thus, a conclusion was made about the key role that Indian TNCs play in promoting the country's regional leadership and its inclusion in global communication, technological, banking, financial and credit, entrepreneurial networks. It has been established. That in recent years, India has become not just a regional leader, but quite successfully resists the Chinese project and actively advocates for a polar world, where the Indian project will have a number of advantages.

Formation of investment climate in the oil and gas industry of Azerbaijan and its impact on the development of the non-oil sector

After the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan, there is a great need to create a favorable investment climate for attracting foreign capital to the national economy. From this point of view, due to its special relevance in modern economic conditions, the legislative framework for the formation of a favorable investment climate in the oil and gas industry was studied and its impact on the development of the non-oil sector was assessed. To further clarify the subject of the study, special attention was paid to the frequent changes in tax legislation, which seriously hinder the attraction of investments in the oil and gas industry. As a result of successful reforms, changes have taken place in the management structure of the country's oil and gas industry aimed at creating a more accurate and perfect system of state regulation of operations in the use of subsoil. As a result, the contradictions in the issues of authority and the negative factors that led to the inefficiency of the management system as a whole were eliminated, and many positive developments were observed. The article shows the directions of directing the revenues from the oil and gas industry to the development of the non-oil sector with long-term forecasts in the conditions of formation of a favorable investment climate in our country. Keywords: oil and gas industry; investment climate; law; non-oil sector; development.

ВПЛИВ ОБЛІКОВОЇ СТАВКИ НБУ НА БАНКІВСЬКІ ДЕПОЗИТИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

The work considers individual factors influencing the deposit policy of Ukrainian banks during the two periods of the aggression of the Russian Federation in the east of Ukraine and the occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (2014-2021) and the full-scale invasion (2022). The specified period in particular is characterized by radical and mostly successful reforms carried out in the banking system of Ukraine which affected its stable operation during the period of hostilities. The article examines the influence of the NBU Key Policy Rate on the formation of the deposit policy of banks depending on the terms of placement of funds in national and foreign currencies, the general trends of the deposit policy of banks regarding the establishment of interest rates on deposits during the period of military operations on the territory of Ukraine are determined. The volume of funds raised in the economy was studied, trends were established regarding changes in the resources raised and factors of influence from the state and banks on certain sectors of the economy which contributed to the preservation and growth of the deposit portfolio during 2014-2021. An analysis of interest rates on raised household deposits was carried out which make up the largest share of all involved bank resources. It has been established that individuals have changed their priorities reorienting themselves from long-term placement of their own funds to short-term ones or have refused to place term deposits altogether. The influence of the discount rate on the deposit policy of banks during the period of full-scale war is studied. It was established that the effect of external factors was decisive in this period and the influence of the NBU Key Policy Rate was insignificant. The work also determines the impact of decisions made by the state authorities of Ukraine and the National Bank on the volume of resources involved during the period of a full-scale invasion in 2022.

What Is Behind The Stunning Economic Success Of The Netherlands? The Dutch Economic Miracle: A Strategic Perspective

Purpose of the study: This paper examines the main factors and prerequisites for the intensive economic development of the Netherlands by taking into account the contribution of tourism, logistics, industry, and agriculture to the economic miracle. Methodology: In this work, the historical methods, as well as the theory of relative advantages and the general methods of scientific research, were used. Main findings: The preconditions for the rapid growth of the Dutch economy include successful domestic reforms carried out by the Government at the end of the 1990-is; a favorable trade regime focused on the freedom to exercise an economic or commercial activity; as well as deep integration of the country with the European Union that allows it to take full advantage of the European single market and remain one of the economic leaders within this Community. Research limitations/implications: In this study, authors propose a roadmap for those countries that are struggling because of the lack of well-thought national planning policy. They also hope that their information may be useful for Ukraine in the process of post-war reconstruction in the future. Novelty/Originality of this study: This article represents an attempt to create a comprehensive picture of the Dutch economic miracle that includes export performance, logistical activities of Rotterdam Port, Schiphol, and Eindhoven International Airports, and the functioning of the highly efficient tourism industry that encompasses the Netherlands and the region of the Dutch Caribbean. In the article, both authors combine historical knowledge

C. H. Hanumantha Rao and Hans Linnemann (eds). Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996. 271 pages. Hardbound, Indian Rs 350.00; paperback, Indian Rs 195.00.

The book under review is an edited collection of eight papers presented at a seminar on “Structural Adjustment and Poverty in India: Policy and Research Issues”, and is Volume 17 in the Indo-Dutch studies on Development Alternatives. The book evaluates the impact of economic reforms on poverty alleviation in India. In the “Introduction”, the editors describe the main theme of the book and propose some policy measures for poverty alleviation in the light of the findings of the papers included in the book. The paper, “Structural Adjustment in India—What about Poverty Alleviation?”, by Pieter A. van Stuijvenberg, evaluates the impact of India’s Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on the poor and suggests some policy corrections to mitigate the adverse effects of this adjustment on the poor. He observes an improvement in the balance-of-payments position and foreign exchange reserves without a simultaneous fall in gross domestic product under the SAP. His major concerns are the large size and composition of fiscal deficits (dominated by revenue deficits). The large size of fiscal deficits, according to van Stuijvenberg, drive up real interest rates and endanger investment-led growth. He observes that social indicators of the social safety net, employment, and rural development programmes have not improved much due to expenditure cuts on rural infrastructural investments. He suggests a reduction in the size and composition of the public sector, elimination of all explicit and implicit subsidies, and discouraging rent-seeking behaviour for a successful implementation of economic reforms.

New public sector management (NPM) doctrines and service delivery: the case of Mauritius

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate into the perception of new public sector management (NPM) and service delivery among senior officers of the Mauritian public sector in the context of reforms. Although improved service delivery is one of the salient outcomes of successful reforms of NPM, many governments in the world have not been able to fulfil this promise. While few extant research probe into the factors affecting service delivery, mostly from the customer’s perspective, this study probes into how senior public officers themselves perceive service delivery as part of their duty in government.Design/methodology/approachThe qualitative stance was adopted for this study. Interviews were conducted with 23 senior public officers having on average 20 years of service in the Mauritian public sector. Data obtained was transcribed and coded under themes, sub-themes and emergent themes. These were then analysed in the light of the literature review conducted.FindingsThe findings of this study revealed that NPM was being practiced and service delivery was an imbedded factor among senior public sector officers of the Mauritian public sector. Among other factors, officers interviewed were of the opinion that serving the public was a legitimate part of their job, view that they had agreed to serve the government of Mauritius. Such a finding proves to be very encouraging for the Mauritian Government, still struggling to achieve reforms or NPM doctrines.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to the scant literature on NPM and service delivery in small island developing states. It explores the perception of experienced senior officers about the practice of NPM and the state of service delivery.Practical implicationsThis study elucidates how senior public servants themselves perceive service delivery and can, thus, serve as an example of public sector best practices in small island developing states.Originality/valueWhile most studies with respect to public sector reforms concentrate on developed countries, this study takes place in the small island state of Mauritius. More so, the perception of public servants themselves have been explored in the context of service delivery improvement and reforms, contrary to other studies which concentrate of the customers’ perceptions.

Concept of Regulating youth Migration Mobility of Ukraine in War Conditions

Problematic aspects of the synergy of youth and migration policy, which acquire additional relevance for Ukraine in the war conditions, in the article were considered. The aim of the article is the scientific substantiation of the conceptual provisions regarding the regulation of youth migration mobility with the detection of modern priorities for Ukraine. The analysis of the legislation of Ukraine in the social sphere made it possible to reveal the importance of the issue of state support for youth among the conceptual-strategic and program-target priorities. At a time when developed countries are actively promoting the idea of «Talent on the Move», youth migration in Ukraine is taking on threatening characteristics due to the lack of systematic regulation of it. The results of a sociological survey of young people with migration experience, based on the example of the Lviv region of Ukraine, proved that youth re-emigration intentions were extremely low even before the Russo-Ukrainian War 2022. The emigration of Ukrainian youth is intellectualizing, changing the previous migration labor wave. The current wave of forced emigration also has the face of children and youth, who are highly likely to successfully integrate into host societies. Taking into account the risks of irreversible demographic losses and the social functionality of the state, it is necessary to implement a new concept of regulating the youth migration mobility, which includes measures to influence migration movements and migration potential, as well as support for the main areas of youth life. The new concept should be developed in accordance with the regulated priorities of national security, human and sustainable development, the expediency of youth policy regionalization in the conditions of a successful decentralization reform. The basis of the migration potential regulation is the organization of migration mobility monitoring in the context of the development and capitalization of human potential, that is, the clarification of the consequences of migration for the person and the region (state) of origin. It is mandatory to support of social ties with diaspora institutions. The new concept of regulating the youth migration mobility should aim to stimulate their re-emigration with a promising transition to ensuring circular migration during the post-war recovery period of Ukraine. The obtained results are the basis for further research in the part of determining the mechanisms of stimulating the re-emigration of young people to Ukraine and attracting their potential during further stay abroad.

The Need to Implement Change in Educational Leadership

Abstract This article is inspired by the practical approach to education reforms, within education for all. These reforms have greatly fueled political dialogue and exchange of experience. Given the number of countries and regions of the world concerned, these reforms take place in a wide variety of contexts that underlie the specificity of each. Consequently, any possibility of classification and typology may encounter theoretical and practical obstacles that are difficult to overcome. Although we do not ignore them, observing certain dominant common features of these reforms allows us to try it through a double input: the expectations and the conduct of change, especially those determined by the globalization of reforms through the frameworks of successive education assessments and international assessments (PISA, TIMSS, PASEC, SAQMEC). The challenge is threefold. It is primarily a matter of categorizing expectations and strategic choices that make it possible to distinguish policies in the field of educational reform. This opens up a deeper understanding of the nature and impact of each of these different types of reform to better inform the analysis of the options that have guided the unfolding of change. The second challenge is to identify the major challenges faced by change management. Such challenges, by their scale and complexity, often explain the discrepancies between expectations for change and the results of reforms. One of the implications is also that addressing these challenges creates the critical conditions for successful reforms. The reflection on the lessons learned then opens the way to new perspectives for the development of reforms to which current and future trends in the evolution of education systems are articulated.

LAND REFORM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - A MARRIAGE OF NECESSITY

In order for land reform to be successful in the agricultural arena, the end-result must promote sustainable development. The question is whether legislation and policy initiatives have been conducive in furthering the partnership between land reform and sustainable development. Although the link between the two seems apparent, after a brief analysis of existing land reform legislation it is clear that legislation generally does not reflect this. Many actors have an impact on the harmonization of land reform and sustainable development, inter alia (a) problems resulting from the former racially-based land control approach and (b) geographical and climatic factors. The problems experienced in the rural areas in especially the former national states and self-governing territories are discussed in more detail. In order to place the current situation in perspective, recent developments that impact on land reform and development are then discussed, namely the Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development Plan and the Strategic Plan for SA Agriculture. In light of these developments various shortcomings are further identified that still hamper the closer working partnership between land reform and sustainable development. The conclusion is reached that the mere transfer of land is no guarantee for a successful land reform programme. What is needed, is a balanced approach towards addressing the demand for land on the one hand and maintaining agricultural production on the other.

A Stone in the Other's Hand: Finnish Basic Education Curriculum Reform

Since the 20th century, the success of Finnish basic education has attracted the attention of many countries in the world. Starting from the background and development history of Finland's basic education curriculum reform, we explore the reasons and characteristics of its curriculum reform and summarize the inspiration of its successful reform to China's basic education reform on this basis.

A Stone in the Other's Hand: Finnish Basic Education Curriculum Reform

Since the 20th century, the success of Finnish basic education has attracted the attention of many countries in the world. Starting from the background and development history of Finland's basic education curriculum reform, we explore the reasons and characteristics of its curriculum reform and summarize the inspiration of its successful reform to China's basic education reform on this basis.

Unclogging Courts by Targeting Litigant Incentives: The Case of the Brazilian Labour Justice Reform

Overburdened courts hinder economic and social progress, yet successful court reforms are rare. Instead of boosting judicial resources or adapting procedure, Brazil tackled persistent backlogs and delays in its labour courts by replacing the pre‐existing each‐pays‐their‐own‐costs (American) rule for allocation of litigation expenses with an alternative loser‐pays‐all (English) rule. Using a newly assembled court‐level panel dataset and difference‐in‐differences approach, we show that the reform alleviated the courts' demand pressures and, most importantly, increased court efficacy in both adjudication and enforcement. The Brazilian experience offers valuable policy lessons about viable court reforms for other jurisdictions.

Analysis of European experience in improving public administration mechanisms

No country is capable of building a progressive society without resorting to systematic modification of the model of public management, as the states of the Baltic Sea region have proven by their own example. The relevance of the analysis of the public administration mechanisms of the Baltic countries is explained by the success of the modernized policy of the administration system in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, whose experience is a vivid illustration of successful reform and the desire for permanent socio-economic growth. The purpose of this scientific work is to study the multifaceted components of the functioning of the updated concept of public administration of the Baltic republics through the prism of European integration processes within the countries, in particular. The leading methods of research work were the methods of analysis and generalization, with the help of which the key means of improving the public sector of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia were revealed in combination with the method of comparison, which made it possible to compare the public management models of the three Baltic states. This article reveals the importance of the implementation of innovative decisions by subjects of power in order to realize the civil liberties of the population and ensure the principles of public administration. It was established that the change in the principles of state leadership in the Baltic states was due to the preparation for joining the European Union. In particular, the idea of interaction between state institutions and the civilian population was introduced, the latest information technologies were involved, and an anti-corruption policy was implemented. It was determined that the reformation of the public sector depends on ensuring its smooth functioning. The practical value of the mentioned scientific work lies in the possibility of using its materials in the process of developing reform solutions for the reconstruction of the public administration system

FINANCIAL DECENTRALIZATION IN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN TRENDS

Decentralization is considered one of the most successful reforms in Ukraine. It has become a decisive factor in the social and economic development of the country. As a result of the reform, a significant amount of powers and sources of financial resources were transferred from the state authorities as close as possible to the people – to territorial communities in the form of local self-government bodies. Decentralization processes are dominant in the developed countries of the world and involve strengthening the financial autonomy of municipalities. However, in contrast to European countries, Ukraine remains a state in which extensive methods of economic development are preserved.The article is devoted to the study of the process of financial decentralization in Ukraine, which was carried out in the context of European trends. It is justified that powers between the levels of power and management should be demarcated according to the principle of subsidiarity. The article analyzes the degree of decentralization of revenues of local budgets of Ukraine and the countries of the European Union. The current system of local taxation in Ukraine has been studied. According to the results of the study, problems related to financial decentralization were identified. The search for ways to increase local communities' own incomes and ways to increase the autonomy of local self-government bodies was carried out. Proposals have been developed to improve the efficiency of tax revenue generation, which aims to help strengthen the financial independence of local budgets at the current stage of development.

The timely administration of justice: using computational simulations to evaluate institutional reforms at the CJEU

ABSTRACT The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) faces a growing backlog of cases and delays in administering justice. Identifying the factors that prolong the resolution of cases is critical for designing successful institutional reforms. In this article, we use a Bayesian model to identify the characteristics of cases, judges, and the Court's internal procedures that affect the duration of cases. Then, we run computational simulations that use our model to estimate the likely effect of potential institutional reforms aimed at reducing the Court's backlog. We offer policy recommendations based on our findings. Our methodology can be tailored to study the efficiency of other domestic and international courts.

Why democratic police reform mostly fails and sometimes succeeds: police reform and low state capacity, authoritarianism and neo-patrimonial politics (in the former Soviet Union)

ABSTRACT Democratic police reform models dominate discussions on police reform in non-Western contexts. Researchers and practitioners often attribute reform failings to personnel and institutional failure within police organisations, the weakness of formal external institutions of control and accountability, lack of inclusion of, or customisation to, hybrid forms of governance or a failure to address social injustice more broadly. Drawing on analysis of political and police transformation in Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Russia this paper suggests low state capacity and authoritarian and neo-patrimonial politics present more prominent barriers to DPR. In low capacity states police pay is insufficient and bureaucratic control weak. Formal reforms have little influence over the police who are influenced by organised crime and corrupt police leaders and politicians. Authoritarian and neo-patrimonial elites often stymie reform initiatives which undermine their political and economic interests. Full DPR is thus unlikely without increasing state capacity and political elite will and capacity to democratise control of the police. But contrary to democratisation being key to successful reform the relationship between regime type and reform outcomes is more nuanced. Partial reform is possible where a partially authoritarian/neo-patrimonial regime has the ability to improve police effectiveness and clampdown on corruption and prioritises these.

Inside the Europeanization black box: the evolution of corruption risk in Albania’s public procurement

ABSTRACT The Western Balkans EU candidate countries face rule of law challenges far more serious than Hungary or Poland did at the time of their accessions in 2004. Despite extensive EU conditionality and support, with 16% of EU pre-structural funds dedicated between 2014 and 2020 to rule of law projects, governance indicators show no substantial change. The European Court of Auditors (ECA) also found little impact in advancing the rule of law in the candidate countries in the Western Balkans. The European Commission, however, does report signs of progress. By drawing on public procurement data from the two sectors concentrating most public expenditure, namely health and construction, between the years 2017 and 2019, this paper solves the dilemma of how allegedly successful reforms can happen without much impact. By directly measuring government favouritism in procurement, before and after EU-driven reforms, the paper finds that evolution has so far been limited despite proving the effect of certain interventions. The paradox is explained by providing evidence of versatile behaviour by the main rent owners and the increasing discretionary power of Albania’s governing party.

Contemporary Practices in Teaching 21st Century Skills at Malaysian Primary Schools: Do Environmental Factors and Teacher’s Attitudes Matter?

The implementation of 21st century education is a key factor for successful education reform. Due to a lack of empirical research, practices to develop students’ 21st century skills at the primary school level are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify teachers’ contemporary practices and the influences of environmental factors as well as teachers’ attitudes on these practices. A quantitative research design was used to achieve the objectives of the study. A total of 400 primary school teachers from the state of Penang, Malaysia was sampled. Three instruments were used to collect the required data; the Teachers’ Practices in Teaching 21st Century Skills Questionnaire (37 items), Environmental Factors in Teaching 21st Century Skills Questionnaire (12 items) and the Teacher’ Attitudes in Teaching 21st Century Skills Questionnaire (35 items). The data were analysed with descriptive analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM). The results showed that primary school teachers adopted five contemporary practices in teaching 21st century skills. The inquiry-based instructional approach was the most preferred practice, followed by the communicative language teaching approach, constructivist learning approach and problem-centred instructional approach. The technology-based instructional approach, however, was the least preferred practice. Results of the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) approach showed that supporting environmental factors had positive influence on both teachers’ practices and attitudes. Additional results indicated positive mediation role of teachers’ attitudes on their practices of teaching 21st century skills. Implications for the research findings were discussed in this study. As supported by the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) Theory, this study found that environmental factors could drive teachers’ adoption of contemporary practices. In addition, teachers’ attitudes have positive effect on their applications of these instructional practices as emphasised by the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Educational implications and suggestions for future research are also discussed in this paper.

FISCAL POLICY AND LONG-TERM ECONOMIC GROWTH: LESSONS FROM THE EURO AREA

At the beginning of 2020, the European Union embarked on a process of reviewing its macroeconomic policy strategy and economic governance framework. While the review of the monetary policy framework was approved in July 2021, the review of the fiscal policy framework was put on hold as a result of the outbreak of the covid-19 pandemic and the ensuing economic crisis. The Covid-19 crisis led to a breach of fiscal rules in the European Union and an unprecedented increase in the size of fiscal imbalances. In this context, there is a need for a radical reform of the fiscal rules still in force to allow for a more active role of national fiscal policies and to avoid the serious economic problems resulting from the fiscal austerity policies emanating from the Maastricht Treaty, the Stability and Growth Pact and the successive reforms of the latter.

Democratic police reform, security sector reform, anti-corruption and spoilers: lessons from Georgia

ABSTRACT The Georgian police reforms of 2004–2006 provide a rare case of rapid, large-scale, successful security reform. Lessons from Georgia challenge mainstream approaches to democratic police reform, security-sector reform, and elements of prominent critiques. These often emphasise democratisation of police and security sectors to include multiple actors in policing and reform. By contrast, the Georgian process was top-down and state-led. Failure to democratise the police has meant the reforms have not curtailed political interference in policing and have only partially reduced police impunity but the reforms vastly reduced corruption, improved security and trust in the police and have been sustained. This was achieved by the government strengthening executive power, consolidating its control over the security sector, firing corrupt police, and cracking down on organised crime. The Georgian case indicates that successful democratic police reform and security-sector reform depend on a concentration of state power to tackle such domestic spoilers and institutionalising before democratising control of the police, factors that are largely absent from policy and academic debates on these topics.