Successful Conflict Resolution Research Articles

A model for Enhancing EI Performance in Conflict Resolution

This study explores a methodology to improve the performance of Emotional Intelligence (EI) in dispute resolution, utilizing quantitative analysis of 287 respondent's questionnaire data. This study examines how well active perception, Emotion understanding and task complexity predict outcomes of EI performance in conflict resolution, focusing on each of their roles and relationships. It is discovered that active perception significantly influences and strongly predicts EI performance in conflict resolution. Similar to active perception, Emotion understanding shows significance as mediator of the relationship between EI performance and active perception as well. In order to predict Emotional Intelligence, active perception and Emotion Understanding have various relationships. The study determines how important and influential these factors are in a relationship to each other. Although Emotion understanding and active perception have a high predictive value on EI performance in conflict resolution. These findings demonstrate how important it is for Emotional Intelligence (EI) training programs to emphasize active perception, emotion understanding and task complexity in order to promote successful conflict resolution outcomes. For professionals who want to develop competencies in Emotional Intelligence (EI) and advance organizational effectiveness in conflict resolution setting, the research offers insightful information. This research deploys transaction cost theory as the groundwork.

Conflict Situation and Proposals for Resolving Customary Land Conflicts in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Objective: This research aims to understand the causes of customary land tenure conflicts based on the implementation of the applicable agrarian reform legal system, identify the root of the problem, and find solutions. Theoretical Framework: In addressing customary land conflicts, we employ Paul Wehr's guidelines, as endorsed by USAID, along with the insights provided by Qin et al. (2023), including Factors of History Conflict, Conflict context, Conflict parties, Issues, Dynamics, Alternative route to solution, Conflict regulation Potential, and Map Use. The use of maps is considered the crucial first step in conflict intervention. Methods: This research method uses a qualitative approach supported by in-depth interviews with 27 informants. Key informants are selected using a purposive sampling technique. We conducted a field observation study to re-check the correct data by reducing bias during data collection and analysis. The research question is why land conflicts occur in the Besipae customary forest area, and what is the solution to the problem. Results and Conclusions: Thematic analysis of in-depth interviews yielded eight themes, including land conflict as a fundamental issue, history of conflict, causes of land conflict, land acquisition, conflict cases, the impact of land conflict, agrarian reform, and conflict solutions. Analysis of observational studies revealed three key factors: communication, dissemination, and treatment of the psychiatric impact of conflict. Communication and dissemination factors play a key role in land conflicts because conflicts occur due to most people not knowing that their land will be used for road construction, oil palm plantations, dams, railway lines, tourism areas, and others. Land acquisition should be an open process and widely announced. The government and large companies can negotiate to buy community land at market prices, and the government finds new locations for evicted communities. Given that the 2018 presidential regulations have not been well disseminated, several agencies, institutions, and community groups lack understanding of the regulations' contents. Dissemination factors play an important role in avoiding land conflicts. Meanwhile, treatment of the psychiatric impact of the conflict was added to Wehr's guidelines, given that resolving conflict is not enough just by peace, but the impact it causes is very hard on the psychology, trauma, and stress in children. Research Implications: This study presents themes that district, provincial, and national governments can utilize. The outcomes of this strategy can assist policymakers in promoting the successful resolution of land conflicts in the Besipae forest area. Originality/Value: This research begins by utilizing the map of customary land conflicts, studying conflict factors based on history, observing conflict context, conflict parties, issues, conflict dynamics, alternative routes to solution, and conflict regulation potential. Utilizing the map is considered a crucial first step in effective conflict intervention, aiming to align the perceptions of all parties involved. The findings in the study area that include communication, dissemination, and treatment of the psychiatric impact of conflict need to be added to Paul Wehl's land conflict resolution guidelines, which can be applied to developing countries.

Historical aspect of international mediation and current trends in its development

The article «Historical aspect of international mediation and modern trends of its development» explores the evolution and role of international mediation throughout history and analyzes the current trends of its development in the modern world. The article examines the role of mediation in conflict resolution in different eras, starting from ancient civilizations to the present. Particular attention is paid to key stages in the development of international mediation, such as the Renaissance, the 19th and 20th centuries, and modernity, with a focus on the influence of international organizations and technological innovations. Current trends are also analyzed, including the expansion of actors, the use of modern technology, the increasing role of regional organizations, and cultural sensitivity. The article emphasizes that contemporary international mediation is becoming a more complex and multidimensional phenomenon, playing an important role in conflict resolution and maintaining stability on the world stage.
 The article considers international mediation as one of the alternative ways of resolving legal conflicts. The historical aspect of the emergence of international mediation is analyzed, the main trends of its development are highlighted.
 The historical aspect of the development of international mediation and modern trends of its development reflect significant progress in the field of international conflict resolution. Since ancient times, people and groups have sought to use mediation to resolve disputes and prevent wars. In the modern world, international mediation has become an increasingly recognized and effective tool for conflict resolution and peacekeeping.
 Current trends in the institution of international mediation encompass a number of important aspects that reflect changes in world politics, technological advances, and cultural preferences.
 Here are the key ones:
 S As the role of various regional players, such as regional organizations, has strengthened, their influence on international mediation has grown. They are becoming important mediators of conflicts in their regions and can play a crucial role in maintaining stability.
 S Information and communication technologies are opening up new avenues for mediation, including virtual platforms and cyber-mediation. They facilitate the exchange of information and enable remote interaction between parties to a conflict.
 S In addition to States and international organizations, non-governmental organizations, academic institutions and private companies are increasingly involved in international mediation. Their expertise and neutrality can make a significant contribution to conflict resolution.
 S Modern mediators are increasingly paying attention to the cultural, religious and social dimensions of conflicts. Understanding local customs and values can contribute to effective mediation.
 S Mediation is increasingly linked to economic motives and measures to stimulate peace and cooperation. Economic support can be a means of encouraging constructive solutions.
 S An important aspect of current trends is the development of standards and ethics for mediators. Professionally trained and competent mediators contribute to successful conflict resolution.
 S Modern mediation increasingly focuses on conflict prevention and avoidance, as well as on rapid response to initial tensions.
 У Media and public opinion play an important role in creating an atmosphere of trust and support for successful mediation. Modern mediators are increasingly engaging with the public and using media platforms for communication and influence.
 The combination of these trends points to the evolution of the institution of international mediation towards a more flexible, integrated and adaptive system that can better meet the challenges of contemporary international conflicts.
 Current trends in the development of the institution of international mediation include the growing interest in the use of mediation in international disputes, the establishment of specialized international mediation centers and the development of professional standards for international mediators.

Effective Management Style for Resolving Academic and Non-Academic Conflicts in University Colleges in Kathmandu

This article investigates effective management approaches for resolving academic and non-academic conflicts in education. The objective of the study is to identify and examine strategies that promote successful conflict resolution in educational settings. A quantitative research design was employed, combining quantitative data from educators, administrators, and stakeholders. Findings revealed a range of conflicts, including those related to curriculum, interpersonal relationships, power dynamics, and resource allocation. Various management approaches were identified, such as open communication, mediation and negotiation techniques, feelings building, and the establishment of conflict resolution mechanisms and policies. Participants reported positive outcomes when these approaches were applied, including improved collaboration, enhanced student engagement, and a more harmonious educational environment. The findings provide valuable insights for educational practitioners and administrators seeking to foster productive and inclusive learning environments. By implementing effective management approaches, collaborating can handle conflicts, promote collaboration, and enhance overall educational outcomes. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term effects and sustainability of these conflict resolution strategies.

Do perpetrators and victims rely on different information when judging whether aggressive behaviors are justified?

Perpetrators perceive their aggressive behaviors as more justified than victims do. This difference in perception may be due to each person relying heavily on their private thoughts and experiences, which effectively means that perpetrators and victims consider different information, and value that information differently, when judging whether an aggressive behavior is justified. The current manuscript contains four studies that tested these ideas. When judging whether an aggressive behavior is justified, perpetrators reported relying heavily on their thoughts and motives (Studies 1-3) and victims reported relying heavily on their experience of being harmed (Study 2). Further, as people considered the perpetrator's thoughts that led to the aggressive behavior, perpetrators, but not victims, became more confident in their judgments (Study 3). Finally, when judging their aggressive behavior, people felt their judgments were less biased than a "typical person's" judgments would be (Study 4). Collectively, these studies demonstrate some of the cognitive reasons that perpetrators and victims disagree on their judgments about whether an aggressive behavior is justified and, consequently, some of the cognitive barriers that need to be overcome for successful conflict resolution to occur.

The Possibility of Applying Religious Multiculturalism Policy in Local Government in Indonesia

This study investigates local government’s opportunities for implementing religious multiculturalism policies, which refer to the regional autonomy system. The subject of this research is Tangerang City, Banten Province, which has an urban and pluralistic image of society due to its location as a buffer for the city capital. Data collection in this study used a qualitative method which refers to in-depth interviews of 15 respondents who came from representatives of the government and religious leaders. In addition, secondary data in this study relates to observations, field notes, documentation, and relevant literature. The result of this study indicates several indicators that lead to the possibility for Tangerang City’s local government to apply a religious multiculturalism policy: government institutions in strengthening harmony and handling religious conflicts. The Religious Harmony Forum (FKUB) promotes religious harmony, a grant program to accommodate the needs of religious groups, a supportive and open-minded Mayor, cultural and religious festivals, successful resolution of religious conflict, and intensive dialogue between religious leaders.

Конструктивне розв’язання конфліктів: форми, стратегії і способи вирішення

In the article, the author made an attempt to conceptualize the main forms of ending the conflict, among which the main ones are highlighted: resolution, settlement, extinction, elimination, development into another conflict. The author determined that the resolution of the conflict is a joint activity of its participants, aimed at stopping opposition and solving the problem that led to the conflict. The option of ending the conflict is considered by the author of the article as a result of the struggle from the point of view of the state of the parties and their relationship to the object of the conflict. It was established that the criterion for constructive resolution of the conflict is the level of resolution of the contradiction underlying the conflict and the victory of the right-wing opponent in it. The author emphasizes that most of the conditions and factors for successful resolution of conflicts are psychological in nature because they reflect the peculiarities of the behavior and interaction of opponents. It has been proven that conflict resolution is a multi-stage process that includes analysis and assessment of the situation, choosing a way to resolve the conflict, forming an action plan, its implementation, and evaluating the effectiveness of one’s actions. The author notes that the opponent’s choice of a strategy for exiting the conflict is of fundamental importance for how the conflict will end. Ending a conflict does not always resolve the underlying contradiction. An open conversation technique may be recommended to reach a compromise. The author established that the direct resolution of the conflict is a process that includes the analysis and assessment of the situation, the choice of a way to resolve the conflict, the formation of an operational composition of actions, the implementation of the plan and (or) its correction, and the evaluation of the effectiveness of actions. The main strategies for conflict resolution are rivalry, cooperation, compromise, adaptation, and withdrawal from solving the problem.

Роль і значення ділового етикету в управлінні конфліктами організації

The article is devoted to the study of the role and impor-tance of business etiquette in conflict management of the organization. The essence of the concepts "conflict", "organizational conflict", "conflict management" is defined. The main reasons of conflict situations in the organization are characterized. It is noted that in economically developed countries there is a fairly new, modern approach to conflict management related to business etiquette and its tools. The content of business etiquette, principles, functions and directions of its unification are disclosed. A number of rules of business etiquette, which are guided by participants in busi¬ness relations in order to prevent possible conflicts, were singled out. Their content is disclosed, a thorough description is given. The important role of the manager in solving conflict situations in the organization is emphasized. The skills and knowledge of business etiquette which must be possessed for successful conflict resolution are highlighted. The main attention is paid to the fact that the rules of business etiquette serve only as an external expression of moral relations between people, so they can be both tacit and more specific. It was determined that these rules, norms and values are contained in the code of corporate (business) ethics, which is the main tool of business etiquette. Its functions, structure and content are analyzed. Practical recommendations on conflict prevention in the organization, its prevention and mitigation based on the principles, rules and norms of business etiquette are offered. It was concluded that com-pliance with accepted rules of conduct strengthens confi-dence in the correctness of one's actions, creates a sense of psychological comfort, which, in turn, affects the number of conflicts, labor productivity, production culture, etc.

RESOLUSI KONFLIK DI ASIA: ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN ACEH DAN SRI LANGKA

The conflicts in Aceh and Sri Lanka share many similarities. However, there have been significantly different post-tsunami dynamics of conflict resolution in Aceh and Sri Lanka. In this article, the conflict resolution processes in Aceh and Sri Lanka will be compared. The main goals of this article are to (1) identify the main factors that failed to resolve the Sri Lanka conflict and the main factors that contributed to the successful post-tsunami resolution of the Aceh conflict, and (2) to determine whether the Sri Lanka conflict's failure to be resolved will repeat in Aceh if Aceh is faced with a similar natural disaster (tsunami). This article uses a qualitative approach with multiple case studies. As a result, the author uses a scientific model that includes additional concepts, expert opinions, and theories about conflict resolution to comprehend and analyze the resolution of the Aceh conflict and the conflict in Sri Lanka. These findings demonstrate that the success or failure of post-disaster resolution in two areas depends critically on the level of trust between conflicting parties. As a reaction, the violations of the Helsinki Accords' terms are more likely to trigger a third wave of conflicts than future natural disasters In Aceh.

An Alternative Soft Set Approach for Identifying Football Conflict: A Case Study of Indonesian Football Super League

Conflict situations in football have become a significant issue because they affect the players, supporters, referees, management team, the governing body of football, and the government. As time passes, the discovery of conflicts within the football industry has also become increasingly diverse; both affected in-game or out of the game. In 2015, Indonesia had no activity in football for almost a year when the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) banned the Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI) from competing in international competitions until the conflict among their internal agents was resolved. The agents involved in this highly controversial ban include the Commission 10 of the Parliament of Indonesia, the National Sports Committee of Indonesia (KONI), the Indonesian President, and the Ministry of Youth and Sport of Indonesia. Conflict resolution strategies outside the football games are delicate and more challenging to overcome due to the involvement of the government and various governing bodies. This opens to higher unpredictability in modeling the conflict situations, hence a lower possibility of a successful conflict resolution model strategy. In addressing this gap, this paper proposes a new Computational Intelligence approach based on the Soft Set Theory, where an alternative algorithm is derived from modeling the conflict situations. We then delineated the proposed algorithm for an instructional example of the Indonesian football conflict situation in 2015 concerning the Indonesia Football Super League. The results showed that the proposed algorithm successfully handled conflict and recommended the Indonesian football agents involved, including PSSI and FIFA.

Analysing the Sri Lankan civil war through the lens of conflict resolution theory

The Sri Lankan ethnic conflict can be identified as a landmark event in recent history, reflecting a visible social disunion between the majority and minority ethnic communities. Sri Lanka witnessed a major turnover of events, from circumscribed ethnic clashes to a full-scale civil war. The ripple effects of the Sri Lankan civil war crossed borders and drew global attention. The crisis involved successive governments in power in Colombo and Tamil separatist group, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), paving way for the deadliest social unrest in Sri Lankan history. To mediate the conflict and bring adversaries to negotiation, neutral third parties were involved. Norway played a significant role as a third-party mediator who applied various means for mitigating Sri Lanka’s conflict. However, the complicated ethno-centric politics of Sri Lanka and their inconsistent outlook towards the peace process restricted the scope for a successful conflict resolution. This paper highlights both conditions for success and failure of conflict resolution, and the use of third-party intervention as a crucial toolkit.This research also points out the equation between mediators and adversaries, and how their behavioural patterns affect conflict resolution processes. The unpredictable nature of adversary behaviour exposes a variety of challenges that the mediators are often unprepared for. The Sri Lankan peace process uncovered the powerlessness of non-coercive third-party mediation. This study holds potential to drive future researchers closer to exploring means to minimize the impacts of such limitations on forthcoming reconciliations.

Emotional intelligence predicting ego integrity in healthy older adults

Objectives A characteristic task in aging is the process of reevaluating and reflecting on one’s life in order to give it meaning. The successful resolution of this task is defined as ego-integrity, and it is related to various psychological phenomena that foster the person’s adaptation to change. The objective was to adapt an ego-integrity scale in a sample of older adults and study the relationships between emotional intelligence, coping strategies, and mood to find out whether they are predictors of ego-integrity. Methods The sample included 401 healthy older adults (241 women; ages 65–95, M = 73.69, SD = 6.83). Statistical analyses included structural equation models. Northwestern Ego-integrity Scale 9-item was tested showing that a structure with two unrelated factors fitted the data well. The internal consistency was satisfactory (.82 integrity and .72 despair). Results Emotional intelligence positively predicted problem-focused adaptive coping strategies (problem solving and positive reassessment) and negatively predicted state of mind (depression and hopelessness), whereas adaptive coping positively predicted integrity, and mood predicted it negatively. Conclusion Emotional intelligence skills, adaptive coping strategies, and mood largely determine the successful resolution of the ego integrity conflict and are relevant resources in successful aging.

Analysing the Sri Lankan civil war through the lens of conflict resolution theory

The Sri Lankan ethnic conflict can be identified as a landmark event in recent history, reflecting a visible social disunion between the majority and minority ethnic communities. Sri Lanka witnessed a major turnover of events, from circumscribed ethnic clashes to a full-scale civil war. The ripple effects of this Sri Lankan civil war crossed borders and it was neighbouring India that bore the brunt. Responding to the crisis, the Sri Lankan government deployed forces to contain the growing insurgency and involved external powers for added assistance. Neutral third parties were also involved for an unbiased resolution to Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict. However, there were a multitude of shortcomings that restricted the scope for a successful conflict resolution. This paper highlights both conditions for success and failure of conflict resolution, and the use of third-party intervention as a crucial toolkit. It also throws light on the pre-conditions that were set for introducing third-party intervention in Sri Lankan, exposing the limitations that led to the fateful end of the Sri Lankan civil war. This research points out the equation between roles of third-party mediators and behavioural patterns of the disputed parties in conflict resolution processes. Theory teaches us how third-party intervention can be used as a preferred tool in attaining desirable outcomes. However, application of such tools become subjective on ground, depending upon the behaviour of the parties involved and their intentions towards solutions. Thus, exposing a variety of challenges that the mediators are often unprepared for. Such unpreparedness of third-party negotiators brings to the surface the drawbacks of this method of conflict resolution. Challenges faced in the Sri Lankan peace process uncovered the shortcomings of third-party mediation. This study holds potential to drive future researchers closer to exploring means to minimize the impacts of such limitations on forthcoming reconciliations.

Porodični i bračni prediktori mentalnog zdravlja odraslih na Kosovu i Metohiji

Various aspects of marital and family life are an important resource for the mental health of adults. The main goal of this research was to examine whether depression, anxiety and stress of adults living in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija can be predicted based on the successful resolution of marital conflicts, marital stability and family satisfaction. The sample consisted of 185 adults, 100 women and 85 men, living in marriage or cohabitation. Several questionnaires were used in the research: Marital Conflict Resolution Success Scale, Marital Stability Scale, Family Adaptation Questionnaire and DASS-21. The obtained results show that the only significant predictor of anxiety, depression and stress was the successful resolution of marital conflicts. There is a moderate to high correlation between the examined aspects of married and family life, so this possibility of their mutual action may be the reason why other changes did not prove to be significant. The obtained results are discussed in the light of relevant theoretical concepts and the results of some earlier researches.

A diffusion model analysis of belief bias: Different cognitive mechanisms explain how cognitive abilities and thinking styles contribute to conflict resolution in reasoning

Recent results have challenged the widespread assumption of dual process models of belief bias that sound reasoning relies on slow, careful reflection, whereas biased reasoning is based on fast intuition. Instead, parallel process models of reasoning suggest that rule- and belief-based problem features are processed in parallel and that reasoning problems that elicit a conflict between rule- and belief-based problem features may also elicit more than one Type 1 response. This has important implications for individual-differences research on reasoning, because rule-based responses by certain individuals may reflect that these individuals were either more likely to give a rule-based default response or that they successfully inhibited and overrode a belief-based default response. In two studies, we used the diffusion model to describe decision making in a transitive reasoning task. In Study 1, 41 participants were asked to evaluate conclusions based on their validity. In Study 2, 133 participants evaluated conclusions based on their validity or believability. We tested which diffusion model parameters reflected conflict resolution and related those model parameters to individual differences in cognitive abilities and thinking styles. Individual differences in need for cognition predicted successful conflict resolution under logic instruction, which suggests that a disposition to engage in reflective thinking facilitates the inhibition and override of Type 1 responses. Intelligence, however, was negatively related to successful conflict resolution under belief instruction, which suggests that individuals with high cognitive abilities quickly generated a higher-level logical response that interfered with their ability to evaluate lower-level intrinsic problem features. Taken together, this double dissociation indicates that cognitive abilities and thinking styles affect the processing of conflict information through different mechanisms and at different stages: Greater cognitive abilities facilitate the efficient creation of decoupled problem representations, whereas a greater disposition to engage in critical thinking facilitates the detection and override of Type 1 responses.

Методы корпоративного управления в жилищном строительстве

The aim of this paper was to generalize corporate management methods of investment and construc-tion activities in the context of increasing urbanization challenges and the need to implement new ap-proaches to the goal setting and completion of housing construction. The methodology under devel-opment is aimed at ensuring the economic efficiency of large corporations, which task cannot be achieved without a strategic orientation of their activities. In this study, classification of corporate man-agement methods was related to corporate business patterns, which are increasingly acquiring the form of holding structures. This is due to the need of managing a growing number of divisions and an infinite variety of business operations serving all stages of the life cycle of real estate projects. In prac-tice, a holding is a successful resolution of the basic conflict between the growth of economic units and coherent preservation of their activities. The latter can only be achieved provided valid managerial decisions. The managerial decision-making logic and the methodology of strategic decisions were ana-lysed as regards to the operational peculiarities of holding structures. Among the methods of strategic decision-making, particular attention was paid to portfolio, analytical, indicative, calculation and estimat-ing methods. Practical application of corporate management methods in the context of emerging chal-lenges and their prioritization can be essential under an increasing popularity of block chain technolo-gies. This will enable storage of data on the maintenance of real estate facilities throughout their life cycle. Generally, the extended use of block chain technologies is a necessary step among an increas-ing number of corporate participants focused on problem solving at different implementation stages of housing construction projects.

100 Years of Peace among English‐Speaking People: Anglo‐American Cultural Diplomacy, 1909–1921

In the early twentieth century, peace activists looked for historic examples of successful conflict resolution to inspire their movement. The centennial of the Treaty of Ghent (1814) became a focal point in their efforts. The treaty ended the last war fought between the British Empire and the United States and, as the 1914 centennial approached, peace activists fashioned a celebration called “100 Years of Peace among English‐speaking Peoples.” The Great War postponed their plans, but after the armistice, American, British, and Canadian activists worked to develop a scheme of commemoration that eventually culminated in the erection of statues, the foundation of education exchanges, and the inauguration of heritage centers. With the support of their governments, the campaign became an important cultural diplomacy program. This article examines that program and the intersection of private networks of activists with government officials. In doing so, it shows how early twentieth century statecraft utilized cultural assets. It also explores the legacy of cultural assets on international relations, how cultural diplomacy underwrites foreign policies, and how cultural programs can perpetuate feelings of goodwill over the course of generations. The program to celebrate 100 Years of Peace among English‐speaking Peoples obscured fissures in the Anglo‐American relationship at the end of the Great War, and the cultural diplomacy continues as a symbol of Anglo‐American rapprochement.

EXPERIENCE CONSTRUCTING AS A FACTOR OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT OF A PSYCHOLOGIST

The article is devoted to substantiation of influence of personal experience as an organized semantic formation on the development of a psychologist professional competence. It is shown that the problem of professional competence development should be considered in the context of a post-nonclassical methodological approach that interprets an individual as a person which is capable of self-determination, self-creation and self-designing. The experience constructing as a necessary condition for personal development is interpreted as bringing sociocultural and personal information into the system, organizing this information into related structures that help to understand its meaning. Professional competence is considered as the unity of knowledge, which is necessary for successful professional activity and experience, which involves not only the possession of necessary practical skills and abilities, but also the presence of a specialist’s developed field of professional meanings, which determine the creative nature of the psychologist’s professional activity to a large extent. The personal experience is an organized and holistic structure, the source material for which is provided by real life and professional events. It can be considered as comprehension and ordering of current events, which arise in certain life and professional situations, and, being defined, understood and interpreted, they are transformed into personal experience. The main components of professional competence are cognitive, operational and communicative. They are formed at different stages of education in the process of carrying out the following activities: educational quasi-professional and educational-professional. It is shown that the development of all professional competence types is based on understanding a students’ personal experience and to a great extent depends on the successful resolution of major conflicts – inconsistencies, desemantization and semantic conflict. Failure to resolve these conflicts blocks the development of the future specialist’s semantic sphere and leads to the person’s professional experience rigidity, uncertainty in his own professional capabilities, frustration in the future profession. It is proved that one of the conditions for resolving major conflicts is the development of the ability to understand and interpret, which are important procedures of the psychologist’s practical activities, as well as his self-knowledge, self-development and professional reflection, thus enriching his professional and personal experience. It is also shown that the development of new schemes and scenarios of professional activity with the help of two main mechanisms for understanding and interpreting personal experience – semiotic and communicative, as well as the development of dialogism as one of the professionally important qualities of a psychologist, plays an important role in the development of a psychologist’s professional competence.

Does conflict resolution rely on working memory?

Theoretical considerations and results from individual differences studies suggest that working memory and conflict resolution are interrelated functions. Yet, there is little direct evidence suggesting that they actually share common cognitive resources. To study how overcoming conflict influences the maintenance of working memory representations and vice versa, we conducted 4 experiments using a dual-task paradigm in which both working memory load and level of conflict were independently manipulated. Participants performed an auditory Stroop task ("high" or "low" spoken in high/low pitch), which was presented during the retention period of a visual change detection task (Experiments 1-4) or simultaneously with the working memory encoding phase (Experiment 2-4). Across the 4 experiments, we found no consistent interaction between level of conflict and working memory load on working memory performance, although there was evidence in 2 of the 4 experiments for a small effect on auditory Stroop accuracy (but not on response times). These findings present at best weak evidence for the hypothesis that the maintenance of task goals in working memory is critical for successful conflict resolution. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

What Do Islamists Bring to the Negotiation Table? Religion and the Case of the Pakistani Taliban

Abstract Is religion the main reason why negotiations with Islamists fail? Contemporary international relations literature views compromise over religious claims as being particularly difficult compared to other types of claims. Religious conflicts are understood as unique phenomena. Do religious factors explain why successful conflict resolution attempts with Islamists are more difficult to achieve than with other insurgent groups who pursue non-religious claims? This article examines the case of the Pakistani Taliban and the types of demands they have made during peace talks and in their communications. The role of religion is examined in this article and, specifically, theories of scarce resources, indivisibility and securitization are analyzed to explain the difficulties of negotiating with Islamists.