Successful Invention Research Articles

Research Progress of Microneedles in Vaccine Delivery.

Large-scale infectious diseases have become a significant threat to human health and safety. The successful invention of vaccines is the most powerful means for preventing infectious diseases and has greatly improved global human health. Even during the pandemic of COVID-19, which has affected the world, vaccines have played an irreplaceable role. Microneedles (MNs) punctured the stratum corneum and formed microchannels in the skin allowing the vaccine to be efficiently recognized by the abundant antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the skin to form specific immunity. Compared with traditional vaccination methods, MN transdermal immunization has the advantages of painlessness, easy storage, and efficient immune response. In this review, we summarize the types of vaccines, types of MNs, research progress and clinical research status of MN-based vaccines. We also cover various technologies for vaccine encapsulation, stable delivery of MN vaccines, and a wide range of potential clinical applications. We also outline the future development prospects of the MN system onboard to achieve better clinical benefits.

Renaissance Venetian filigree glass: A successful invention investigated through the analyses of archaeological samples

Filigrana (filigree glass) is a sophisticated decorative technique, which makes use of colourless canes with thin, white, or sometimes coloured, opaque glass threads twisted in different ways, encased in transparent (colourless or coloured) glass and incorporated into blown objects.The first official document related to the filigrana manufacture is a patent application dated October 1527 of two Muranese glassmakers, stating that they had invented an entirely new technique “a facete con retortoli a fil” (bands with twisted threads). The success was immediate and the export to other parts of Europe spread rapidly. Since the second part of the 16th century the façon de Venise glass produced in several places outside of Venice included also filigree works. In Murano the filigree production continues today.Despite the importance of Renaissance Venetian filigree, only a few analyses of these objects were published. In this paper for the first time their technology is investigated based on quantitative chemical analyses by SEM-EDS and µEDXRF of sixteen (four of which decorated also with blue glass) of archaeological sherds excavated in the Venetian lagoon dated to the 16th - and early 17th century. The chemical composition of the transparent glass and of the white opaque glass (the average composition and the composition of the glassy phase and crystals) were determined and discussed. The composition of the colourless and blue transparent glass corresponds to the traditional soda-lime-silica Venetian vitrum blanchum glass. The white particles are tin oxide crystals added as lead–tin calx to a soda-lime-silica glass, 27 which in general differs slightly in composition from the glass of the object. Analyzes of the glassy phase between the tin oxide crystals, carried out for the first time, show that it systematically contains tin, in variable (and considerable) amounts from one sample to another.

Analysis of the Research Status of Internal Combustion Engines

Since the internal combustion engine came out in the 1960s, it has become a relatively perfect machine through continuous improvement and development. Internal combustion engine has many advantages, such as thermal efficiency, high power, wide speed range, convenient matching and good mobility, so it has been widely used. All kinds of automobiles and tractors, agricultural machinery, engineering machinery and small mobile power stations in the world are powered by internal combustion engines. Ships, conventional submarines and some small aircraft are also propelled by internal combustion engines. The number of internal combustion engines in the world ranks first in the power machinery and plays a very important role in human activities. In the aspect of human technology, any successful invention can not be achieved overnight. The development of the internal combustion engine is the same. The internal combustion engine has gone through many stages of development and has been improved one after another. This paper mainly introduces the historical development of heat engines, and the improvement and use of different types of heat engines in the development.

Cross-Sensor Remote-Sensing Images Scene Understanding Based on Transfer Learning Between Heterogeneous Networks

Over the past decades, the successful invention and employment of multiple sensors have marked the advent of a new era in multisensor remote-sensing (RS) images acquisition. To effectively utilize the massive multisensor images for RS scene understanding, we expect that a scene classification model learned with particular sensor data can generalize well to other sensor data. However, this is a very challenging task due to the cross-sensor data differences. In the deep learning (DL) pipeline, a common way to handle this challenging task is to fine-tune the models pretrained on source sensor data with limited labeled data from the target sensor. Unfortunately, fine-tune technique is usually applied between homogeneous networks, which may not be the best choice if the source and target data are largely different. To address these issues, we formulate the cross-sensor RS scene understanding problem as a heterogeneous network-oriented transfer learning problem, in which the source and the target networks are different and data-oriented selected. Afterward, the knowledge between heterogeneous networks is transferred using the pseudo-label recursive propagation mechanism inspired by the concept of knowledge distillation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to investigate the cross-sensor scene classification problem by constructing such a heterogeneous networks&#x2019; transfer scheme in RS fields. Our experiments using two cross-sensor RS datasets [aerial images <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\rightarrow $ </tex-math></inline-formula> multispectral images (MSIs) and aerial images <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\rightarrow $ </tex-math></inline-formula> hyper-spectral images (HSIs)] demonstrated that the proposed transfer learning strategy based on heterogeneous networks outperforms the supervised learning (SL) and fine-tune scheme for cross-sensor scene classification.

“Withered Metaphor” Withering

The present paper calls into question the withered metaphor, as one of the most suggestive and long-lived metaphors of the metaphor, intensely and enthusiastically used among aestheticians and stylisticians. Interpreting its meaning in the light of the consecrated theories, as well as based on the imaginary schema of plants which gives its substance, it is believed that its successful invention and function were made possible only within a narrow framework of understanding the metaphorical phenomenon, strictly from an aesthetic point of view. Conversely, a significantly wider framework in approaching the metaphor, which would take into consideration theories of cognitivist origin, could show how this concept, going itself through a withering process, can do injustice to a large category of metaphors, and, for this reason, it should be reconsidered. If metaphorization as a phenomenon is no longer viewed as being specific to the poetic thinking, but it is seen rather as a fundamental cognitive process, able to generally explain both the functioning mechanisms of the human thought and the principles of linguistic creativity, then metaphors such as the foot of the mountain, the mouth of the valley, etc., could get the chance to a new life, without carrying the stigma of degradation. If such metaphors were no longer judged as aged forms, lacking their assumed original beauty and brightness, but as fundamental conceptual metaphors, their revaluation could gain a well-deserved place among metaphors: that of the most eloquent and transparent proof of how the human brain makes different metaphorical transfers from the source-domain to the target-domain, so as to create new words or idioms, and, consequently, new concepts.

China health technology and stringency containment measures during COVID-19 pandemic: A discussion of first and second wave of COVID-19.

This short communication highlights the Chinese health and stringency containment measures in the background of technology deployment and development during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. By achieving the study objective, this communication takes Health Containment Index and Stringency Response Index as independent variables and COVID-19 new confirmed cases as the dependent variable in the period January to October 2020. Applying simple linear regression analysis and china's technological revolution shows that china's 5G technology in the containment policies and medical support played a vital role in combat the first wave of COVID-19. These measures have remained sustainable and consistent, which made China resumption the economy and state development affairs. Furthermore, the second wave of COVID-19 was also under control due to sustainable policy enforcement during the first wave. In strengthening the health system and e-government system, China's 6G successful invention will make china's institutional structure to the next level and sustainable in combating future calamities and projected forthcoming waves of COVID-19.

Первые интернет-олимпиады по физике между объединенными российско-американскими командами старшеклассников

The article is dedicated to the twentieth anniversary of two Internet physics olympiads organized by the Physics Department of Novosibirsk State University, in which senior pupils from Russia and the USA participated. For the time when before the advent of popular social networks there were a few more years when the currently popular messengers were not yet widespread, the organization of such competitions was technically and organizationally far from a trivial task. It was also necessary to overcome the problem of different programs and different levels of school physics teaching in Russia and the USA, as well as the problem of the language barrier. All these tasks were successfully solved by the joint efforts of the Russian and American organizing committees, and in 1999 the competitions Novosibirsk – San Diego and in 2000 Novosibirsk – St. Petersburg – San Diego – Seattle were held. A successful invention that allowed equalizing the chances of teams and replacing interethnic rivalry with cooperation was the idea to hold competitions between international teams, consisting of an equal number of Russian and American schoolchildren communicating with each other via direct video communication. Sets of tasks were prepared for the olympiads, both ordinary, written, and video clips with tasks-demonstrations. The latter have been particularly successful in resolving the problem of the language barrier. The great help in conducting these two Olympiads was the many years of experience gained by NSU during the All-Siberian Olympiads and the idea of the demonstration tasks used in entrance examinations at the Physics Department of NSU. We present in this article both the content of the tasks of the Olympiads and the responses of the domestic and American press to the events described.

Best practices for teaching green invention: Interviews on design, engineering, and business education

This study investigated best practices in teaching environmental responsibility to inventors and innovators. Because successful invention includes engineering, design, and business, best practices in all three disciplines were investigated, as well as connections among them. The investigation sought best practices in curriculum, delivery methods, and administrative leadership to maximize environmental responsibility in invention education. To find best practices, interviews of 25 instructors, administrators, and graduates from sustainable innovation and entrepreneurship programs were performed; a small literature review provided background and validation. Results found that for curriculum, there was no “silver bullet” but a wide spread of topics for different contexts; however, core topics included business knowledge, measurement of impacts, systems thinking, communication, and inclusion of social justice for broader sustainability. For delivery methods, project-based learning in interdisciplinary teams was a best practice, especially when partnering with industry or other external stakeholders. For leadership, faculty leading with strong administrative support was often praised, though other models were also described, and barriers were mentioned. Leadership best practices also included involvement of all aspects of institutions: faculty, administration, students, facilities, and operations.

Herbal remedies, vaccines and drugs for dengue fever: Emerging prevention and treatment strategies

Dengue fever is a disease that is caused by five dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. It is endemic in more than 128 countries. Millions of people are affected by this disease. But still, there is no specific treatment available till now to combat it. Some of the preventive measures using plant extracts showed certain promising ovicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. There are some vaccines as preventive measure and antiviral agents to cure the dengue fever, which are under clinical trials but their results have not been reported or approved yet. Dengvaxia is the only licensed vaccine to prevent dengue fever in some South American countries, but it is not approved by other regulatory authorities worldwide. Scientific research has been going on to find a permanent cure for dengue fever, but till now, no successful invention has been done. There are some general treatments for dengue patient by employing analgesics and fluid replacement; however, specific treatment is needed to overcome the lethal effect of dengue fever. Since this disease has affected millions of people and not much invention has been made in this field; therefore, advancement in dengue therapy is required for the safety and well-being of dengue patients. Herein we collectively describe the different chemotherapeutics agents, alternative methods like vaccines and antiviral agents to prevent and cure this lethal disease. Furthermore, the future perspective for the treatment of dengue is discussed in this review.

New technological path creation and the role of institutions in different geo-political spaces

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the roles of institutions in facilitating or impeding the creation of new technological pathways in different countries. It is argued that the successful invention, innovation and diffusion of new technologies require the co-evolution of relevant institutions. It is argued that informal institutions, through their impact on people’s beliefs, perceptions and consequential behaviour, crucially influence whether formal institutions co-evolve with technological development and changing circumstances. At the same time, the rigidity of the pre-existing formal institutional arrangements impacts on whether agents can stimulate their co-evolution with the introduction of new technologies. These arguments are explored by comparing the creation of new wind power technologies in Britain and Germany since the 1970s.

Development of hybrid aluminium metal matrix composite and study of property

Hybrid metal matrix composites are advanced materials used for light weight high strength applications in aerospace and automobile sector. Among the various techniques employed in fabricating hybrid metal matrix composites stir casting technique is simple and economical. The metal matrix choice was Aluminium 6061and the reinforcements are Zirconium di oxide (ZrO2) and Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) respectively. Aluminium 6061 was chosen due to its excellent cast ability, compatibility and application in aerospace and automotive sector. The key objective of exploiting zirconium di oxide as one of the reinforcement was, ZrO2adopts amonocliniccrystal structureat room temperature and transitions totetragonalandcubicat higher temperatures and holds very high refractory property. The key cause of selecting Aluminium oxide as one of the reinforcement includes that it possess a very high wear resistant property. The composite comprises of 90% of aluminium 6061, 5% of ZrO2 and 5% of Al2O3 which was restricted to 10 weight percentage in order to prevent cluster formation and to reduce weight. The average size of the reinforcing particle was 55-65 microns in order to attain good bonding with metal matrix. The developed composite casting was cut using wire EDM and test specimens were prepared .The various test consist of, micro graph study, tensile strength test, micro hardness test wear test and corrosion behaviour test. Micro graph study was carried and the images reveal the availability of reinforcement particles in the metal matrix phase. Tensile strength test specimens were cut as per ASTM- E8 standard, and the readings were tabularized. The tensile value show significant improvement. The hardness test was performed using Vickers micro hardness tester and its maximum value is 82.9 at 200kgf load. This accounts 70% increase when evaluate with parent alloy. Wear test was performed using pin on disc Ducom wear test device and the result shows significant increase in wear resistant property when compare with ground alloy Al6061. This is due to the excellent tribological property of ZrO2 and Al2O3. This research work comprises of successful invention of hybrid metal matrix composite with elevated property.

Electrolyte and Cathode Compatibility for Rechargeable Mg Ion Battery

Rechargeable Mg batteries have been one of the most well-studied polyvalent-metal storage batteries owing to several merits, namely non-dendrite formation for Mg electro-deposition, high volumetric capacity and low cost. However, there are still a number of challenges for the development of Mg battery. For instance, lack of appropriate Mg electrolytes, defined as the “roadblocks” for Mg battery development. Before the successful invention of a prototype Mg ion battery, optimization of the Mg electrolyte performance and exploration of its compatibility with beyond Chevrel phase cathodes is necessary. Work presented here includes work for developing and characterizing non-halogen contained Mg electrolyte that can plate and strip Mg reversibly. Specifically, electrochemical evaluation of such new non-aqueous Mg electrolyte and its compatibility with beyond Chevrel cathodes will be discussed.

International knowledge spillovers in the wind power industry: evidence from the European Union

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the presence of international knowledge spillovers in the wind power sector. Specifically, the paper investigates whether successful invention efforts in one country, measured by way of granted wind power patent counts, have had positive effects on the neighboring countries’ abilities to generate patents of the same category. Data on the number of patents granted at the European Patent Office during the period 1978–2008 are used for the eight national technological leaders in the western European wind power sector. The few comprehensive wind power studies that exist have only found limited evidence of international knowledge spillovers. However, in this paper, we find that international spillovers are statistically significant determinants of a country’s wind power patenting outcomes. Geographical distance is also taken into consideration, and the knowledge spillover effects are shown to become stronger with decreases in this distance. The results should have important policy implications, for example, for a national government when it comes to applying an investment strategy in wind power or, alternatively, free-riding on other countries’ invention efforts.

Control Versus Execution: Endogenous Appropriability and Entrepreneurial Strategy

This paper considers the role of Rosenbergian uncertainty (i.e., economic uncertainties that arise after successful invention) in shaping appropriability for start-up innovators. Rather than assuming that the appropriability regime surrounding an innovation is exogenous, we focus on the endogenous choice entrepreneurs face between investing in ensuring control-based appropriability versus investing in the execution and operation of their fledgling businesses. Investment in execution allows entrepreneurs to advance more quickly than competitors, while control requires delays in commercialization. Control and execution are strategic substitutes as they represent alternative paths to earning future rents. Because the size and likelihood of these rents is uncertain, entrepreneurs may be unable to rank these alternative paths in advance, and so their endogenous choice will be grounded in factors such as individual preferences, capabilities, or coherence with their overall entrepreneurial strategy. A subtle consequence is that the appropriability regime ultimately governing an innovation will be the result of the endogenous choices of the entrepreneur rather than more traditional environmental factors. Motivated by notable historical examples such as the invention and commercialization of the telephone, we explore these ideas by considering the choice of appropriability regime among a sample of academic entrepreneurs: within a sample of ventures that could have been developed by either faculty or students (or both), we find that faculty-led ventures are much more closely associated with formal intellectual property, student-led ventures are more rapid in their commercialization activities, and, relative to faculty-led ventures, student-led ventures display a tradeoff between patenting and commercialization speed.

A Simple Approach of Electrolyte Development for Magnesium Ion Battery

Abundance of the magnesium element in the earth's crust and the safety features of Mg metal have attracted extensive attention for the development of rechargeable Mg battery. However, major roadblock for magnesium ion battery development is the availability of an electrolyte that can deposit Mg reversibly. Before the successful invention of a prototype Mg ion battery, optimization of the Mg electrolyte performance is necessary. Work presented here includes a new, non-halogen contained Mg electrolyte that can plate and strip Mg reversibly. Specifically, electrochemical evaluation of this new non-aqueous Mg electrolyte will be discussed. Figure 1

The Gift that Keeps on Giving—But for How Long?

Some gifts keep on giving.[...]

Electrolyte Development for Magnesium Ion Battery

Abundance of the magnesium element in the earth's crust as well as the safety features of Mg metal have attracted considerable attention for rechargeable Mg battery development. Before the successful invention of a prototype Mg ion battery, optimization of the Mg electrolyte performance is necessary. Exploration of the compatibility of an Mg electrolyte with high voltage cathode materials against Mg metal anode remains to be a big challenge. In this work, we will present some current studies of the electrolyte development for Mg ion battery. Specifically, electrochemical evaluation of the performance of the magnesium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide-based non-aqueous electrolyte on the cathode and anode materials will be discussed.

Prophets, Friends, Conversationalists: Quaker Rhetorical Culture, Women's Commonplace Books, and the Art of Invention, 1775–1840

This essay examines the rhetorical significance of commonplace books kept by twenty-two Quaker women. Artifacts of remembrance, these books provide us with a detailed portrait of Quaker rhetorical culture during that era. The women who keep these books do more than just catalog and copy rhetorically significant texts. They participate in and help shape their rhetorical culture by reenacting invention practices central to the creation of powerful Quaker discourse. More specifically, they reveal the potential of three practices—prophecy, friendship, and conversation—to function as sites of rhetorical invention. As they weave into their books texts where prophecy, friendship, and conversation frequently give rise to powerful discourse, they affirm the value of these practices to their community, but they also provide insight into the particular purposes and processes at work when a creator engages in such practices. In this essay I analyze these frequent occurrences of prophecy, friendship, and conversation, arguing that early Quakers, especially Quaker women, understood successful invention not as a private and autonomous endeavor, but as a social process. Furthermore, their beliefs about invention have implications for later generations, influencing the rhetorical practices of women both within and outside the Quaker community.

Nation in a sheep’s coat: The Icelandic sweater

The Icelandic sweater is presented and received as being traditional—even ancient—authentically Icelandic and hand made by Icelandic women from the wool of Icelandic sheep. Even so, the sweater type, the so-called ‘Icelandic sweater’ in English, only dates back to the mid-20th century and is not necessarily made in Iceland nor from indigenous wool. Nevertheless, the sweater is a successful invention of a tradition (Hobsbawm &amp; Ranger, 1983), popular among Icelanders and tourists alike since its introduction in the mid-20th century. It has gained ground as a national symbol, particularly in times of crisis for example in the reconstruction of values in the aftermath of the Icelandic bank collapse of 2008. I traced the development of the discourse about wool and the origins of the Icelandic sweater by looking at publications of the Icelandic National Craft Association, current design discourse in Iceland and its effect on the development of the wool industry. I then tied these factors to notions of tradition, authenticity, national culture, image and souvenirs.

Use of the tapered double-cantilever beam geometry for fracture toughness measurements and its application to the quantification of self-healing

The successful invention of self-healing polymer composites a decade ago necessitated a methodology to quantify the ability of the material to heal and recover structural properties following damage. Healing efficiency was defined as the ratio of healed to virgin fracture toughness, η = KIChealed/ KICvirgin. Early work took advantage of the crack length independence offered by a tapered double-cantilever beam (TDCB) fracture geometry to simplify calculation of healing efficiency to the ratio of healed to virgin critical loads, η = PChealed/ PCvirgin. The current work investigates the application of the TDCB geometry and three common geometries utilized in the broader fracture literature (the compact tension (CT), single-edge notch bend (SENB), and single-edge notch tension (SENT) geometries) to the measurement of healing efficiency. While the TDCB geometry simplifies the calculation of healing efficiency because the crack lengths do not need to be accounted for, it is shown that if the virgin and healed crack lengths are not accurately accounted when using the CT, SENB, and SENT geometries, errors in calculated healing efficiency can be several hundred per cent. The TDCB geometry is reviewed at length, including the underlying theory and experimental calibration and validation of TDCB geometry.