Successful Field Trials Research Articles

Comprehensive pregnancy monitoring with a network of wireless, soft, and flexible sensors in high- and low-resource health settings

Vital signs monitoring is a fundamental component of ensuring the health and safety of women and newborns during pregnancy, labor, and childbirth. This monitoring is often the first step in early detection of pregnancy abnormalities, providing an opportunity for prompt, effective intervention to prevent maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Contemporary pregnancy monitoring systems require numerous devices wired to large base units; at least five separate devices with distinct user interfaces are commonly used to detect uterine contractility, maternal blood oxygenation, temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and fetal heart rate. Current monitoring technologies are expensive and complex with implementation challenges in low-resource settings where maternal morbidity and mortality is the greatest. We present an integrated monitoring platform leveraging advanced flexible electronics, wireless connectivity, and compatibility with a wide range of low-cost mobile devices. Three flexible, soft, and low-profile sensors offer comprehensive vital signs monitoring for both women and fetuses with time-synchronized operation, including advanced parameters such as continuous cuffless blood pressure, electrohysterography-derived uterine monitoring, and automated body position classification. Successful field trials of pregnant women between 25 and 41 wk of gestation in both high-resource settings (n = 91) and low-resource settings (n = 485) demonstrate the system's performance, usability, and safety.

Exogenous Application Effect of Indole 3-Butyric Acid and Myo-inositol on Improving Growth, Productivity and Bulb Quality of Garlic

Two successive field trials were performed at the Agricultural Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University during the two successive of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. to investigate the influence of 0, 0.5 and 1 mM of indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0, 1, 1.5 and 2 mM myo-inositol (MI) and their interactive as folair application on vegetative growth, bulb yield, biochemical constituents and mineral contents of garlic plants cv. Seds 40. The treatments were laid out in a split plot order with three replicates. The obtained results reported that garlic plants positively responded to the exogenous treatments of IBA and MI individually or interactively. It showed generally that application of IBA at 0.5 mM recorded the highest values of vegetative growth, yiled, quality parmemters as well as the mineral content (N, P and K). In the same regard, application of MI at 1.5 and 2 mM significantly promoted moast of studied traits compared to control and the rest of MI concentration, in both growing seasons. Furthermore, the two-factor interaction was found to be significant for all measured traits in both seasons, except for K content. Whereas, exogenous treatment of IBA at 0.5 mM along with exogenous treatment of MI at 1.5 and/or 2 mM resulted in the highest means of most of the above mentioned traits. Thus, it could be suggested that applying a combination of IBA and MI was found to be effective for enhancing vegetative growth, bulb yield and quality as well as macro-elements content.

Development of a 300 kW horizontal-axis tidal stream energy conversion system with adaptive variable-pitch turbine and direct-drive PMSG

The adaptation to changes in flow direction is the premise to harness the bidirectional flow energy for a tidal stream turbine. Present studies usually aim at active variable-pitch or steering with dynamic sealing to carry out this task. In this paper, a 300 kW horizontal-axis tidal stream energy conversion system with an adaptive variable-pitch turbine and an outer-rotor type PMSG is developed. Based on the BEMT, the principle of the turbine with symmetrical airfoils and backward swept blades to follow the bidirectional flow is presented, and the hydrodynamic performances, such as pitching, starting, power and thrust, are discussed. The encapsulated windings and magnets of the PMSG can expose to the seawater, and the output characteristics are analyzed at different conditions in the factory. Both the turbine and generator are characterized by no dynamic sealing. The experiment results in the field show that the bidirectional flow energy can be extracted effectively, and the generator can work well to output electric power steadily. The hydrodynamic performances predicted by the modified BEMT meet the design requirements of the 300 kW prototype. The successful field trial of this novel device lays solid support for the utilization of the bidirectional tidal stream energy.

Quality control of long-term mass-reared Aedes albopictus for population suppression

The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia is being developed as a tool to suppress mosquito populations and their transmitted pathogens, with successful field trials in multiple countries having resulted in efforts to scale up the capacity to mass-produce mosquitoes for release. However, major challenges exist to achieving this goal, including concerns that mass-reared mosquitoes will adapt to laboratory conditions during long-term maintenance and experience inbreeding depression, resulting in poor performance of the released mosquitoes in the field. Here, we assessed the performance of the Aedes albopictus HC line infected with a triple-strain Wolbachia after mass-rearing at scaled-up densities of up to 15 million mosquitoes per week for over 50 generations. In comparison with the wild-type GUA line, the HC mosquitoes had desirable characteristics for mass-rearing and release, including robust male mating competitiveness, high female reproductive capacity, reduced vector competence for dengue virus, and increased Wolbachia density. Although the larval survival rate of the HC and GUA lines was similar, the HC larvae developed significantly faster, possibly because of up-regulation of the molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone-related gene E75 in the HC larvae. Our results indicate that over many generations mass-reared mosquito lines can retain their quality if large effective population sizes with sufficient genetic heterogeneity are maintained under optimized rearing conditions and demonstrate the long-term feasibility of deploying Wolbachia-based approaches for area-wide management of mosquito vectors for disease control.

Wireless Paging System for Underground Mines

Underground working in different horizons with intricate haulage and traveling roadways is very complex in nature. Wired communication is presently the most adopted technology in Indian underground mines. Also, the cellular network cannot be used for communication due to the non-availability of the coverage link. So, addressing of key-personnel to pass on the information and assign task becomes a challenge for mine management. Implementation of wireless paging systems with routers and/or repeaters at strategic locations can instruct manpower for the jobs as well as obviate the impending mishap, if any, at remote locations of the mine. This paper presents a design of a wireless paging system for underground mines which consists of a two-way alphanumeric paging system operating on a ZigBee based wireless network and a paging terminal software. This paging system can be used to unicast or broadcast messages to all the pagers working in the RF network. A successful field trial of the same is also conducted to devise a node placement strategy for the routing units with prototype pagers in the shaft and traveling roadways at 400 and 500 m horizon of a deep underground coal mine.

SmAvo and smaTo: A fruity odyssey of smart sensor platforms in Southern Africa

Avocado and tomato production are key agricultural sectors for many economies including South Africa. The quality of avocadoes and tomatoes that reach consumers is directly dependent on the handling at the postharvest stage. The fruit undergoes an extensive journey, and subsequently stress, comprised of several steps, including harvesting, application of postharvest treatments, packaging and transportation by road and sea to reach the export markets. To date, the quantification of these external stresses on a discrete fruit has not been measured in detail, primarily due to a lack of compatible instrumentation. This paper demonstrates a low cost, stand-alone, open source data acquisition system, termed smAvo and smaTo, that can be introduced effortlessly to monitor agricultural processing facilities and transportation networks. The miniaturised Arduino sensor platform is enclosed within a waterproof enclosure and surrounded by a 3D printed shell manufactured from morphologically compatible materials. The software is customisable to the needs of the research project or individual transportation phases under study, providing both extensive environmental data and high-frequency tri-axis acceleration measurements that are crucial to understanding the dynamic processes that directly affect the final quality of the fruit. Four successful field trials demonstrate the fidelity of both the smAvo and smaTo platforms.

Simplified source description for atmospheric dispersion model comparison of the Jack Rabbit II chlorine field experiments

This paper provides a summary of the methods used to quantify the mass release rate and thermodynamic state of the chlorine released during the Jack Rabbit II chlorine field experiments. In the two-year campaign, eight successful field trials were conducted in which chlorine was released in quantities of 5–10 tons (4540–9070 kg) through a 6-inch (0.152 m) circular breach in the test vessel (disseminator) along with an additional 20 ton (18100 kg) release (Trial 9). Previous analysis of load cell data has been conducted to quantify the mass release rate from primary containment as well as video evidence from Trial 6 which was used to quantify the rainout (and subsequent re-evaporation) during that trial. A method was developed to extend this analysis approach to other trials (except Trial 8 which was vertically upward and Trial 9 which was not instrumented with load cells). The objective of this work was to provide a simplified description of the source suitable for comparison of calculations made using different atmospheric transport and dispersion (ATD) models in Trials 1–7. This work also provides an estimate of the momentum flux (and mean velocity) of the release for use by ATD models which would use such information as input. The recommended release rate parameters are presented along with a summary of the relevant assumptions used in the analysis.

Wolbachia Inter-Strain Competition and Inhibition of Expression of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in Mosquito

Successful field trials have been reported as part of the effort to develop the maternally transmitted endosymbiontic bacteria Wolbachia as an intervention agent for controlling mosquito vectors and their transmitted diseases. In order to further improve this novel intervention, artificially transinfected mosquitoes must be optimized to display maximum pathogen blocking, the desired cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) pattern, and the lowest possible fitness cost. Achieving such optimization, however, requires a better understanding of the interactions between the host and various Wolbabachia strains and their combinations. Here, we transferred the Wolbachia wMel strain by embryonic microinjection into Aedes albopictus, resulting in the successful establishment of a transinfected line, HM (wAlbAwAlbBwMel), with a triple-strain infection comprising wMel, wAlbA, and wAlbB. Surprisingly, no CI was induced when the triply infected males were crossed with the wild-type GUA females or with another triply infected HC females carrying wPip, wAlbA, and wAlbB, but specific removal of wAlbA from the HM (wAlbAwAlbBwMel) line resulted in the expression of CI after crosses with lines infected by either one, two, or three strains of Wolbachia. The transinfected line showed perfect maternal transmission of the triple infection, with fluctuating egg hatch rates that improved to normal levels after repeated outcrosses with GUA line. Strain-specific qPCR assays showed that wMel and wAlbB were present at the highest densities in the ovaries and midguts, respectively, of the HM (wAlbAwAlbBwMel) mosquitoes. These finding suggest that introducing a novel strain of Wolbachia into a Wolbachia-infected host may result in complicated interactions between Wolbachia and the host and between the various Wolbachia strains, with competition likely to occur between strains in the same supergroup.

The First Out-of-Sequence-Fracturing Field Test in North America: Key Learnings from Operation, Petrophysical Analysis, Fracture Modeling, and Production History Matching

Summary One of the considerations in out-of-sequence-fracturing treatment is creating fracture complexity through reducing the in-situ differential stress to enhance hydraulic-fracture connectivity by activating natural fractures, fissures, faults, and cleats within the formation to create secondary or branch fractures (induced-stress-relief fractures) and connect them to the main biwing hydraulic fractures. In out-of-sequence fracturing, this is achieved by beginning fracturing Stage 1 at the toe of the well and then moving toward the heel and fracturing Stage 3 so that there is a degree of interference between the two fractures, followed by placing Stage 2 between the previously fractured Stages 1 and 3. Out-of-sequence fracturing in this mode ensures that the fracture in Stage 2 (center fracture) takes advantage of the altered stress in the rock and connects to the stress-relief fractures from the previous Stages 1 and 3 (outside fractures), thus enhancing the connectivity of the fracture network. The first successful field trial of out-of-sequence fracturing was executed by Lukoil in treating eight wells in western Siberia in 2014. The first case of out-of-sequence fracturing in North America was later conducted in western Canada in 2017, with eight more trials followed in 2017, 2018, and 2019. In this work, a 3D hydraulic-fracture-extension simulator is rigorously calibrated by history matching the observed treatment pressures from the out-of-sequence-fracturing field treatment in western Canada to reliably quantify the effective fracture geometries. Then, a separate set of fracture modeling is conducted to predict the hydraulic-fracture geometries in a conventional (sequential-fracturing) treatment of the same candidate well. Finally, production forecasting is used to assess the production potential from the candidate well according to each set of the generated fracture geometries from each of the scenarios (out-of-sequence fracturing vs. conventional sequential fracturing). The results of coupling the rigorously calibrated fracture modeling and production forecasting indicate noticeable production-uplift potential from a carefully designed out-of-sequence-fracturing vs. sequential-fracturing treatment. Besides, the discovered characteristic trends in fracture geometries in out-of-sequence fracturing confirm some of the findings obtained in a previous sensitivity analysis of out-of-sequence fracturing. The previous sensitivity study entailed analyzing nearly 200 fracture-modeling scenarios using a variety of geomechanical properties and treatment-design variables. These characteristic trends render unique opportunities and advantages for the optimization of fracturing treatments and field development. This work is the first attempt in comparative evaluation of the effect of out-of-sequence fracturing by incorporating the actual field data into fracture modeling coupled with production forecasting. The learnings from this multifaceted study are worth sharing with the industry and could be used to guide future successful designs of the out-of-sequence fracturing for completion optimization in both unconventional and conventional reservoirs. From a large-scale field-development perspective, when conducted in multiple wells, optimized out-of-sequence fracturing has the potential of rendering full-length interference effect and optimizing the stress shadowing while reducing the risk of well bashing.

NEMATICIDAL EFFICACY OF BIOFUMIGATION WITH VARIOUS BRASSICA CROPS AGAINST Meloidogyne Incognita (KOFOID ET WHITE) CHITW. ON TOMATO CROP IN NORTH SINAI

Biofumigation is the practice of using Brassica green manure plants with high content of glucosinolates which enzymatically hydrolyses to nematicidal isothiocynate (ITCs) compounds. Brassica species as well as cultivars differ in both type and concentration of glucosinolate (GSLs). Under North Sinai conditions, however, the highly effective amongst Brassica species that can be effectively used are not documented for specific target yet. In this study two successive field trials were conducted using tomato (cv. Elysa) aimed at evaluating and determining the efficacy of four Brassica species (Fodder radish (Raphanus sativus) TERRANOVA H-4-169/0300), Canola (Brassica napus) (cv. Serow 4), Mustard (Brassica alba) (local commercial cultivar) and Rocket Salad (Eruca sativa((local commercial cultivar) in comparison with vydate (as positive control) and untreated (as a negative control) in suppressing root knot nematode population (Meloidogyne incognita), reproductive factor and galling index as studied nematode parameters. After 2 weeks of tomato seedlings transplanting both root knot nematode population and reproductive factor were recorded. After termination of the two experiments (12 weeks) nematode parameters and tomato plant growth attributes were recorded. Fodder radish was significantly the most effective brassica green manure in controlling root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) compare to other three studied brassicas. All studied parameters of fodder radish green manure were comparable with that of vydate. The study recommends that biofumigation methods using fodder radish green manure can be used through integrated pest management program (IPM) for both conventional and organic agriculture tomato production systems.

Disharmonization in the Regulation of Transgenic Plants in Europe

Disharmonization in the Regulation of Transgenic Plants in Europe

Bacillus subtilis JW1 enhances plant growth and nutrient uptake of Chinese cabbage through gibberellins secretion

In the present study, we have isolated rhizospheric bacteria JW1 from rice paddy in Andong, South Korea. The culture filtrate (CF) analysis of JW1 showed higher contents of gibberellins GA1, GA4, GA7, organic acids, fatty acids and tricalcium phosphates. The 16S rDNA gene sequencing and phylogentic analysis revealed that thestrain JW1 has a 99% homology with Bacillus subtilis sequences from BLAST search.The growth promotion capability of the strain JW1 was initially assessed on Waito-C and Whayoung-beyo rice cultivars, which improved the growth attributes of the rice cultivars. Similarly, a significant increase in plant height, biomass, chlorophyll contents and nutrient uptake have been noticed, when the Chinese cabbage was treated with JW1 strain. From the results, it is concluded that the integrative use of B. subtilis JW1 can promote plant growthby secreting bioactive compounds. Therefore, B. subtilis JW1 may be utilized as an eco-friendly bio-fertilizer in the agricultural fields after successful field trials.

A Review of Gas Injection in Shale Reservoirs: Enhanced Oil/Gas Recovery Approaches and Greenhouse Gas Control

Shale oil and gas resources contribute significantly to the energy production in the U.S. Greenhouse gas emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels from potential sources of power plants, oil refineries, and flaring or venting of produced gas (primarily methane) in oilfields. Economic utilization of greenhouse gases in shale reservoirs not only increases oil or gas recovery, but also contributes to CO2 sequestration. In this paper, the feasibility and efficiency of gas injection approaches, including huff-n-puff injection and gas flooding in shale oil/gas/condensate reservoirs are discussed based on the results of in-situ pilots, and experimental and simulation studies. In each section, one type of shale reservoir is discussed, with the following aspects covered: (1) Experimental and simulation results for different gas injection approaches; (2) mechanisms of different gas injection approaches; and (3) field pilots for gas injection enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and enhanced gas recovery (EGR). Based on the experimental and simulation studies, as well as some successful field trials, gas injection is deemed as a potential approach for EOR and EGR in shale reservoirs. The enhanced recovery factor varies for different experiments with different rock/fluid properties or models incorporating different effects and shale complexities. Based on the simulation studies and successful field pilots, CO2 could be successfully captured in shale gas reservoirs through gas injection and huff-n-puff regimes. The status of flaring gas emissions in oilfields and the outlook of economic utilization of greenhouse gases for enhanced oil or gas recovery and CO2 storage were given in the last section. The storage capacity varies in different simulation studies and is associated with well design, gas injection scheme and operation parameters, gas adsorption, molecular diffusion, and the modelling approaches.

VIDARR: Aboveground Reactor Monitoring

Technology developed for the T2K electromagnetic calorimeter has been adapted to make a small footprint, reliable, segmented detector to characterise anti-neutrinos emitted by nuclear reactors. Based on the design of the T2K Near Detector ECal, the device detects anti-neutrinos through the distinctive delayed coincidence signal of inverse β-decay interactions using plastic scintillator and Hamamatsu Multi-Pixel Photon Counters. The device has been developed and constructed at the University of Liverpool and is situated in a 20 ft ISO container unit, capable of operating aboveground. The device finished a successful field trial at the Wylfa Magnox Reactor on Anglesey, UK where it was located roughly 60 m from the 1.5 GWth reactor core and is now undergoing an upgrade with 50% more mass and channels as well as new electronics and sensors.

Transient large-scale chlorine releases in the Jack Rabbit II field tests: Rainout source data analysis from video records

Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology (DHS S&T) Chemical Security Analysis Center (CSAC), the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), Transport Canada, and Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC), the Jack Rabbit II tests were designed to release liquid chlorine at ambient temperature in quantities of 5–20 T for the purpose of quantifying the behavior and hazards of catastrophic chlorine releases at scales represented by rail and truck transport vessels. In 2015, five successful field trials were conducted in which chlorine was released in quantities of 5–10 tons through a 6-inch circular breach in the tank and directed vertically downward at 1 m elevation over a concrete pad. In 2016, three additional trials were conducted with releases of 10 tons also through 6-inch circular breaches at different release orientations. A final 20 ton test was conducted in 2016. Data from the test program is available. This paper summarizes an analysis of the available data from the concrete pad including analysis of the temperature measurements above and below grade in the concrete pad. Assessment of the chlorine rainout is estimated based on temperature measurements and available video data analysis.

Effect of Planting Date and some Pre-Planting Treatments on Growth and Yield of Garlic

Two successful field trials were carried out during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons at Kaha Vegetable Research Farm, Kaliobia Governorate. This work aimed to study the effect of planting date (D1:1st September, D2: 15th September, D3:1st October, D4:15th October) and six pre-planting treatments on plant growth, yield and its components and chemical compounds of bulbs. The six pre planting treatments were T1: the control, T2: soaking garlic cloves (SGC) in water for 24 hour, T3: SGC in 5 ppm GA3 for 24 hour, T4: SGC in water for 24 h and then placing in moist peat-moss for one day, T5: SGC in water for 24 h and then placing in moist peat-moss for two days and T6: SGC in water for 24 h and then placing in moist peat-moss until root initiation (after three days). The results showed that D2 produced markedly the highest values of plant length, number of leaves per plant, nick diameter, bulbing ratio as well as dry weight of leaves, bulb and plant. In addition, such planting date resulted in highest values of total yield at harvest time, bulb diameter, bulb weight and number of cloves per bulb in the yield sample after curing. The last planting date (D4) scored the highest values of total carbohydrates. While, D1 exhibited the highest level of nitrogen and crude protein in dry matter of garlic bulbs. T6 exhibited the highest germination percentage, plant length as well as dry weight of leaves, bulb and plant. Furthermore, such treatment (T6) produced the highest values of total yield, bulb diameter, bulb weight and total carbohydrates in bulb. Also, the highest level of nitrogen and crude protein were more achieved via T5.

Field Trial of Real-Time 400GbE Superchannel Using Configurable Modulation Formats

We report a successful field trial of real-time optical superchannel transport of 400Gb/s Ethernet client traffic over a 216-km flexible grid G.652 fiber link using 64GBaud flexible rate optical transponders. We demonstrated, for the first time, error free transport of 400 GbE client traffic over an ultra-efficient optical superchannel of $2\times 200 \text{G}$ using modulation formats DP–16QAM, DP–8QAM, and DP–QPSK. Error free performance of 400GbE ultra-efficient optical superchannel was achieved at different channel separations as narrow as 37.5 GHz for DP–16QAM, 39 GHz for DP–8QAM, and 50 GHz for DP–QPSK. We also successfully demonstrated non-contiguous 400GbE optical superchannel, where the optical sub-channels are in non-adjacent spectral slots across the whole ${C}$ -band (3.85 THz apart). Stable long term (overnight) error free optical performance and end-to-end 400 GbE full throughput were measured.

Field and laboratory trials of 400GBASE‐LR8 over fibre distances up to 35 km

Successful experimental demonstration and field trial of 400GBASE-LR8 is reported based on 4-level pulse amplitude modulation format over standard G.652 single-mode fibre using CFP8 pluggable optical transceivers. Stable long-term error-free performance of 400GBASE-LR8 optical signal over fibre spools of varying lengths up to 35 km is demonstrated, which is significantly longer than the IEEE standard 802.3bs specification of 10 km reach. For the first time, error-free full throughput performance of 400GBASE-LR8 over a 27 km field fibre link including optical patch panels through operational exchanges is also demonstrated. The results demonstrate that this early 400GBASE-LR8 client technology is suitable for practical network deployment scenarios and has potential for even longer reach beyond the 10 km specification.

Performance Evaluation of a PID-Controlled Synchronous Buck Converter Based Battery Charging Controller for Solar-Powered Lighting System in a Fishing Trawler

A Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID)-controlled synchronous buck converter (SBC)-based battery charging system was designed to charge a lead-acid cell battery using commercially available Photovoltaic (PV) panel. The proposed system was installed aboard a fishing trawler to power its electrical system replacing the conventional system, which uses a diesel generator and a few kerosene lamps for lighting purposes. A PID algorithm instead of traditional Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used in the proposed system since the charging process of the battery requires a maximum current instead of maximum power. The proposed control algorithm is compared with the popular MPPT technique Perturb and Observation (P&O) to validate its dynamic performance at different solar irradiance levels using MATLAB/Simulink®. The simulation and the experimental results have demonstrated that the dynamic response of the proposed algorithm is significantly improved by considering higher charging current, the capability to charge the battery at low irradiance, high stability, and lower cost. Finally, a successful 15-day field trial was conducted at sea using the proposed system, and a maximum charging current output of 6.5 A was achieved by the SBC during noon time; it was sufficient to charge a 12 V, 100 Ah battery, with a state of charge (SoC) of 33%, at a voltage charging rate of +0.3 V/h.

Long-Reach Wavelength-Routed TWDM PON: Technology and Deployment

We present a long-reach wavelength-routed time-wavelength division multiplexing (TWDM) passive optical network (PON) architecture (LRWR-PON) and its commercial implementation, which supports up to 768 users per fiber strand and up to 50-km transmission distance. The increased reach allows central offices to become more flexible and fewer in quantity, while the increased aggregation reduces the size and number of optical cables needed, enabling smaller trenches to be used. LRWR-PON also contains eight additional point-to-point wavelengths on each fiber to support wireless sites and/or high-speed dedicated bandwidth applications, greatly simplifying converged network designs. Multiple new optical components and modules have been developed to implement our novel architecture. These include a cyclic arrayed waveguide grating to passively aggregate and distribute access wavelengths in the field, an integrated optical amplifier and multiplexer combination device to aggregate optical line terminal (OLT) channels and extend the system reach, several dense wavelength division multiplexing OLT optics, and a colorless TWDM optical network terminal employing low-cost tunable burst-mode lasers. Our analysis shows the simplification of the civil construction enabled by LRWR-PON greatly outweighs the increased optical component complexity. To date, we have conducted a successful field trial with 606 real-life customers for more than 15 months and we have been rolling out LRWR-PON in Google Fiber markets for production services.