Successful Growth Research Articles

Photoacoustic imaging for three-dimensional bioprinted constructs

Bioimaging is used to inspect the successful growth and functional differentiation of cells in printed biomaterials, which are ultimately finalized into functional artificial tissues capable of replacing native tissues. While optical bioimaging techniques are commonly utilized, the current trend in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting towards replicating complex 3D microarchitectures poses a challenge for conventional optical imaging techniques in providing clear cross-sectional images due to the opaque nature of tissue. Consequently, these limitations necessitate lengthy and destructive preparation processes, which are associated with sacrificing cell viability and damaging the bioprinted material. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a versatile imaging technique that extends the advantages of the optical bioimaging technique to undiscovered depths enabled by its acoustic hybridity, making itself a promising tool for non-destructive imaging of 3D bioprinted constructs. In this review, we introduce the flexible spectral contrasts provided by PAI, which are potentially applicable to 3D-bioprinted constructs, and summarize bioprinting studies that functionally implement PAI for in vitro and in vivo assessments. Finally, we provide an outlook on practical considerations for the more complete integration of these two fields, anticipating more fruitful discoveries as bioprinting advances towards more complex hierarchies.

Investment appeal and legislative constraints of green tourism in Ukraine

This study aimed to identify the key aspects of state and investment support for green tourism in Ukraine. The methodological foundation of the research comprised scientific and methodological principles within the field of public administration, as well as regulatory frameworks of Ukraine and the European Union. In particular, the study utilised methods of systemic- structural analysis, logical-dogmatic analysis, and comparative legal analysis. An examination of European practices in the development and organisation of green tourism confirmed that adaptation of Ukraine’s tourism sector would be insufficiently effective without integrating the experience of the European Union. This article addresses the main challenges and advantages associated with developing green tourism in Ukraine and proposes potential solutions to overcome these barriers. The findings, based on an analysis of the practices of European Union countries, highlight the prospects for organising this form of tourism in Ukraine. It is emphasised that the development of eco-tourism should be grounded in principles of territorial concentration, strengthening the role of local authorities, and employing a programme-targeted approach to engage rural communities in business projects within the eco-tourism sector. The importance of legislative initiatives aimed at fostering an ecological specialisation in green tourism is substantiated, covering strategic, regulatory, and programme-targeted aspects. It is established that the successful growth of this sector requires addressing a range of issues through collaboration between governmental bodies and local councils, especially in the context of decentralisation and the formation of amalgamated territorial communities. The need for prioritising financial and legislative support, alongside the development of a balanced state policy for regulation at the regional level, is highlighted. The importance of incorporating an ecosystem approach into the implementation of local and regional socio-economic dev

Satellite monitoring of a pine forest affected by mountain pine beetle

The spread of bark beetles poses a significant threat to forest ecosystems, causing substantial damage to coniferous forests. The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus spp.) is considered to be one of the most harmful bark beetles, infesting pine trees and leading to severe consequences for forest ecosystems. This article aims to detect and analyze the dynamics of mountain pine beetle infestation in a pine forest stand, determine its affected area, and evaluate the effectiveness of sanitary and restoration measures. The study utilized satellite data from the Sentinel-2 mission and employed the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) to monitor the spread of mountain pine beetle infestation. The analysis was conducted for a pine forest stand in the Ostriv Forestry of the Vyshchedubechanske Forestry Enterprise in Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of using satellite data and vegetation indices for monitoring mountain pine beetle infestation. The combined application of NDVI and NDMI enabled the detection of infested areas in the early stages by capturing changes in the spectral characteristics of tree crowns and vegetation moisture content. The satellite data analysis confirmed the complete infestation of a 0.01 km2 pine forest stand by the mountain pine beetle in 2017. A link between the activation of beetle spread and climate changes, particularly rising temperatures and decreasing precipitation, was observed, leading to the weakening of pine stands. The study revealed that in 2018, sanitary felling of the infested pine stand was carried out, as evidenced by the decrease in NDVI values. In 2019, a project to restore the forest ecosystem through the establishment of a new pine plantation was initiated. Satellite observations in April 2024 demonstrated successful growth of the young pine forest, with NDVI values indicating an increase from 0.25 in April 2020 to 0.45 in April 2024, reflecting active vegetation growth and successful ecosystem restoration. The obtained results highlight the importance of using satellite data for timely detection of pest outbreaks in forest ecosystems, determining the extent of infestation, monitoring the effectiveness of sanitary measures, and assessing the recovery of forest stands after restoration efforts. The study underscores the potential of satellite remote sensing techniques in forest ecosystem monitoring and supports decision-making processes for sustainable forest management.

Membrane vectorial lipidomic features of coral host cells’ plasma membrane and lipid profiles of their endosymbionts Cladocopium

The symbiotic relationships between coral animal host and autotrophic dinoflagellates are based on the mutual exchange and tight control of nutritional inputs supporting successful growth. The corals Sinularia heterospiculata and Acropora aspera were cultivated using a flow-through circulation system supplying seawater during cold and warm seasons of the year, then sorted into host cells and symbionts and subjected to phylogenetic, morphological, and advanced lipid analyses. Here we show, that the lipidomes of the dinoflagellates Cladocopium C1/C3 and acroporide-specific Cladocopium hosted by the corals, are determined by lipidomic features of different thermosensitivity and unique betaine- and phospholipid molecular species. Phosphatidylserines and ceramiaminoethylphosphonates are not detected in the symbionts and predominantly localized on the inner leaflet of the S. heterospiculata host plasma membrane. The transmembrane distribution of phosphatidylethanolamines of S. heterospiculata host changes during different seasons of the year, possibly contributing to mutualistic nutritional exchange across this membrane complex to provide the host with a secure adaptive mechanism and ecological benefits.

Decoding the Effect of Synthesis Factors on Morphology of Nanomaterials: A Case Study to Identify and Optimize Experimental Conditions for Silver Nanowires

Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are one kind of nanomaterials for various applications such as solar panel cells and biosensors. However, the morphology of AgNWs, particularly their length and diameter, plays a critical role in determining the efficiency of energy storage systems and the transmittance of biosensors. Thus, it is imperative to study synthesis strategy for morphology control. This study focuses on synthesizing AgNWs through the solvothermal approach and aims to understand the individual and combined effects of three nucleants, NaCl, Fe(NO3)3 and NaBr, on the morphology of AgNWs. Using a modified successive multistep growth (SMG) approach and fine-tuning the nucleant concentrations, this study synthesized AgNWs with controllable aspect ratios, while minimizing the presence of undesirable byproducts like nanoparticles. Our results demonstrated the successful synthesis of AgNWs with favorable morphologies, including lengths of approximately 180 µm and diameters of 40 nm, thus resulting in aspect ratios of 4500. In addition, to assess the quality of the synthesized AgNWs, this work developed computational tools that uses MATLAB to automate the analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images for detecting silver nanoparticles. This automated approach provides a quantitative analysis tool for material characterization and holds the promise for long-term evaluation of diverse AgNW samples, thereby paving the way for advancements in their synthesis and application. Overall, this study demonstrates the significance of morphology control in AgNW synthesis and presents a robust framework for material characterization and quality analysis.

Bringing Back Reef Fish: Sustainable Impacts of Community-Based Restoration of Elkhorn Coral (Acropora palmata) in Vega Baja, Puerto Rico (2008–2023)

In response to the severe fragmentation of Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata (Lamarck, 1816), stands caused by a major winter swell (“Holy Swell”) in March 2008, an emergency community-based low-tech restoration was initiated in Vega Baja, Puerto Rico. Over a 15-year period, coral demographic performance and fish assemblages were monitored across four restored and four control (non-restored) 100 m2 plots. The restoration effort proved to be highly successful, leading to successful coral survival and growth, and to sustained recovery of fish assemblages, particularly herbivore guilds. Significantly increased abundance, biomass, and diversity were observed across all trophic functional groups, fishery target species, and geo-ecological functional groups in both restored and control plots. These positive outcomes were attributed to enhanced spatial complexity by long-term coral growth, “nutrient hotspots” within restored plots, the refugia effect from enhanced benthic spatial complexity, and the recovery of fish dispersal paths promoting spillover effects from restored to adjacent non-restored areas. Restoring herbivore guilds and geo-ecological functional groups played a crucial role in restoring vital ecological processes promoting reef ecosystem resilience. Recommendations include integrating fish assemblage recovery into coral restoration strategies, establishing natural coral nursery plots for future coral sourcing, and incorporating the concept of nursery seascapes for a holistic and ecosystem-based approach to restoration.

Successful growth of coastal marine microalgae in wastewater from a salmon recirculating aquaculture system

As global demand for seafood increases, recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) have gained prominence for sustainable fish rearing. The sustainability of RAS still requires improvement, particularly managing the fish waste. Here we investigated the growth and nutrient removal capabilities of three microalgal species (Isocrysis galbana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema marinoi) in aquaculture wastewater (AWW) mixed at different concentrations with cultivation medium. All three microalgae showed growth in different concentrations of the AWW obtained from an Atlantic salmon RAS facility in Agder, Norway. The average growth rates for I. galbana, S. marinoi and P. tricornutum at 75% AWW concentration were 0.31± 0.00 day-1, 0.34 ± 0.00 day-1, 0.25 ± 0.02 day-1, respectively. All three species effectively contributed to nitrate, ammonium and phosphate removal. When cultivated in 75% AWW, the microalgae achieved nearly complete removal of nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate, while approximately 90% of ammonium was also removed. Our results confirm the viability of AWW for microalgal cultivation on a laboratory scale suggesting this presents a sustainable route to further develop a circular bioeconomy in aquaculture.

Atomic sawtooth-like metal films for vdW-layered single-crystal growth

Atomic sawtooth surfaces have emerged as a versatile platform for growth of single-crystal van der Waals layered materials. However, the mechanism governing the formation of single-crystal atomic sawtooth metal (copper or gold) films on hard substrates (tungsten or molybdenum) remains a puzzle. In this study, we aim to elucidate the formation mechanism of atomic sawtooth metal films during melting–solidification process. Utilizing molecular dynamics, we unveil that the solidification of the liquid copper initiates at a high-index tungsten facet with higher interfacial energy. Subsequent tungsten facets follow energetically favourable pathways of forming single-crystal atomic sawtooth copper film during the solidification process near melting temperature. Formation of atomic sawtooth copper film is guaranteed with a film thickness exceeding the grain size of polycrystalline tungsten substrate. We further demonstrate the successful growth of centimeter-scale single-crystal monolayer hexagonal boron nitride films on atomic sawtooth copper films and explore their potential as efficient oxygen barrier.

Does Nesting Material Affect Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) Nest Box Selection, Reproduction, and Eggshell Bacteria?

Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa) are secondary cavity nesters that use natural cavities and artificial nest boxes, the latter of which has been attributed to the recovery of populations across the southeastern US. Continual use of these boxes results in a buildup of bacteria, parasites, and other pathogens. To avoid the accumulation of these deleterious organisms, best management practices include the occasional removal of old nesting material (i.e., wood shavings) and replacement with fresh wood shavings. No studies have been performed on the effects of shaving material on nest box selection, nest success, and bacterial growth. We monitored 142 and 111 nest boxes in Florida and Georgia, USA, respectively, and filled a random sample with aspen or cedar shavings. We then swabbed the surface of 144 and 150 eggs during 2020 and 2021, respectively, to screen for culturable bacteria. We detected no effect of shaving type on nest box selection, nest success, or egg surface bacterial growth. We found 3-8 bacterial colony types (1-123 colony-forming units [CFU]/box) and 1-8 bacterial colony types (3-382 CFU/box) among the Georgia and Florida samples, respectively. We detected no effect from shaving type on Wood Duck reproduction or bacterial growth in the sampled nest boxes. We concluded that both shaving types are suitable nesting materials for box-nesting Wood Duck populations and the continued use of either would be a reasonable decision for managers.

5GSOLAR: On track for effective project commercialisation

5GSOLAR: On track for effective project commercialisation Maciej Sibiński, Research Professor from Tallinn University of Technology, highlights the 5GSOLAR project, which is on track to commercialise solar cells. The development of the new Sb2(S,Se)3, (Sb,Bi)2Se3 solar cells is currently underway, but effective commercialisation is crucial for successful growth, and proper perspective and potential technology applications are vital for future advancement. Intense effort was recently put into the development of Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3 structures in the Tallinn University of Technology’s Laboratory for Thin Film Energy Materials group, bringing about significant progress in both technology and efficiency levels. By using low-temperature and low-energy-consumption closed-spaced sublimation and chemical spray pyrolysis methods, the manufacturing technology was elaborated to achieve an industrial level.

Electrodeposited polyaniline modified CNT fiber as efficient counter electrode in flexible dye-sensitized solar cells

Carbon-based electrodes played a significant role toward the development of wearable and flexible photovoltaic energy devices in an efficient and affordable manners. Here, all-carbon-based electrodes composed of carbon nanotubes fiber (CNTF) have been used to fabricate a flexible wire shaped dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). A facile electrodeposited approach has been adopted to modify a CNTF with polyaniline (PANI) under acidic conditions. Both photoanode (TiO2@CNTs) and counter electrode (PANI@CNTs) twisted around each other, acted as electrons and hole collectors in the presence of redox couple (iodide/triiodide) as electrolyte. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated the successful growth of TiO2 nanoparticles and conducting polyaniline (PANI) over the surface of CNTs fibers, as photoanode and counter electrode, respectively. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), examined the reduction of triiodide and resistance of charge transfer. While the current-voltage measurements were carried out to check the performance of fabricated device when illuminated under simulated light source. With APNI modified counter electrode, device exhibited higher photoelectric conversion efficiency (3.57 %) under optimal conditions as compared to pristine CNTs fiber-based device with lower efficiency (2.26 %). The improved performance of modified counter electrode further confirmed by the lower peak separation (ΔEp= 0.42 V) and charge transfer resistance (RCE =19.28 Ω) in cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy, respectively. These fabricated electrodes could be promising alternate for metal-based electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells due to its facile fabrication process, low cost, and higher chemical stability.

Educational migration of youth: status, prospects

This article examines the issue of educational migration of youth in Kazakhstan in conditions of fierce competition. As a result of the research, it was revealed that educational migration in Kazakhstan is becoming a trend of the present time, which has its pros and cons, in particular: obtaining a diploma from a well-known foreign university is prestigious, helps in the growth of personal success, but also has a great threat - this is very It is difficult to name the exact number of people who returned from abroad after training. These figures were not found by us, which requires studying the state and prospects of educational migration. In the process of the study it was found that among Kazakh students the migration destinations to the Czech Republic, Russia, Turkey and China are in the greatest demand and availability. At the same time, it is worth noting that such countries as Japan, the USA, South Korea, the UK and Singapore also attract attention, but access to these states is limited. The article touches upon the topic of public policy in the field of educational migration and considers the impact of public policy in the education system through SWOT analysis. Factors that confirm that the Republic of Kazakhstan is a student-supplying country to other EAEU countries and at the same time receives students from Uzbekistan, India and Russia are described. The scientific research was based on the use of information base, including open sources of specialised databases of normative and legal acts, as well as official web resources of the Scopus Preview database, which showed and existing problems concerning the adaptation of students, the most relevant of them: the impossibility of legal employment, the high cost of housing and poor living conditions. To reduce the burden on the state, focus on creating opportunities for youth self-realization and utilizing their potential for regional development.

Building blocks toward sustainable biofertilizers: variation in arbuscular mycorrhizal spore germination when immobilized with diazotrophic bacteria in biodegradable hydrogel beads.

We investigated whether there was interspecies and intraspecies variation in spore germination of 12 strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when co-entrapped with the diazotrophic plant growth-promoting bacteria, Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 in alginate hydrogel beads. Twelve Rhizophagus irregularis, Rhizophagus intraradices, and Funneliformis mosseae strains were separately combined with a live culture of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7. Each fungal-bacterial consortia was supplemented with sodium alginate to a 2% concentration (v/v) and cross-linked in calcium chloride (2%w/v) to form biodegradable hydrogel beads. One hundred beads from each combination (total of 1200) were fixed in solidified modified Strullu and Romand media. Beads were observed for successful spore germination and bacterial growth over 14 days. In all cases, successful growth of A. brasilense was observed. For arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, interspecies variation in spore germination was observed, with R. intraradices having the highest germination rate (64.3%), followed by R. irregularis (45.5%) and F. mosseae (40.3%). However, a difference in intraspecies germination was only observed among strains of R. irregularis and F. mosseae. Despite having varying levels of germination, even the strains with the lowest potential were still able to establish with the plant host Brachypodium distachyon in a model system. Arbuscular mycorrhizal spore germination varied across strains when co-entrapped with a diazotrophic plant growth-promoting bacteria. This demonstrates that hydrogel beads containing a mixed consortium hold potential as a sustainable biofertilizer and that compatibility tests remain an important building block when aiming to create a hydrogel biofertilizer that encases a diversity of bacteria and fungi. Moving forward, further studies should be conducted to test the efficacy of these hydrogel biofertilizers on different crops across varying climatic conditions in order to optimize their potential.

Hydroponic Growth of [13C]-Labeled Tobacco for DNA Damage Studies in Cigarette Smokers.

Cigarette smoking is the acknowledged major cause of cancers of the lung and oral cavity and is an established important risk factor for multiple other cancers. DNA addition products (DNA adducts) caused by cigarette smoking are critical factors in its mechanism of carcinogenesis. However, most DNA adducts detected to date in humans cannot be specifically ascribed to smoking but rather have multiple exogenous and endogenous sources. In the study reported here, we prepared [13C]-labeled tobacco to address this problem. We report for the first time the successful growth from seeds to flowering under hydroponic conditions of highly [13C]-labeled tobacco in a controlled 13CO2 environment. The standard growth procedure with optimized conditions is described in detail. The [13C]-enrichment rate was assessed by quantifying nicotine and sugars and their [13C]-isotopologues in this tobacco using high-resolution mass spectrometry, reaching >94% in the tobacco leaves. The [13C]-labeled leaves after curing will be used to make cigarettes, allowing investigation of the specific contributions of tobacco smoke carcinogens to identified DNA adducts in smokers.

THE INFLUENCE OF AGILE PRACTICES ON PROJECT OUTCOMES: PERFORMANCE, STAKEHOLDER SATISFACTION, AND TEAM DYNAMICS

Agile methodologies have become a cornerstone in modern software development, promising enhanced project performance, improved stakeholder satisfaction, and positive team dynamics. This study investigates the influence of Agile practices on key project outcomes, focusing on performance, stakeholder satisfaction, and team dynamics. The primary objective is to explore the core principles and practices of Agile methodologies, such as Scrum, Kanban, and Lean, and how these frameworks are applied in diverse project settings. The research examines the direct impact of Agile practices on project performance, including time efficiency, cost management, and quality delivery. Additionally, the study assesses how Agile approaches enhance stakeholder satisfaction by fostering continuous communication, adapting to changes, and ensuring alignment with project goals. Furthermore, the analysis explores the effect of Agile practices on team dynamics, emphasizing collaboration, self-organization, and cross-functional teamwork. By synthesizing findings from case studies, interviews, and surveys across various industries, this study aims to provide valuable insights into how Agile methods influence overall project outcomes and contribute to improved performance, stronger stakeholder relationships, and enhanced team cohesion. The results are intended to guide organizations in effectively implementing Agile practices to maximize project success and foster sustainable growth in dynamic environments.

NON-PERFORMING ASSETS IN INDIAN BANKING SECTOR – A STUDY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

A key driver of India's economic growth has been the banking sector. While the rest of the world was scrambling to recover from a financial meltdown, the Indian banking sector had amazing development in the past few of years. As a result of the country's successful economic growth and financial sector liberalisation throughout the last two decades, the banking industry in India has undergone significant changes. Nonperforming assets are becoming a problem for all types of banks, whether public and private. The COVID-19 epidemic has halted numerous economic operations worldwide, with the financial sector bearing the brunt of the impact; thus, none of those businesses can run economically. Nonperforming assets in India's banking sector are the focus of this article's literature study.

학령기 아동의 행복과 그릿의 관계

Purpose : This study explores the influence of children’s happiness on their grit for successful growth and development, while investigating the moderating role of positive parenting attitudes. It aims to provide insights into children's mental health and internal development. Methods : The analysis employs secondary data from the 11th (2018) Panel Study of Korean Children. Participants' socio-demographic characteristics, children's grit, positive parenting attitudes, and variables associated with children's happiness were extracted. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and hierarchical regression were employed to assess the moderating effect. Results : A positive correlation was found between parenting attitudes of both parents and the children's happiness and grit. Adding interaction terms of positive parenting attitudes and a child's happiness to the relationship between happiness and grit increased the explanatory power from 28.5% to 29.1%. Positive parenting attitudes have a moderating effect. Conclusion : To enhance children’s grit, interventions must address individual happiness and promote positive parenting attitudes. Prioritizing children's psychological well-being is crucial, highlighting the importance of cultivating positive parenting approaches. Tailored interventions for child well-being and parenting attitudes are essential.

MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY GROWTH OF HIGH-QUALITY InN NANORODS ON Si (111) SUBSTRATE

The growth of high-quality InN nanorods (NRs) on Si (111) by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) is reported. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy investigations indicates that the NRs are wurtzite, c-axis oriented and single crystalline. Low temperature photoluminescence emissions with peak energy of ~ 0.75eV was observed indicating the high quality of the nanostructures. This study unravels a novel strategy for the successful growth of high-quality InN NRs on Silicon which is highly promising for applications in next generation nanodevices.

Assessing Stress Levels and Coping Strategies in the New Normal among Students of Magsaysay College

The primary objective of this study was to assess stress levels and analyze coping strategies among Magsaysay College students. Utilizing a descriptive correlational research design, the study explored the relationship between students' demographic profiles, including age, gender, marital status, year level, family income, and reported stress levels. It also examined the correlation between stress levels and the use of coping strategies. The research concluded that demographic factors do not have a significant impact on stress levels among students and that stress is a ubiquitous challenge for students across different backgrounds. Interestingly, there is a slight negative correlation between family income and stress levels among students; this relationship is not statistically significant. This suggests that students show resilience and do not let the challenges of lower family income escalate their stress levels appreciably. A positive correlation was identified between stress levels and the employment of coping strategies, indicating that students tend to rely more on coping mechanisms as stress levels increase. It was recommended that Magsaysay College’s Guidance Center enhance its mental health support services by providing more resources, educational programs, and online counseling on effective coping strategies. Local Government Unit (LGU) of Magsaysay and other stakeholders are advised to collaborate on community-based support programs and invest in mental health initiatives to bolster the well-being of the students. Such collaborative efforts could significantly contribute to a more supportive learning environment, fostering students' academic success and personal growth.

Quantitative analyzing the effect of pore distribution on formation of active layer for forward osmosis membrane

The morphology and performance of polyamide active layer can be controlled by the pore size and surface porosity of support layer. Nevertheless, further investigation is required to elucidate the impact of pore distribution and the specific role of each pore. Therefore, by introducing polyetherimide (PEI) as a sacrificial top layer, the support layer with a wide pore distribution was prepared by co-casting method. A mathematical model was developed to enable the estimation of the impact of each pore radius and pore distribution on the structure and performance of the active layer. During interfacial polymerization process, the surface pore size and distribution of the support layer influenced the incipient film which consists of the polyamide colloids and dominates the successive growth of polyamide layer. It was suggested that both average pore radius and pore distribution contributed to the composite of incipient film. The overall η of 1.77 for S75 corresponded to an incipient film composed of linear polyamide terminated with MPD and fully cross-linked polyamide, resulting in the best performing membrane (C75) with DC of 0.75 and structural parameter as low as 230 μm. A comparison of C75 with C0 revealed an increase in water flux of 138 % and a minor increase in salt flux of 6.37 %. This work presents a novel approach to enhancing the performance of FO membranes and offers a new perspective on the structure-effect relationship.