Revolutionary Work Research Articles

Çelişkilere Dönüş: Łukasiewicz İtirazı

The Principle of Non-Contradiction is found and christened as “the firmest principle” by Aristotle. Since then, almost no objection has been raised against this principle and its firmness, until Łukasiewicz. By reflecting on the possibility of the emergence of new systems of logic with reference to the developments in non-Eucledian geometry, Łukasiewicz stated that the reconsideration of the principles of logic may lead to new systems. With the guidance of this idea, in his revolutionary work “On the Principle of Contradiction in Aristotle” Łukasiewicz approaches Aristotle’s account on the Principle of Non-Contradiction and analyzes it thoroughly. Starting with the identification and the comparison of three distinct definitions of the Principle of Non-Contradiction in Metaphysics, the Polish logician criticizes Aristotle’s arguments regarding the unprovability and the firmness of the principle. Even though Aristotle defended that the principle cannot be proved by direct proof but can be proved by indirect ones, i.e. elenchus, Łukasiewicz realizes that Aristotle’s aforementioned distinction is actually built on sand, since the Stagirate had stated in Prior Analytics that these two types of proof can be used interchangeably. This statement means that there is no err in using direct proofs instead of elenchtic ones and thus it appears that if the principle can be proved by elenchus, it can be proved by direct proof as well. In other words, Aristotle runs into a contradiction by trying to prove the principle that cannot be proved. Having found that there lies a contradiction in the very foundations of the Principle of Non-Contradiction regarding its unprovability, he continues with scrutinizing Aristotle’s elenchtic proofs in Metaphysics. With the discovery of fallacies appealed by Aristotle in those proofs, Łukasiewicz is ready for raising his objection to the firmness of the Principle of Non-Contradiction. Starting with stating how contradictions were defined before and by Aristotle, how the Stagirate formulated the Principle of Non-Contradiction, our study aims to examine Łukasiewicz’s objection and summarize his arguments against the Principle of Non-Contradiction.

From partitions to Hodge numbers of Hilbert schemes of surfaces.

We celebrate the 100th anniversary of Srinivasa Ramanujan's election as a Fellow of the Royal Society, which was largely based on his work with G. H. Hardy on the asymptotic properties of the partition function. After recalling this revolutionary work, marking the birth of the 'circle method', we present a contemporary example of its legacy in topology. We deduce the equidistribution of Hodge numbers for Hilbert schemes of suitable smooth projective surfaces. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Srinivasa Ramanujan: in celebration of the centenary of his election as FRS'.

Argentine Left Parties and the 1967 Six-Day War through the Prism of Global Networks and South-South Connections

La guerra de junio de 1967 entre Israel y los ejércitos de Egipto, Siria y Jordania tuvo un importante impacto sobre la izquierda argentina, que se alineó con los países árabes. El Partido Comunista de Argentina (PCA), que tenía una influencia significativa dentro de la comunidad judía, defendió la política de la Unión Soviética, mientras que Política Obrera (PO) y el Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores (PRT), dos corrientes trotskistas, fueron críticos de la política soviética y vieron en el proceso político del Medio Oriente una revolución nacional en curso que se podía convertir en una revolución socialista. Aunque los tres partidos repudiaban abiertamente al antisemitismo y denunciaban los llamados a expulsar a la población judía de Israel/Palestina, no estuvieron exentos del uso de tropos antisemitas (y orientalistas). Describían a Israel como un mero ‘peón del imperialismo estadounidense’, carente de agencia y, con la excepción del PCA, ignoraron la existencia de los Palestinos como un grupo nacional en sí mismo. El debate sobre la cuestión de Israel/Palestina en la Conferencia Tricontinental celebrada en La Habana en 1966 influyó a la izquierda en su conjunto, y parece haber servido de insumo a las posiciones de PO, organización que se convirtió en el primer partido marxista del mundo en plantear la destrucción política del Estado de Israel, la cual se suponía sería llevada a cabo por la alianza revolucionaria de las masas árabes y judías del Medio Oriente. Por el contrario, tanto el PCA como el PRT defendían el derecho de Israel a su existencia.

Friedrich Schleiermacher’s Reden and the problem of religious plurality

Modern knowledge of the world’s religions brings to light the problem of religious plurality, meaning the problem of why there is such great religious diversity, and which set of religious beliefs, if any, can be judged to be true. In 1799 and in the later editions, the young Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834) offered a pioneering account of religion in his revolutionary work, widely known as the Reden , first rendered in English in 1893 with the title On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers , which this article summarises and critically evaluates in relation to that problem. Guided by the work of Eric Sharpe on the history of the comparative study of religion, the article locates Schleiermacher in the context of the state of knowledge about the plurality of religions when he wrote the Reden, compared to our present knowledge. The evaluation takes as its primary critical criteria the requirements of the academic study of religions, not the theological interests relevant to Schleiermacher as a Christian thinker. The evaluation yields a mixed verdict, noting four significant strengths in Schleiermacher’s account of religion but also three important limitations, the main one arising, understandably, from his personal faith, but nonetheless a problem in the academic study of religions.

Book Graphics by M.M. Tsekhanovsky. To the 130th Birth Anniversary of the Artist

The purpose of the article is to consider the book design works of the famous graphic artist and animation movie director M.M. Tsekhanovsky (1889—1965), using the complex of bibliological, art historical and historiographic methods, to identify the most characteristic features of his creative method, to reconstruct the important stage of biography of the master, analysing previously unpublished archival materials. Already in the very first illustrative cycles, the artist finds his theme: he gives a clear preference to inanimate heroes, spectacularly and clearly depicts the attributes of modern life, symbols of technological progress. Further, making illustrations to the works of S.Y. Marshak, B.S. Zhitkov, M. Ilyin, he refines his artistry and takes the prominent place among the creators of children’s “manufacturing”, technical, popular science books. He manages to adapt the extremely complex topics to the perception of a child, to fill dry language schemes, drawings or geographical maps with lively, exciting content and vivid imagery. The visual series of such graphic works is not a banal pictorial parallel of the text, its explanation, but it leads an independent party, significantly complements and enriches the content of the book. People appear quite rarely in these graphic series; they are treated very schematically and mechanistically, sometimes they seem to be the creations of the world of things and machines, so close to the artist. However, in the best works of M.M. Tsekhanovsky, and above all, in the illustrations to the famous “Post” by S.Y. Marshak, human images are shown generically, and at the same time individualized, endowed with characteristic, memorable features, clearly inscribed in the plot and rhythmic outline of the dynamic narrative. In the heritage of the master, there are also completely different works, indicating that he could become a remarkable animalist, illustrator of fairy tales or “adult” historical and revolutionary works. However, these sides of his talent were not demanded by the technocratic era of the 1920s. Transition of the artist from book graphics to cartoon animation was in some sense predetermined by the very nature of his talent: M.M. Tsekhanovsky was always interested in the problem of plastic transfer of movement and unification of disparate episodes into a coherent story.

In conversation with Greg Winter.

Sir Gregory Winter, Research Leader Emeritus at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge, UK is best known for his pioneering work on humanised and human therapeutic antibodies. Greg's research career has been entirely based in Cambridge. After studying Natural Sciences at Cambridge University, he undertook his PhD, focused on determining the amino acid sequence of bacterial tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase, at the LMB, where he remained for postdoctoral research and the ensuing establishment of his own research group. His long-standing interest in protein and nucleic acid sequencing led to the development of techniques to 'humanise' mouse monoclonal antibodies and to make human antibodies directly, resulting in promising antibody-based therapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Greg has founded three biotech companies, including Cambridge Antibody Technology and Bicycle Therapeutics. He has also received numerous awards and honours in recognition of his revolutionary work in the antibody engineering field, most notably the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in October 2018. One year on, he discusses the impact of this award on his life and future career outlook in an interview with The FEBS Journal.

Mache Papanicolaou (1890-1982), the dedicated companion of the great benefactor: An interview with Dr Julie Kokkori, one of the only living relatives of Dr George N. Papanicolaou.

Mache Papanicolaou (Volos, Greece, 1890 - Miami, Florida, USA, 1982) was the soul of absolute dedication to research, science and humanity of her lifelong partner, Dr George N. Papanicolaou (Kymi, Greece, 1883 - Miami Florida, USA, 1962). Her devotion to him, her endless support during their first years in the USA, as well as during the period before the approval of the Pap smear test and her selfless contribution to this revolutionary work were invaluable, indeed. In this article, which is dedicated to the memory of Mache Papanicolaou, we have the great honour to host the testimony of one of the only living relatives of Dr George N. Papanicolaou. Dr Julie Kokkori is the granddaughter of Nasos N. Papanicolaou (Kymi, Greece, 1880-Athens, Greece, 1958), the oldest brother of Dr George N. Papanicolaou, and daughter of the niece of Dr George N. Papanicolaou, Maria Kokkori (Trikala, Greece, 1918 - Athens, Greece, 2012), author of the first book in the Hellenic literature on the life of Dr George N. Papanicolaou entitled ‘George N. Papanicolaou: through his life and work’.

Networks of Revolutionary Workers: Socialist Red Women in Finland in 1918

AbstractRevolutions need people. How do these people connect with each other, and how can the revolutionary message pass from one person to another? This article aims to answer these questions by examining the revolutionaries who participated in the Finnish Civil War on the rebellious Red side in 1918. We have chosen Red women from a particular district in Finland in order to analyse their connections and the networks created by membership of the labour movement, place of residence, and kinship. In order to see the layers of those connections, we utilize historical social network analysis rooted in digital history. This allows us to observe the significance and impact of regional, social networks and improves our understanding of structural factors affecting the intra-group dynamics among these revolutionary women. Our results support the claim that historical network analysis is a suitable tool for exploring interaction patterns and social structures in the past, and to gain new insights into historical phenomena.

Advancement in Novel Drug Delivery System: Niosomes

Niosomes represent a promising drug delivery module. Noisome same as to liposome and Noisome represent alternative vesicular drug delivery systems with respect to liposomes, due to the noisome ability to encapsulate the different type of drugs within their multi environmental structure. Niosomes are thoughts to be a better system for drug delivery as compared to liposomes due to various factors like cost, stability etc. They are many types of drug deliveries that can be possible using niosomes like targeting, ophthalmic, topical, parenteral, etc. In recent research, comprehensive research carried over noisome as a drug carrier. Various drugs are enlisted and tried in noisome surfactant vesicles. Niosomes proved to better drug carrier system and has the potential to reduce the side effects of drugs and increased therapeutic effectiveness in various diseases. Noisome used more than fifty drugs are tried in niosomal formulations by the intravenous route, per oral administration, trans-dermal route of administration, and inhalation preparation, ocular nasal route of administration. Treatment of infectious diseases and immunization has undergone a revolutionary work in recent years. The large numbers of disease-specific biological have been developed, and also emphasis has been made to effectively deliver these biological. Niosomes shows an emerging class of novel vesicular systems. Niosomes are self-assembled vesicles composed primarily of synthetic surfactant and cholesterol. Comprehensive research carried over noisome as a drug carrier. Various drugs are enlisted and tried in noisome surfactant vesicles. This article presents an overview of the techniques of preparation of noisome, types of noisome, characterization and their applications. Keywords-Niosomes; Method of preparation; Evaluation study; Application of Niosomes

‘We Cover New York’: Protest, Neighborhood, and Street Photography in the (Workers Film and) Photo League

This article considers photographs of New York by two American radical groups, the revolutionary Workers Film and Photo League (WFPL) (1931–1936) and the ensuing Photo League (PL) (1936–1951), a less explicitly political concern, in relation to the adjacent historiographical contexts of street photography and documentary. I contest a historiographical tendency to invoke street photography as a recuperative model from the political basis of the groups, because such accounts tend to reduce WFPL’s work to ideologically motivated propaganda and obscure continuities between the two leagues. Using extensive primary sources, in particular the PL’s magazine Photo Notes, I propose that greater commonalities exist than the literature suggests. I argue that WFPL photographs are a specific form of street photography that engages with urban protest, and accordingly I examine the formal attributes of photographs by its principle photographer Leo Seltzer. Conversely, the PL’s ‘document’ projects, which examined areas such as Chelsea, the Lower East Side, and Harlem in depth, involved collaboration with community organizations that resulted in a form of neighborhood protest. I conclude that a museological framing of ‘street photography’ as the work of an individual artist does not satisfactorily encompass the radicalism of the PL’s complex documents about city neighborhoods.

Distribution of The Sensible Jacques Ranciere

This paper aims to discuss the problem of aesthetic in modern Indonesian literature in its relation with the politic. In contrast with the traditional understanding of the aesthetic and politic, this paper offers an alternative perspective abstracted by the French aesthetic philosopher, Jacques Rancière, to look into five problems concerning this matter. First, the mechanism of inclusion/exclusion in defining the aesthetic in relation to politic. This problem leads to the second, that is the definition of aesthetic as a distribution of sensibility which consists of the visible, the intelligible, and the possible where the main goal is to shatter the social hierarchy. In addition to this, the definition of revolutionary works relies not on the engagement of the artist into the political field, but on the succeed to bridging the hierarchical migration. Moreover, the presumption of equality as the foundation of the revolutionary in aesthetic, thus a popular work does not always consider as such. And finally, art as an act for the people to position themselves in participating in the polis, thus the idea of literacy is a very important instrument to make sure the subject to emancipate. By considering these problems, the question of when is the birth of modern Indonesian literature needs to be re-assessed.

Optical Tweezers: A Force to Be Reckoned With

The 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded jointly to Arthur Ashkin for the discovery and development of optical tweezers and their applications to biological systems and to Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland for the invention of laser chirped pulse amplification. Here we focus on Arthur Ashkin and how his revolutionary work opened a window into the world of molecular mechanics and spurred the rise of single-molecule biophysics.

Rhythm of revolutionary movement in revolutionary works (M. Azuela “The Underdogs”, I. Babel “Red Cavalry”, “O. Serafymovych “Iron Flood”)

The research is devoted to the investigation of revolutionary movement`s rhythm. It compares literary objects (M. Azuela “The Underdogs”, I. Babel “Red Cavalry”, O. Serafymovych “Iron Flood”), which are united by the conceptual closeness in reproduction of the revolutionary movement. The plot of each of these works is based on the image of one or several episodes of the revolution and the reality that it generates. In all three works factual and essay-artistic material is used; the authors prefer fragmentation that does not presuppose integrity. The mosaic of texts is explained, firstly, by the image of a revolution in a movement that is constantly shrinking; and secondly, by ambiguous perception of events.The social-psychological mechanisms of creating a spontaneous mass flow in the revolution are explored. The tension that grows in the process of “emotional swirling” and the ongoing “circular reaction” leads to violent actions. Emotional tension forces the mass to move. As a result, there is not just a tendency, but a deep emotional need for joint immediate actions. Sharply reducing the critical view of what is happening leads to an increase in the emotion of the twist and the search for events, the ability to perceive reality rationally is lost. In this situation, a person aspires to join “all” in a general revolutionary impulse.Such a movement is usually indicated by the rhythm of the march, spontaneous, unbroken mass flow, echoes of shots, screams and bloody clashes. It is proven that revolutionary movement is interpreted as an exalted impulse, and a devastating rebellion.

How Mendel's Interest in Inheritance Grew out of Plant Improvement.

Despite the fact that Gregor Mendel is generally respected as the founder of genetics, little is known about the origin of and motivation for his revolutionary work. No primary sources are known that discuss his work during the period of his pea crossing experiments. Here, we report on two previously unknown interconnected local newspaper articles about Mendel's work that predate his famous Pisum lectures by 4 years. These articles describe Mendel as a plant breeder and a horticulturist. We argue that Mendel's initial interests concerned crop improvement, but that with time he became more interested in fundamental questions about inheritance, fertilization, and natural hybridization.

Staging Revolution: Artistry and Aesthetics in Model Beijing Opera During the Cultural Revolution

English-language scholarship concerning China's Model Revolutionary Works (geming yangbanxi 革命样板戏) has struggled with the lingering influence of the Cold War for decades. The theater that was eleva...

안드레이 비토프의 『푸쉬킨 연구소』와 부조리 문학

Andrei Georgievich Bitov (Андрей Георгиевич Битов, 1937-) is one of the most prominent Russian-Soviet Postmodernist authors. Pushkin House (Пушкинский дом, 1964-1971), his most representative work, is comprised of roughly three parts. At the end of each part Bitov inserts a chapter entitled “Version and Variant” to present possible versions of a different plot. This unique structure and the freely intervening voice of the author make Pushkin House a creatively subversive work that questions numerous literary conventions.BR In Part III, the hero Lyova is killed in a duel and then resurrected. The author does not give any scientific or even reasonable explanation; Lyova simply comes back to life on his own and returns to his everyday life at the Pushkin Institute. This research is an attempt to understand such illogical plot from the viewpoint of the absurd. The absurd in Pushkin House is fundamentally different from the absurd in Western absurdist theater or even from the absurdist literature from the Modernist era in the Russian literary tradition. The absurd in literature is an attempt to show the existential meaninglessness of life through literary works. The abusrd in Pushkin House, on the other hand, is an intended effect in order to question the conventional reading of literature as a reflection or an imitation of life. Through the absurd, Pushkin House urges the reader to shift her focus from her own external reality to the fictional reality inside the story and to re-consider reality as a pale reflection of the fictional world.

The only solution is revolution: the Spanish Confederación Nacional de Trabajo and the problem of unemployment in Republican Spain, 1931–1933

ABSTRACTAlthough the Great Depression has been the subject of much research, focus normally centers on the impact instead of the tactics developed by working-class organizations to tackle the problems it caused, specifically unemployment. Recent research has sought to fill this gap, but numerous areas remain uncovered. This paper covers two of these: the situation in Spain and the reaction of anarcho-syndicalist union – the Confederación Nacional de Trabajo. Spain presents an anomalous case; a country that saw the replacement of a semi-fascist dictatorship by a democracy in the 1930s. Furthermore, the fact that the initial government of the Spanish Second Republic included the Socialists provides an opportunity of comparing and contrasting the positions and policies of reformist and revolutionary workers’ organizations. The study is based on predominantly on articles appearing in the CNT newspaper Solidaridad Obrera. The conclusion reached is that for the CNT rising unemployment was a symptom of an irreversible trend in a failing capitalist system, which could only be solved by the revolutionary overthrow of that system. Nonetheless, the union had to present plausible solutions to ameliorate the conditions of the workers to attract the unemployed and thus, create a force strong enough to lead that revolutionary change.

The Deep Content of the Form: Hayden White on “Freud’s Tropology of Dreaming”

Hayden White’s only article entirely on Sigmund Freud’s work is on The Interpretation of Dreams, specifically on the dreamwork“operations” by which the mind transforms libidinal impulses into the scenes, sounds, and events the dreamer experiences as the dream. White recognizes in Freud’s interpretive insights a clear analogy with the formal centerpiece of his own work: the major tropes which describe the shape of thought itself. White’s appreciation of how Freud’s revolutionary work on the significance of dreams uncovered the formal linguistic devices exhibited at every level of representation is shared by other major thinkers, two of whom I discuss here: the philosopher Paul Ricoeur and the psychoanalyst Marshall Edelson. They share the comprehension of how psychoanalysis illuminates the deep structure of all cultural artifacts of language as originating from sources deeper than those available to consciousness, and issuing in the formal structures of metaphor, metonymy, synechdoche, and irony.

The Proletarian Dream: Socialism, Culture, and Emotion in Germany, 1863–1933 by Sabine Hake

Reviewed by: The Proletarian Dream: Socialism, Culture, and Emotion in Germany, 1863–1933 by Sabine Hake Erika Quinn The Proletarian Dream: Socialism, Culture, and Emotion in Germany, 1863–1933. By Sabine Hake. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2017. Pp. xii + 370. Cloth $103.99. ISBN 978-3110549360. Sabine Hake's fascinating study of the articulation and development of a proletarian vision and emotional symbolic realm from the mid-nineteenth century through the mid-1930s suggests that emotional identifications like group belonging present an overlooked and valuable archive in which to work. Her project aims to "liberate the [End Page 623] proletarian dream from mainstream condescension and leftist nostalgia and take seriously its historical and theoretical challenges to dominant culture and hegemonic practices" (256). Her book traces the "materialist appropriation" of eighteenth-century idealist philosophy to create a socialist mentalité through the "language of emotion" (56). This mentalité, in turn, produced a twentieth-century politicized avant-garde. The ambitious scope of the book and its relatively brief chapters that draw on visual, literary, and dramatic sources give an impressionistic sense of the book's overarching argument about the centrality of aesthetic experiences to class mobilization. Hake's study provides a model for transdisciplinary work with her use of sociological and psychoanalytic approaches, literary criticism, and visual and performance analyses. Hake investigates the social imaginary conjured in the name of the revolutionary working-class, an emotional community created through images, stories, songs, performances, symbols, and rituals, a realm of "possibility—not factuality" (11). The "dream" of her title is a given, in that debates about the actual goals of militant socialism are excluded in favor of exploring how the movement's leaders and members sought to achieve their goals. The planned second volume will study how the proletarian dream was expressed in the workers' states of National Socialist Germany and the German Democratic Republic. Hake illustrates that emotions "perform their historically specific functions through culturally mediated processes of translation and transformation" (76) by tracing changes in the use of aesthetic form and emotional tone in socialist sources. While her touch on the theory of emotions is light, she does emphasize that "emotions exist only in textual and discursive practices" (20); in other words, scholars can access only representations of emotions. We can't know how workers of the past "really" felt while singing together or reading stories of oppression and exploitation. Instead, through close reading and tracing changes over time concerning the ways emotions were mobilized, Hake points out the myriad roles emotions played in creating a revolutionary working class: they could be anticipatory, restorative, generative, prescriptive, aspirational, and compensatory (25). Part 1 of the book addresses the early origins of socialism and its emphasis on sentiment, in particular through depictions of workers' suffering and their redemption through collective identification and action. This pathos-imbued strain of the workers' movement, emotional socialism, was one that persisted well into the early twentieth century, despite Marxist attempts to replace it completely with a more militant masculinity, deeming sentimental socialism weak, effeminate, and ineffective. Here, Hake introduces an important analytical red thread, that of gender. Since socialists took the male as the normative position, gendered forms were consistently used to mobilize allegiances and define enemies. Hake's analysis of the use of melodrama, proletarian novels, allegorical images of Prometheus as liberator and rebel, the cult [End Page 624] of celebrity around SPD founder Ferdinand Lassalle, and speeches by SPD leader Karl Liebknecht shows how emotional expressions helped to transform working-class indignation and suffering into a heroic sacrificial stance. In emphasizing aesthetics as agents of creating and maintaining group identity, Hake reveals the often unacknowledged or denied debt working-class culture owed to the residual forms of both bourgeois and religious cultures. Examples can be found in socialism's most important borrowing from bourgeois culture, the idea of Bildung, and from religious culture, narratives of suffering and redemption through a collective faith and action. These strong resonances between the collectivities of nation, class, and community imbued nineteenth-century social movements across the political spectrum. Part 2 begins with the defeat in World War I and the workers' revolutions and militant actions that followed on its heels from...

Online Labour Activism In Turkey: An Analysis Of The Web-Based Activism Capacities Of The Alternative Media And The Labour Unions

The Internet and its activism power have been discussed in recent years. This study deals with the roles of class-based alternative media and the websites of two labour unions in providing a democratic platform and their potential for strengthening of the labour union movements and examines “Sendika.Org” as the voice of labour movement and the websites of two important labour unions, Confederation of Public Workers' Unions (KESK) and Confederation of Revolutionary Workers' Unions (DISK), to reveal their potentials in triggering the labour movement and class-based discussions in society. In this context, this study focuses on the nature of social networking activism and the potential of the alternative media in the context of theoretical framework of the public sphere and online activism and it discusses the creative potential of the Internet as a public sphere. It also attempts to explain how these websites present themselves to the public and mobilise citizens and activists. Also, it analyses the websites' potential of political resistance towards the social inequalities and the class-based issues by using the content analysis method constituted by certain categories such as information provision, networking, participation, campaigning, and delivery. The aim of this study is to reveal to what extent the activists use these websites as means for mobilisation and how alternative media and the websites of the labour unions create an alternative public sphere among the online audience and how they encourage the activists to participate in the online and offline actions. Keywords: Online activism, Internet, social media, public sphere, labour unions, DISK, KESK, sendika.org, class-based activism