Suburban Trains Research Articles

Innovative Industrial Technologies for Preventive Anti-Graffiti Coating

Graffiti is the main issue in terms of acts of vandalism with public transport. Hardly any suburban train, commuter train or goods train, hardly any engineering building, station or noise barrier wall escape graffiti spraying. This means enormous expenses every year which one would rather use to the benefit of its customers. Furthermore, the temporary and permanent anti-graffiti protection systems used up to now do not ensure adequate graffiti protection. The costs for the application of graffiti protection and/or graffiti removal to a large part depend on the circumstances of the individual case in question, i.e. on the size of the surface, the type and size of the ground, the accessibility of the location and of the fact whether the graffiti need to be removed from unprotected or protected surfaces. A unique innovation based on nanotechnology can provide a durable graffiti protection on a wide range of surfaces at economical prices. The protection makes the application of lettering, images or signatures significantly more difficult, yet facilitates their removal without any harm to the ground surface.

Numerical Modelling of Building Vibrations due to Railway Traffic: Analysis of the Mitigation Capacity of a Wave Barrier

Transmission of train-induced vibrations to buildings located in the vicinity of the track is one of the main negative externalities of railway transport, since both human comfort and the adequate functioning of sensitive equipment may be compromised. In this paper, a 3D FEM model is presented and validated with data from a real track stretch near Barcelona, Spain. Furthermore, a case study is analyzed as an application of the model, in order to evaluate the propagation and transmission of vibrations induced by the passage of a suburban train to a nearby 3-storey building. As a main outcome, vertical vibrations in the foundation slab are found to be maximum in the corners, while horizontal vibrations keep constant along the edges. The propagation within the building structure is also studied, concluding that vibrations invariably increase in their propagation upwards the building. Moreover, the mitigation capacity of a wave barrier acting as a source isolation is assessed by comparing vibration levels registered in several points of the building structure with and without the barrier. In this regard, the wave barrier is found to effectively reduce vibration in both the soil and the structure.

Integrating rolling stock scheduling with train unit shunting

In this paper, we consider integrating two important railway optimization problems, in particular the Rolling Stock Scheduling Problem and the Train Unit Shunting Problem. We present two similar branch-and-cut based approaches to solve this integrated problem and, in addition, provide a comparison of different approaches to solve the so-called Track Assignment Problem, a subcomponent of the Train Unit Shunting problem. In this analysis we demonstrate, by way of a counter example, the heuristic nature of a previously argued optimal approach. For the integrated problem we analyze the performance of the proposed approaches on several real-life case studies provided by DSB S-tog, a suburban train operator in the greater Copenhagen area. Computational results confirm the necessity of the integrated approach; high quality solutions to the integrated problem are obtained on instances where a conventional, sequential approach ends in infeasibility. Furthermore, for the considered instances, solutions are typically found within a few minutes, indicating the applicability of the methodology to short-term planning.

High-Voltage Converter for the Traction Application

High-voltage converter employing IGCT switches (VDC=2800 V) for traction application is presented. Such a power traction drive operates with an unstable input voltage over 2000⋯4000 V DC and with an output power up to 1200 kW. The original power circuit of the high-voltage converter is demonstrated. Development of the attractive approach to designing the low-loss snubber circuits of the high-frequency IGCT switches is proposed. It is established on the complex multilevel analysis of the transient phenomena and power losses. The essential characteristics of the critical parameters under transient modes and the relation between the snubber circuit parameters and the losses are discussed. Experimental results for the prototype demonstrate the properties of new power circuit. The test results confirm the proposed high-voltage converter performance capability as well as verifying the suitability of the conception for its use in the Russian suburban train power system and other high-voltage applications.

ANALYSIS OF TRAIN SHEET IN THE INFORMATION SYSTEM OF JSC «UKRZALIZNYTSIA»: PERSPECTIVE

Purpose. The system of train sheet analysis (TSA) in the information system of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» provides work with passenger and suburban trains and has considerable potential. Therefore it is necessary to establish the prospects of development of the system. Methodology. Departments’ setup and the train delay causes should be carried out at every station and span, where such delays took place. This requires the fixation of condition deviations of infrastructure from normal and other adverse factors. In the sector of freight transportations the train schedule analysis is insufficient, since this analysis does not account for deviations from the terms of delivery. Therefore it also is necessary to analyze the delivery graphs. The basis for monitoring the cargo delivery is the method of control time points (CTP) of technological operations performed with cargo at railway stations. On the basis of CTP to assess the quality of the transport process one should calculate the values of the analysis of cargo delivery schedule (performance level of the cargo delivery schedule, the coefficient of ahead of schedule/delay delivery). Findings. The article proposes to develop the system TSA using the input and display of the train delay causes on-line by transportation service employees, expansion of statistical databases and processing of the input delay causes during its calculation train sheet analysis of freight trains and quality assessment of the delivery schedule fulfillment. It is also appropriate before the new operator companies had appeared to make changes in the instructions TSCHU-TSD-0002 on the list of departments, which include delayed trains, by adding «the department» «The fault of operator companies» and corresponding causes of delays. Originality. The scheme of automated TSA in the information system of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» was improved. The author proposes to determine the cargo delivery quality on the certain polygon using the following levels: high, satisfactory, low and ultralow. A schedule to determine the levels of delivery quality was developed. Practical value. The implementation of the proposed solutions will improve and enhance the formation of statistical reporting of TSA in JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia».

Autogestion and competing hierarchies: deaf and other perspectives on diversity and the right to occupy space in the Mumbai surburban trains

This article offers a detailed ethnographic account of how people appropriate available space in compartments for disabled people in the Mumbai suburban trains, make it their own and monitor it, in the context of a succession of recent spatial changes. These compartments have increased in size over the years, and subsequently, the body of travellers has become more diverse. Passengers produce hierarchies based on need, physical differences, age differences and physical appearance, determining who can enter the compartments and who can’t, who can sit and who should stand, and where they should sit/stand. These hierarchies are mediated, but not dominated, by medical and disability certificates which are, in addition to a valid ticket, the documents that entitle people to travel in the handicapped compartments. Hierarchies are influenced by sexism, classism and audism and partially overlap but also are competing, such as in the case of deaf people who argue for the right to occupy seats and at the same time struggle with how to balance this quest with the need to act morally towards fellow travellers who seemingly suffer.

An Outage Performance Analysis with Moving Relays on Suburban Trains for Uplink

We propose a system model to analyze heterogeneous cellular networks for uplink that includes the presence of moving relays on top of suburban trains. The outage probability of both macro users and vehicular users is analyzed at various cell locations. Per-user fractional power control is considered, and the effect of cooperation via moving relays on nonvehicular users is studied. Simulation results show that moving relays can reduce the outage probability of train users by almost 50%, especially toward the cell boundary. Moving relays can also significantly reduce outage of nonvehicular boundary users, depending on the location with the help of cooperative communication.

Mapping the field through bibliometric analysis of passenger centric railway transportation

Railway transportation is considered to be the most preferable public transportation mode worldwide. Indian cities like Delhi Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai do have either metro trains or suburban trains or combinations of both. The demand for suburban train services in Indian metro cities is continuously increasing. This paper is an attempt to conduct systemic mapping of the available literature with respect to interactions between passengers and railway transportation. This bibliometric analysis has extensively used repositories such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Researchgate, and tools like Gephi, Sciencescape, Table2Net and GPS Visualizer. The study revealed that maximum studies on passenger centric railway transportation have taken place in the recent years and collaboration among researchers is a common aspect. It was also observed that Chinese universities/institutions are leading in the research studies concerning passenger centric railway transportation. Keywords statistics indicates less attentiveness of researchers towards passenger comfort, satisfaction, movements and behaviour.

РАЦІОНАЛЬНЕ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ РЕЙКОВОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ У ВЕЛИКИХ МІСТАХ УКРАЇНИ

The purpose. The aim of the article is to improve the terminology of the concept of "urban rail transport", which will allow efficient use of all types of rail transport in large cities and optimize the costs of its development and operation. To reduce costs of local budgets by transportation of people with commuters to the big city is necessary develop the existing classification of passenger trains in Ukraine and additionally include the urban of rail transport. Methods. In work are applied method of determining the optimal zones move suburban trains and principles of classification of passenger trains in Ukraine. Results. Analyzed the activity of all kinds of urban rail transport, defined the scope of their rational use, special attention is paid to the rail mode of transport, which can simultaneously ply on the territory of the railroad and within the big city. In view of this, was further developed existing classification of passenger trains in Ukraine. Scientific novelty. On the basis of studies suggested improved terminological concept of "urban rail transport'', which differs from the existing inclusion of all possible forms of rail transport, which will allow rational use of them in a big city and to optimize the costs of its development and exploitation. Has been further developed an existing classification of passenger trains in Ukraine, which further includes urban rail vehicles, which are used for railway rolling stock, namely electric trains and rail bus, which will reduce the costs of local budgets for the carriage of people with of suburban zone into the city. The practical significance. Use improved terminological concept of "urban rail transit" allows rationally use all types of rail transport in large cities and optimize the costs of their development and operation. The introduction of an improved classification of passenger trains in Ukraine will expand the boundaries of operation of rail transport and reduce the costs of local budgets for the carriage of people with of suburban zone to the big city.

840 series, St James' Church, Islington, London

They say London is dying (again): this time smothered by affluence, its youth fleeing for affordable refuge in the provinces, its culture concreted over by the corporate Cyclops. As far as new music goes, these are tough times in the capital, for sure (where are they not?), but the established ensembles and organisations cling on like the tenacious buddleias on the walls fringing suburban train lines, and here and there new cracks appear in the pavement, energetic wildflowers springing up through them to take their chance in the light.

An integrated rolling stock planning model for the Copenhagen suburban passenger railway

A central issue for operators of passenger railways is providing sufficient number of seats for passengers while at the same time minimising operating costs. This is the task of rolling stock planning. Due to the large number of practical, railway specific requirements that a rolling stock plan has to take into account, rolling stock plans are often constructed in a step-by-step manner, taking some requirements into consideration in each step. This may make it difficult in the final step to produce a plan that is feasible with regard to all of the requirements and at the same time economically attractive.This paper proposes an integrated rolling stock planning model that simultaneously takes into account all practical requirements for rolling stock planning at DSB S-tog, the suburban passenger train operator of the City of Copenhagen. The model is then used to improve existing rolling stock plans using a hill climbing heuristic.Experiments show that the heuristic used in the integrated rolling stock planning model is able to produce feasible solutions within minutes of computation time starting from infeasible rolling stock plans. Furthermore, the heuristic is able to improve the economic attractiveness of typical rolling stock plans with an average of 2%.

ANALYSIS OF COMMUTER FLOW BEHAVIOUR ON STAIRWAYS AT METROPOLITAN TRANSIT STATION IN MUMBAI, INDIA

The number of passenger travelling by railway has increased significantly in last two decades due to rapid urbanization. The passengers are in high density within the station premises during the operation time particularly during arrival and departure of trains at urban transit stations. Pedestrian flow reaches to peak level instantaneously causing sudden change in the pedestrian behavior and may lead to unsafe pedestrian movement. The study of pedestrian flow in such situation calls for more attention in view of the likely gravity of the situation turning adverse. Hence, for the efficient design as well as effective operation, modeling of the pedestrian flow for such situation is necessary to gain important insight into the pedestrian behavior. This paper is focused on pedestrian traffic movement on stairways at busy suburban railway station. Video-graphic data is collected at two stairways at Dadar suburban train station in Mumbai. Extracted data of 1-minutes interval is used to develop Speed-Density and Flow-Density relationships for different stairways. Critical aspects of the pedestrian flow behavior observed through the models are compared with pedestrian flow characteristics and walking behavior reported in earlier studies. The analysis presented in this paper can be used as a base to understand the peculiarity of pedestrian characteristics; specifically urban commuters and can become a useful reference for future pedestrian flow study in Indian metropolitan context.

⁎A101 Surveying acceptable walking distance to different modes of local public transport in Munich area ID

Abstract Background Walking is often referred as sports or recreational activities but it has been observed through the years that it is not only a physical activity for achieving fitness but also to access different public transport in transit to destination. There is an increasing demand to improve the accessibility of walking to different services in order to develop sustainable public transport system. In Munich city, the modal split for mobility without car is around 68% and among them 26% makes their trip by foot. Most of these trips made by foot are engaged with walking for public transport. So in order to increase the facilities for the pedestrian to improve their accessibility, it is important to know how far people are willing to walk for different local public transport modes. In large metropolitan areas planners makes assumption about walking distance for the catchment areas for the accessibility of public transport according guidelines, which differ from city to city. But for Munich, the empirical origin of these commonly used measures is unclear. According to the transport plan for the city of Munich the threshold for the catchment area of public transport is different for the central business district (CBD), highly dense area (HAD) and low dense area (LDA). So, it is a clear question whether pedestrians are walking within the assumed threshold or further and how this catchment area affects the decision of travel to desired station. Methods The aim of this research is to observe actual walking distance of the pedestrian for different public transport modes and to find individual’s perception for deciding their route in terms of trip purpose and mode choice. Paper based intercept survey was done in Munich area with 500 respondents to collect the data and analysed through SPSS and Esri-ArcGIS. Results Results showed that respondents living in LDA, walked comparatively longer than respondents living in CBD. It is observed that pedestrian on an average walked longer for suburban train and subway rather than bus and tram. It is also found that pedestrian accepts longer walk to train than other public transport modes and they choose the most direct and quickest route for their access to public transport. Conclusions In order to increase the user of public transport as well as to encourage people towards walking in future, these findings can be considered by the city of Munich to provide the infrastructure and design scale for public transport station within a larger radius.

Thermal capacity of tread-braked railway wheels. Part 1: Modelling

Tread brakes are still a common frictional braking system used on metro and suburban trains. Here the wheels are safety-related components and there is a need to develop design specifications and guidelines to ensure that the wheels perform properly under the service conditions to which they are exposed. In the present paper, a model is proposed and developed that represents typical conditions in metro and suburban operations, in particular during sequential stop braking. The analysis also considers drag braking, mechanical loading, residual stresses and wheel–axle interference fit. Finite element modelling, with an advanced temperature-dependent material model, together with a fatigue analysis is employed to quantify the wheel’s performance. An application example demonstrates the method for a typical metro wheel. In a companion paper, further applications are presented that demonstrate important aspects of the thermal capacity of tread-braked railway wheels.

Thermal capacity of tread-braked railway wheels. Part 2: Applications

Tread braking is a common friction-based braking system that finds use on metro and suburban trains. Here the wheels are safety-related components and there is a need to develop design specifications and guidelines to ensure that the wheels perform properly under the service conditions to which they are exposed. In the present paper, examples of applications are given that employ a modelling framework that was developed in a companion paper. The examples represent typical conditions in metro and suburban operations, in particular during sequential stop braking. Also results for drag braking, mechanical loading, residual stresses and wheel–axle interference fit are given. Parametric studies are performed to demonstrate the influence of load levels and other factors on the fatigue life of the wheels. The results should be useful for establishing design rules that consider the thermal capacity of tread-braked railway wheels.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DETERMINATION OF CERTAIN SUBURBAN PASSENGER TRAIN EFFECTIVENESS

Objective. To develop the method of certain suburban passenger train effectiveness determination. Methodology. To solve such problems there is proposed new method, developed on the base of the marginal revenue concept with application of diagram method. This method will give the possibility to define reasonable areas of suburban trains running for considerable reduction of suburban transportations unprofitableness. Results. On the base of the carried out analysis one may state that in this paper there is developed the method of definition of effectiveness of functioning of certain suburban train that will give the possibility to reduce unprofitableness of the suburban communication at the territory of Ukraine. Scientific novelty . There is improved the methodological approach to determination of optimal areas of suburban trains running at the account of establishment of rational length of route, depending on average passenger travels distance and their average number within the accounting year, that will give the possibility to considerably reduce operational expenditures and to increase transportations effectiveness . Practical relevance. Introduction of mentioned methodology for determination of optimal suburban trains running areas will give the JSC Ukrainian Railway Lines the possibility to considerable reduce the unprofitableness of suburban transportations, and local power authorities at the level of city executive board and oblast – to reduce payments for services of the suburban companies or RPCH.

Analysis of Explanatory Variables of Rail Ridership: The Situation of Rio de Janeiro

This paper aims to establish, from the variables incorporated in the bibliography, the ones potentially indicated to explain and rate the rail ridership, considering the characteristics and specificities of the suburban trains and stations of Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area (RJMA) as well as its environment. It will be considered the data of railway branch lines of RJMA and their links, along with the econometric models that will be determined, taking into account the explanatory variables of boarding and landing rates of train stations. Contrary to what is observed in international literature, the HDI (Human Development Index), average income and population variables present low interrelation with the following dependent variables: boarding rate, landing rate and total amount of journeys. The HDI calls our attention because it presents a negative interrelation, which strengths the idea that in Brazil the train offer does not contribute to a human development. The low correlation with the average income and population may explain the low quality of the service and the unattractive image of the train. The variables that present greater explanatory capacity of railway rates were the number of jobs in the area of influence and the numbers of extensions of the train itself. This suggests that in Rio the train plays the role of the transport that will take the employees to their workplaces, highlighting the importance of connectivity to obtain passengers.

Increasing the Regenerative Braking Energy for Railway Vehicles

Regenerative braking improves the energy efficiency of railway transportation by converting kinetic energy into electric energy. This paper proposes a method to apply the Bellman-Ford (BF) algorithm to search for the train braking speed trajectory to increase the total regenerative braking energy (RBE) in a blended braking mode with both electric and mechanical braking forces available. The BF algorithm is applied in a discretized train-state model. A typical suburban train has been modeled and studied under real engineering scenarios involving changing gradients, journey time, and speed limits. It is found that the searched braking speed trajectory is able to achieve a significant increase in the RBE, in comparison with the constant-braking-rate (CBR) method with only a minor difference in the total braking time. An RBE increment rate of 17.23% has been achieved. Verification of the proposed method using BF has been performed in a simplified scenario with zero gradient and without considering the constraints of braking time and speed limits. Linear programming (LP) is applied to search for a train trajectory with the maximum RBE and achieves solutions that can be used to verify the proposed method using BF. It is found that it is possible to achieve a near-optimal solution using BF and the solution can be further improved with a more complex search space. The proposed method takes advantage of robustness and simplicity of modeling in a complex engineering scenario, in which a number of nonlinear constraints are involved.

RESEARCH OF REGULARITIES OF PASSENGER FLOWS IN THE RAIL SUBURBAN TRAFFIC

Purpose. Determining regularities of changes of trains occupancy and the approach commuters on landing for determining the technical and technological parameters of suburban passenger services. Methodology. To achieve this goal were identified research methods of train occupancy, basic approach periods of passengers to platform affecting the occupancy of carriages in different periods of the day. Findings. On the basis of conducted researches can be carried out comlex, systematically related calculations of important technical and technological parameters of suburban passenger transportations. To such parameters can be attributed parameters of trains timetable, occupancy of carriages, the number of ticket offices, passenger platforms size, number and location on them turnstiles, providing the comfortable and safe boarding of passengers on commuter trains. It is proposed to use the relative indicators of trains occupancy and generalized theoretical dependencies of approach intensity of passengers on landing in trains. There are graphs where there is unevenness of transportation demand, which is estimated by actual train occupancy that is established by direct natural supervision in train carriages. Results of the study hourly of passenger flow distribution have allowed to establish that irregularity by period of day has a pronounced character of manifestation, especially in the morning and evening during the "peak" periods. Dimensions of transportations in these hours do not meet comfortable conditions of passenger travel in suburban trains. Originality. It was suggested the new approach to determine regularities of changes of the suburban trains occupancy to approach commuters to platform. It is presented the comparisons of actual distribution curves and approximated theoretical curves of approach intensities of passengers and filling of trains, and the formula by which the described patterns are identified. These formulas can be used to construct appropriate mathematical models describing the process to approach of passengers on landing in trains. Practical value. Using of obtained regularities will allow in future predict the number of passengers in specific trains, thus optimizing the schedule of commuter trains the interval between trains, as well as the required number of rolling stock.

THE MANAGEMENT OF THE RAILCAR ROLLING STOCK, PROVIDED BEHIND THE SCHEDULE OF MOVEMENT

The task execution schedule is one of the priority, since the quality of its decisions ensure the safety ofmovement, more efficient use of rolling stock, freight and road capacity, enhancing customer service and hasimportant economic and social importance. Therefore, the question of overcoming deviations from theschedule of movement with optimal energy consumption during this requires a precise mathematicaldefinition. Depending on the circumstances - the variance of the true weights of the rolling stock ofsettlement, presence of a strong counter or side winds, road condition, failure running time outstrip,infringement of the schedule of suburban trains for boarding and disembarkation of passengers through theovercrowded trains by the issuance depo trains not full line and off-schedule cancellation of suburban trains,delay trains passed by the place of repair work on the stretch, and other factors, the possible deviation fromthe planned schedule. In consequence of this, it is necessary to carry out the adjustment values of theaverage velocity EMU-train to execute a defined timetable. In article on the basis of common methods ofvariational calculus, mathematical formulation of the General management process railcar rolling stock ofRailways in the case backlog from the schedule. The build avtodriving system rolling stock on the basis ofthe proposed mathematical model allows rational way to minimize delays in the schedule of movement withoptimal costs primary source of energy.