Subtraction Operations Research Articles

Defects Detection in Printed Circuit Boards by Separation and Comparison of Chains

The known K-means clustering, flood-filling, and thinning algorithms are used to find coordinates of contacts in PCB images. Images of different types and colors are considered. The clustering algorithm is used to reduce the number of colors, to get uniform colors in the PCB image. The thinning algorithm is used to build skeletons and find pixels of contacts. The flood-fill algorithm is used to mark and separate chains, defect connectivity, and metal defects. Different subtraction operations are applied to original, transformed, and distributed cumulative histogram images.

Design of All-Optical Subtractors Utilized with Plasmonic Ring Resonators for Optical Computing

In this paper, a novel plasmonic all-optical half-subtractor and full-subtractor are designed for optical computing. The structure of plasmonic subtractors consists of a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide and rectangular ring resonators covered by a graphene layer. Due to the nonlinear optical properties of graphene, the states of the plasmonic resonators can be controlled by the pump intensity of a pump beam focused on the graphene layer. The resonators can work as all-optical switches with an ultra-fast response time to constitute optical logic devices according to the directed logic mechanism. A finite-difference time-domain method is utilized to numerically investigate the transmission of the output signals which represent the results of subtraction operations. Simulation results obtained indicate that the proposed plasmonic devices have the ability to implement half-subtraction and full-subtraction with a small feature size and fast response time, and provide a new concept and method for the design and realization of optical computing devices.

Relative Ontology and Method of Scientific Theory of Consciousness

Consciousness is defined as operating with the meanings of representations, which are what arises in mind under the influence of a stimulus (primary representations) as well as what arises as a result of their transformation (secondary, combined representations). In a first approximation, a representation is expressed by words. The concept of “representation” is a special case of the concept of “information-certainty”, which is the result of distinction. Any distinction is a distinction by a specific attribute and representation is the value of the attribute. In relative ontology, distinction is an essential condition of being that is formalized quantitatively through the operation of ontological subtraction, which is a quantitative expression of representation in relation to consciousness. The finite set of representations for one attribute can always be sorted in ascending order of this attribute values. In the order constructed, each representation corresponds to an attribute number, the only difference of which from a number in mathematics is that the one is always associated with a specific attribute, and the other is not associated with any attribute. The meaning of a representation expressed by an attribute number has a place in an ordered quantitative series of other representations of the same attribute, which is the basis of distinction. Operating with meanings is operating with attributive numbers-meanings. This method of the meaning describing is called the relative method. All operations with the meanings of representations are performed in a multidimensional cognitive space. Each axis of the cognitive space corresponds to an attribute by which representations differ. On each axis there are attribute numbers corresponding to the meanings of representations for the attribute. This approach is a quantitative method of describing of all experimental processes of consciousness, which allows to build a scientific, i.e. quantitative, theory of consciousness with laws written down in a quantitative way. Based on this, it is possible to construct a quantitative calculation of this theory predictions. Such a prediction allows to make an accurate (unambiguous) experimental verification. Due to the quantitative way of describing the operation of meanings, such a theory of consciousness is easily modeled in information technologies, since the latter are also based on the numerical nature of all their processes. The main difference between the relative method and the vast majority of methods using information technologies for text processing is that the relative method, firstly, is not statistical, and secondly, conveys the meaning of the text fully and most adequately. The relative method is effective in operating not only with text data, but also with any data of a different nature, for example, with video data, audio data.

Four New Techniques of Addition and Subtraction of any Two Numbers

The addition and subtraction operations are some of the most basic mathematical arithmetic operations. The arithmetic operation in the form of addition and subtraction in integer is a basic arithmetic operation that elementary school students must master from an early stage. In fact, there are some students who have difficulty in adding up numbers with existing techniques, namely the saving technique for addition and borrowing technique for subtraction. The problem happened because students forgot that they had saved or borrowed numbers. Eventhough the technique was done correctly, the answer was still incorrect. Therefore, researchers developed several addition and subtraction techniques without saving and borrowing. There were four techniques that had been developed in this research namely multi-level, box, and stacking and table techniques. These new techniques had advantages in making students easier to solve addition and subtraction problems.

PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP PENGURANGAN BILANGAN MELALUI MEDIA PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL GAPUK

This study aims to improve students understanding of the concept of subtraction.This research is motivated by students difficulties in understanding the concept of arithmetic subtraction operations, this can be seen from the results of observations made by researchers, namely the learning process carried out has not been equipped with the use of appropriate learning media and a passive learning atmosphere, causing students understanding of the concept of reduction to be low. Therefore, thr researchers used the traditional game media gapuk in subtractin material as a solution to these problems in the hope that students understanding of concept of substraction can increase.The research method used in this research is classroom action research (PTK). This PTK is carried out in two cycles consisting of planning, implementing actions, observing and reflecting. The data analysis technique used is the class average test and the percentage of completeness. The results of this study indicate that by using the traditional game media, gapuk can improve the understanding of the concept of subtraction for class II students at SDN Curug Barang Serang, Serang Regency. This can be seen from the increase in student mastery in the first cycle 55,56 % and average value of 70,00, then increased in the second cycle, students who completed reached 83,33% and the average score was 75,56. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the use of traditional gapuk game media can improve the understanding of the concept of subtraction for class II students at SDN Curug Barang Serang Regency.

Identification of Ground Deformation Patterns in Coal Mining Areas via Rapid Topographical Analysis

Coal mining inevitably brings some negative impacts, such as surface subsidence, aquifer breakage, and land degradation, to the eco-geological environment in the mining area. Among these impacts, coal mining-induced ground deformation is the most serious and has threatened the geological, ecological, and human settlement securities of mining areas. Efforts existing in the literature apply to ground deformation identification in mined-out areas at the meso-/micro and short-time scales. However, when looking back at coal mining history, there are few ways to quickly and accurately quantify ground deformation at the regional and long-time scales. In this context, we propose a method for identifying ground deformation patterns in coal mining areas using historical high-precision digital elevation models (DEMs), including data preprocessing, DEM subtraction operations, interpretation, and fitting correction. This method was applied to the Yulin National Energy and Chemical Base and successfully identified the ground deformation characteristics of the Yulin coal mining area from 2015 to 2019. By determining surface subsidence displacement, excavation depth, stacking height, and the position of the goaf suspended roof area, the objective situation of ground deformation in Yulin mining area was obtained, and the mining methods and distribution characteristics of different surface deformations were analyzed and determined. The research results are of great significance for the development of mineral resources in mining areas, reducing geological disaster risks, protecting the ecological environment, and achieving the goal of coordinated development in mining areas.

PENGUNAAN MEDIA COLORED STICK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN OPERASI HITUNG PENJUMLAHAN DAN PENGURANGAN PADA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS I SDN GABUSBANARAN

This study aims to improve the ability of students in the learning process, namely the use of colored stick media to improve the ability to calculate addition and subtraction operations in mathematics lessons for first grade students at SDN Gabusbanaran. The results obtained in the use of this media are growing rapidly so that students can master the material so that the changes obtained are 100%. And this research uses classroom action research (PTK) techniques.

Error Analysis of Sine-Cosine Computation using CORDIC Algorithm

Background: Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) can be used for computing trigonometric functions like sine and cosine for which it iterates over a for loop and performs rotation of the input angle. Methods: On the basis of the condition, it decides addition and subtraction operations to compute the sine and cosine values. In general, for each iteration in the CORDIC algorithm, it produces 1 extra bit of accuracy. This paper presents an in-depth survey of the many changes to the CORDIC algorithm proposed over recent years. An efficient method to calculate the sine and cosine of an input angle using the CORDIC algorithm with minimum hardware requirement is presented here. Results: CORDIC algorithm is implemented for 8 bits, 16 bits and 32 bits input and the average percentage error obtained as the results are 1.67%, 0.003785% and 0.003290% respectively. Conclusion: It can be seen that by increasing the number of bits, the accuracy increases. For a complete survey, discussions addressing the CORDIC algorithm are also presented.

Design & Implementation of Approximate 7:2 Compressor Based 16-bit Dadda Multiplier using Verilog

Now a days the technology is growing day by day with faster rate. Particularly the usage of electronics is increasing in wide range of ways depending on their intended purpose and preferences. In this regard multipliers are playing a vital role because they allow us to perform complex arithmetic operations involving large numbers more efficiently. Instead of performing a series of addition or subtraction operations, a multiplier allows us to perform the operation in a single step within no time that is the challenge of today’s world. So in addition to being more efficient, multipliers also have practical applications in fields such as engineering, computer science, and cryptography also used , for example, in the design of digital circuits and in the encryption and decryption of data. Overall, multipliers playing an important role in mathematics and its applications and are essential tools for performing complex computations efficiently. Compressors play a vital role in realizing the high speed multipliers. In error resilient applications such as Image processing, Multimedia and Matrix multiplication the approximate computing is used, which provides meaningful results faster with lower power consumption. In previous work the compressors are designed using the full adders which provides accurate results. The 4:2 and 5:2 approximate compressors are then introduced with 18% delay reduction and ADP reduction up to 52%. Now the further work concentrated on the implementation of 7:2 Approximate Compressor based multiplier, to further enhance the performance of multipliers. The proposed design will be expected to provide maximum extent of reduction in area, delay or power consumption and achieves improvement in terms of speed as compared to the 4:2 and 5:2 compressor based approximate multiplier.

Pelatihan Kemampuan Berhitung Matematika Siswa dengan Metode Jarimatika di Kelas V SDN Pontang Legon 2

This service activity is motivated by the large number of elementary school students who have not mastered and are able to do math easily, quickly and happily. Therefore, efforts are needed to increase students' interest and enthusiasm in calculating mathematics quickly, especially in the arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication. This community service activity is carried out in the form of numeracy skills training using the jarimatics method which can attract students' interest in calculating quickly and precisely and improve the concept of counting because the learning process is interesting and fun so that it can sharpen children's psychomotor skills by using their fingers. . This training activity used the lecture and demonstration method, which lasted for one day with 25 grade V students at SDN Pontang Legon 2, Pontang Legon Village, Tirtayasa District, Serang District, Banten Province. From this training activity, students at SDN Pontang Legon 2 are able to master arithmetic using the easy, fast and fun way of learning in every learning process.

Emergent complex quantum networks in continuous-variables non-Gaussian states

We use complex network theory to study a class of photonic continuous variable quantum states that present both multipartite entanglement and non-Gaussian statistics. We consider the intermediate scale of several dozens of modes at which such systems are already hard to characterize. In particular, the states are built from an initial imprinted cluster state created via Gaussian entangling operations according to a complex network structure. We then engender non-Gaussian statistics via multiple photon subtraction operations acting on a single node. We replicate in the quantum regime some of the models that mimic real-world complex networks in order to test their structural properties under local operations. We go beyond the already known single-mode effects, by studying the emergent network of photon-number correlations via complex networks measures. We analytically prove that the imprinted network structure defines a vicinity of nodes, at a distance of four steps from the photon-subtracted node, in which the emergent network changes due to photon subtraction. We show numerically that the emergent structure is greatly influenced by the structure of the imprinted network. Indeed, while the mean and the variance of the degree and clustering distribution of the emergent network always increase, the higher moments of the distributions are governed by the specific structure of the imprinted network. Finally, we show that the behaviour of nearest neighbours of the subtraction node depends on how they are connected to each other in the imprinted structure.

A miniature design of binary subtractor using 2-D photonic crystal structure for high-speed applications

The expansion of the digital market is accelerating, and for faster communication, optical technologies have been developed. The binary subtractor is a combinational circuit that can compute the subtraction operations in arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The desired design is depicted as a 2-D structure with two T-shaped waveguides, and it is operates at a wavelength of 1550nm. The design is verified and analyzed using finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method. It is also verified using MATLAB software. The identical design has been computed and simulated numerous times in this work, but with different lattice constants, refractive indices, and silicon rod radii. In this study, photonic crystals are used to construct a binary subtractor that is both compact and capable of producing a high contrast ratio (5.185dB for difference and 17.78dB for borrow). Moreover, the transmission efficiency is achieved 89.3%, insertion loss is 0.49dB, and the response time and bit rate are achieved by 0.0204Ps and 49.01Tbps respectively.

Semantic-agnostic progressive subtractive network for image manipulation detection and localization

In this paper, we propose a new detection and localization framework capable of detecting suspicious forgeries using the Semantic-Agnostic Progressive Subtractive Network (SAPS-Net). Our approach is based on the key observation that fluctuations in image content severely interfere with the capture of general manipulations by existing convolutional architecture. Distinct from the aggregation attention employed by traditional methods, we design the Semantic-Agnostic Manipulation Attention (SAMA) based on subtractive operation for mitigating the effect of rich image semantics on manipulation extraction. Initially, the Multi-Scale feature Iterative Fusion Block (MSIFB) and Multi-Kernel feature Fusion Residual Block (MKFRB) are designed to iteratively crawl potential semantic associations of different hierarchical feature mappings. Then, we further devise the subtractive operation to effectively remove the semantic associations as distractors and promote the network to adaptively learn general forgery. Notably, these semantic associations based on image content may be fundamentally different from the manipulation traces that alter the internal patterns of images. By progressively utilizing SAMAs, the network remains robust to image content manipulation with rich semantics. Extensive experiments on six challenge datasets show that our approach has more than 3.03% pixel-level AUC gains and 3.70% image-level AUC gains in cross-dataset scenarios compared to state-of-the-art methods, especially on the IMD20 dataset (pixel-level AUC: 0.859) and Wild dataset (pixel-level AUC: 0.821) with realistic scenarios.

Challenges in topology optimization for hybrid additive–subtractive manufacturing: A review

Hybrid additive–subtractive manufacturing (HASM) is a revolutionary technique that fabricates complex-shaped parts in high precision. One setup to finish complicated manufacturing operations ensures high efficiency, and the interlacement of additive–subtractive operations fabricates conventionally difficult-to-process complex geometries. On the other hand, the expensive hybrid manufacturing equipment, the tedious preprocessing and extended processing time, the costly raw materials all make the utilization of HASM to process simply-designed mechanical components uneconomical. Hence, this paper is focused on design for HASM, to create the suitable mechanical structures for HASM endowed of superior functionality and light-weight features over the traditional counterpart. The performance enhancement is in general realized by expanding the geometric complexity to the level that is difficult-to-process or even unmanufacturable by traditional manufacturing techniques. HASM-oriented topology optimization is specifically focused and the state-of-the-art is reviewed and analyzed in this comprehensive paper. Starting from topology optimization for additive/subtractive manufacturing, the existing methods are thoroughly reviewed and their potentials to address design for HASM issues are carefully analyzed. Then, two critical problems: (i) topology optimization for HASM addressing residual stress/distortion constraints and (ii) process planning-assisted topology optimization for HASM addressing tool accessibility constraints, are illustrated and discussed on related technical challenges and potential solutions. At the end, the unaddressed technical issues on topology optimization for HASM are summarized to provide guidance for future research.

Analisis Kesulitan Belajar Siswa Kelas III pada Mata Pelajaran Matematika di SDN 9 Ampenan Tahun Pelajaran 2022/2023

This study aims to determine the types of mathematics learning difficulties experienced by students and the improvement efforts made by teachers to overcome mathematics learning difficulties for third-grade students of SDN 9 Ampenan. This research is qualitative research with the descriptive method and uses the procedure of implementing the diagnosis of learning difficulties. The research subjects were 6 third-grade students who had difficulty learning mathematics and third-grade teachers. Methods of data collection using interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis using Interactive Analysis Method. The results showed that students had difficulty learning the subject of arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The types of mathematics learning difficulties experienced by students are difficulties in understanding mathematical concepts, difficulties in calculations, difficulties in understanding mathematical symbols, and difficulties in working on story problems. Improvement efforts made by classroom teachers are peer tutors, special tutoring, remedial or repairs to students who have grades below the KKM, and communicating and collaborating with parents. To overcome difficulties in learning mathematics that come from within students, it is recommended to create conditionals (reinforcement, rewards, encouragement), while difficulties that come from outside students are carried out by completing facilities and infrastructure in the learning process and using varied methods.

The Effectiveness of the Use of Assistive Technology Malitung for Learning Outcomes of Students with Mild Intellectual Disabilities

The purposes of this research were to test the effectiveness of the use of assistive technology malitung (manik, tali, hitung) for learning outcomes of students with mild intellectual disabilities in basic arithmetic operations topic and describe their learning outcomes when using assistive technology malitung at Ungaran Public Special School. The method used in this research was Single Subject Research (SSR) with A-B-A design followed by qualitative descriptive research. Data collection techniques used in this research were observation, interviews, questionnaires, and tests. The data analysis techniques used in this research were descriptive statistics, data reduction, data presentation, data interpretation, and conclusion drawing. There were 3 students as research subjects who were students of class IX-C at Ungaran Public Special School. The results of this study are that the learning outcomes of the three research subjects in terms of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects increased and reached category pretty good, good, and very good categories in learning using assistive technology malitung. These results were reinforced by very positive responses from Research Subjects 1 and 3 and positive responses from Research Subjects 2. The conclusions obtained were 1) the use of assistive technology malitung effective on the learning outcomes of students with mild intellectual disabilities on basic arithmetic operations material at Ungaran Public Special School, 2) basic arithmetic operations ability, curiosity, accuracy, responsibility, never give up, enthusiasm for learning, confidence, and interest in learning, problem-solving skills related to addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operations were achieved in pretty good, good, and very good categories in learning by using assistive technology malitung.

Algorithm for Calculation the Carry and Borrow Signs in Multi-digit Operations in the Parallel Computational Model

The fast algorithm to calculate carry signs and borrow signs for implementation of fast multi-digit operations in the parallel computational model is proposed. The proposed algorithm also makes it possible to predict carry signs in the case of an addition operation and predict borrow signs for a subtraction operation. It is shown how the sign prediction algorithm is implemented in operations in which each parallel processor proceeds the separate group of words into which multi-digit numbers are divided. The iterative calculations of carry signs of grouped words are described. The sign calculation algorithm as component of new modifications of multi-digit addition, subtraction, comparison, the sum of three or more numbers in the parallel computational model is presented. The sign calculation algorithm provides general approach to the implementation of multiplication, division, multiplication by modulo, exponentiation by modulo in the parallel computational model. In the form of a table, a general analysis of the complexity of algorithms and an analysis of the complexity by the number of single-word operations per processor are given.

METHODICAL APPARATUS FOR PROTECTING AGAINST ERRORS OF PROCESSOR OF SPECIALIZED COMPUTERS

An analysis of methods for detecting and correcting errors in specialized computers has been carried out, which shows that the most effective methods for detecting and correcting errors are corrective codes with syndromic decoding, which allows solving this problem using 10…30 % of hardware costs for these purposes. The possibility of using corrective codes to control the processor when performing arithmetic and logical operations, with the exception of the logical negation operation, has been established. The necessity of controlling the negation operation when constructing an additional code is substantiated, since when it is formed, the values of information bits are first inverted, and one is added to the result obtained. The two’s complement code is used to correct the result of the product when the signs of the multiplicand and the multiplier differ. The division operation is carried out by repeatedly subtracting the divisor from the dividend (adding the dividend to the divisor presented in the additional code). An example of using a Hamming code to correct processor errors during an addition operation is considered. It is shown that the existing algebraic codes cannot be used to control the arithmetic operations of subtraction and division, since they do not allow controlling the logical inversion operation necessary to represent a negative number in an additional code. An algorithm for constructing a code has been developed that makes it possible to control the logical operation of negation and, consequently, the representation of a negative number in an additional code. The parameters of the developed code are determined. A methodical apparatus for detecting and correcting processor errors when performing arithmetic operations of multiplication and division is proposed. An example of using the proposed code to control the arithmetic operation of subtraction is considered. In contrast to the methods of using codes to control the arithmetic operation of addition, the proposed code allows you to control the formation of an additional code to detect and correct errors when performing a subtraction (division) operation. The use of the proposed method makes it possible to significantly reduce hardware costs for detecting and correcting errors in a computer.

A low‐power charge‐based integrate‐and‐fire circuit for binarized‐spiking neural network

SummaryThis paper presents a charge‐based integrate‐and‐fire (IF) circuit for in‐memory binary spiking neural networks (BSNNs). The proposed IF circuit can mimic both addition and subtraction operations that permit better incorporation with in‐memory XNOR‐based synapses to implement the BSNN processing core. To evaluate the proposed design, we have developed a framework that incorporates the circuit's imperfections effects into the system‐level simulation. The array circuits use 2T‐2J Spin‐Transfer‐Torque Magnetoresistive RAM (STT‐MRAM) based on a 65‐nm commercial CMOS and a fitted magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). The system model has been described in Pytorch to best fit the extracted parameters from circuit levels, including the cover of device nonidealities and process variations. The simulation results show that the proposed design can achieve a performance of 5.10 fJ/synapse and reaches 82.01% classification accuracy for CIFAR‐10 under process variation.

Temporal-spatial deciphering mental subtraction in the human brain

Mental subtraction, involving numerical processing and operation, requires a complex interplay among several brain regions. Diverse studies have utilized scalp electroencephalograph, electrocorticogram, or functional magnetic resonance imaging to resolve the structure pattern and functional activity during subtraction operation. However, a high resolution of the spatial-temporal understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in mental subtraction is unavailable. Thus, this study obtained intracranial stereoelectroencephalography recordings from 20 patients with pharmacologically resistant epilepsy. Specifically, two sample-delayed mismatch paradigms of numeric comparison and subtracting results comparison were used to help reveal the time frame of mental subtraction. The brain sub-regions were chronologically screened using the stereoelectroencephalography recording for mental subtraction. The results indicated that the anterior cortex, containing the frontal, insular, and parahippocampous, worked for preparing for mental subtraction; moreover, the posterior cortex, such as parietal, occipital, limbic, and temporal regions, cooperated during subtraction. Especially, the gamma band activities in core regions within the parietal-cingulate-temporal cortices mediated the critical mental subtraction. Overall, this research is the first to describe the spatiotemporal activities underlying mental subtraction in the human brain. It provides a comprehensive insight into the cognitive control activity underlying mental arithmetic.