Subtle Anomalies Research Articles

Hypotelorism

Hypotelorism

Binocular and Monocular Resolution Thresholds throughout Adulthood for Luminance-Modulated and Contrast-Modulated Noise Letters

Contrast-modulated (CM) noise stimuli are thought to be processed in higher, more binocular visual areas compared to luminance-modulated (LM) stimuli, and the ability to perceive them may be more susceptible to ageing. The aim of this study was to determine monocular and binocular resolution thresholds for LM and CM noise letters throughout adulthood. Resolution thresholds for LM and CM noise letters were measured in 25 participants (age 21-70 years old) under monocular and binocular viewing. Stimuli were H, O, T and V letters created by adding or multiplying a luminance modulation function to a binary white noise carrier to create LM and CM noise letters, respectively. Resolution thresholds, determined using a 2-down-1-up staircase procedure, were lower for LM, than for CM, stimuli in both monocular and binocular viewing conditions (p<0.05). Binocular summation ratio for CM noise letters was significantly higher than that for LM noise letters (p<0.05) but declined rapidly with increasing age. For the youngest age group (20-29 years old), binocular resolution threshold was 39% better (~1.5-line improvement on the clinical letter chart) than monocular resolution threshold for CM noise letters, but only 15% better (~0.5-line improvement) when measured with LM noise letters. Binocular performance for CM noise letters declines at a faster rate with increasing age compared to that for LM noise letters. Visual function measurement with contrast-modulated stimuli might be useful to detect subtle binocular vision anomalies that may occur in early adulthood, which may be missed if measured with luminance-based stimuli alone.

Rheology of Concentrated Polymer/Ionic Liquid Solutions: An Anomalous Plasticizing Effect and a Universality in Nonlinear Shear Rheology.

An anomalous plasticizing effect was observed in polymer/ionic liquid (IL) solutions by applying broad range of rheological techniques. Poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)/IL solutions exhibit stronger dynamic temperature dependence than pure PEO, which is in conflict with the knowledge that lower-Tg solvent increases the fractional free volume. For poly(methy methacrylate)(PMMA)/IL solutions, the subtle anomaly was detected from the fact that the effective glass transition temperature Tg,eff of PMMA in IL is higher than the prediction of the self-concentration model, while in conventional polymer solutions, Tg,eff follows the original Fox equation. Observations in both solutions reveal retarded segmental dynamics, consistent with a recent simulation result (Macromolecules, 2018, 51, 5336) that polymer chains wrap the IL cations by hydrogen bonding interactions and the segmental unwrapping delays their relaxation. Start-up shear and nonlinear stress relaxation tests of polymer/IL solutions follow a universal nonlinear rheological behavior as polymer melts and solutions, indicating that the segment-cation interaction is not strong enough to influence the nonlinear chain orientation and stretch. The present work may arouse the further theoretical, experimental, and simulation interests in interpreting the effect of complex polymer-IL interaction on the dynamics of polymer/IL solutions.

A new SU(2) anomaly

A familiar anomaly affects SU(2) gauge theory in four dimensions: a theory with an odd number of fermion multiplets in the spin 1/2 representation of the gauge group, and more generally in representations of spin 2r + 1/2, is inconsistent. We describe here a more subtle anomaly that can affect SU(2) gauge theory in four dimensions under the condition that fermions transform with half-integer spin under SU(2) and bosons transform with integer spin. Such a theory, formulated in a way that requires no choice of spin structure, and with an odd number of fermion multiplets in representations of spin 4r + 3/2, is inconsistent. The theory is consistent if one picks a spin or spinc structure. Under Higgsing to U(1), the new SU(2) anomaly reduces to a known anomaly of “all-fermion electrodynamics.” Like that theory, an SU(2) theory with an odd number of fermion multiplets in representations of spin 4r + 3/2 can provide a boundary state for a five-dimensional gapped theory whose partition function on a closed five-manifold Y is (−1)∫Yw2w3. All statements have analogs with SU(2) replaced by Sp(2N). There is also an analog in five dimensions.

Interpreting geology from geophysics in poly-deformed and mineralised terranes; the Otago Schist and the Hyde-Macraes Shear Zone

ABSTRACTOre deposits are formed by a variety of processes, and mineralised host rocks possess unusual petrophysical properties in contrast to un-mineralised country rock. Mineralised systems can therefore be identified directly in geophysical data via anomalous geophysical responses. In this paper, we review the interpretation of geology from aeromagnetic and electromagnetic data relative to orogenic gold systems. As a case study, we examine the Hyde-Macraes Shear Zone in eastern Otago, New Zealand, which hosts a world-class orogenic gold system within hydrothermally altered and graphitic schist. A subtle low-resistivity anomaly in electromagnetic data correlates well with the location of the mineralised shear zone, which is otherwise indistinct in aeromagnetic data. We interpret other candidates for mineralised structures to be present in similar low-resistivity features in the south of the study area. We interpret magnetite-bearing mafic bodies, and magnetite- and pyrrhotite-rich schists to be the source of regionally extensive, isoclinally folded anomalies which are prominent features in the magnetic and electrical data and allude to the complex accretion and deformation history of the Otago Schist. Future work encompassing detailed field analyses of low-resistivity anomalies in the south of the map may reveal suitable targets for exploration.

Safe replication through bounded concurrency verification

High-level data types are often associated with semantic invariants that must be preserved by any correct implementation. While having implementations enforce strong guarantees such as linearizability or serializability can often be used to prevent invariant violations in concurrent settings, such mechanisms are impractical in geo-distributed replicated environments, the platform of choice for many scalable Web services. To achieve high-availability essential to this domain, these environments admit various forms of weak consistency that do not guarantee all replicas have a consistent view of an application's state. Consequently, they often admit difficult-to-understand anomalous behaviors that violate a data type's invariants, but which are extremely challenging, even for experts, to understand and debug. In this paper, we propose a novel programming framework for replicated data types (RDTs) equipped with an automatic (bounded) verification technique that discovers and fixes weak consistency anomalies. Our approach, implemented in a tool called Q9, involves systematically exploring the state space of an application executing on top of an eventually consistent data store, under an unrestricted consistency model but with a finite concurrency bound. Q9 uncovers anomalies (i.e., invariant violations) that manifest as finite counterexamples, and automatically generates repairs for such anamolies by selectively strengthening consistency guarantees for specific operations. Using Q9, we have uncovered a range of subtle anomalies in implementations of well-known benchmarks, and have been able to apply the repairs it mandates to effectively eliminate them. Notably, these benchmarks were written adopting best practices suggested to manage distributed replicated state (e.g., they are composed of provably convergent RDTs (CRDTs), avoid mutable state, etc.). While the safety guarantees offered by our technique are constrained by the concurrency bound, we show that in practice, proving bounded safety guarantees typically generalize to the unbounded case.

Aetiology of childhood apraxia of speech: A clinical practice update for paediatricians.

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a rare disorder of childhood that can leave a watermark of the impacts throughout the lifetime. Since being first described in the 1950s, aetiological insights have been limited. At a neurobiological level, clinical MRI scans fail to reveal overt neural anomalies in individual cases with CAS, although quantitative MRI methods have revealed subtle brain anomalies at a group level. Dramatic insights, however, occurred in the past decade from the discovery of genetic pathways underlying the phenotype. Several single genes and copy number-variant conditions are now associated with CAS either in relative isolation, as in the case of FOXP2 variants, or most typically in association with other neurodevelopmental conditions, such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, motor impairment and autism. CAS requires careful differential diagnosis from other childhood speech disorders, but when a severe and persistent diagnosis is confirmed, a genetic aetiology should increasingly be pursued.

EP05.01: Customised Indian biometry of the length and height of fetal corpus callosum by 2D ultrasound

The aim of this study was to develop customised reference ranges for basic quantitative characteristics of the corpus callosum (CC) between 19 to 32 weeks of gestation for the Indian population from a prospective cross-sectional study. Patient selection was done according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Total sample size was 166. Each fetus was examined only once. High resolution two-dimensional images of the mid-sagittal plane of fetal brain were obtained by transvaginal ultrasound. The length of CC was measured from the most anterior aspect of the genu to the most posterior aspect of the splenium, tracing a straight rostrocaudal line. Height (thickness) was measured at the mid-body part of CC. Regression equations for mean and SD values were generated from the dataset. Using mean and SD values for each gestational age, fitted centiles were created for the length as well as the height of CC. The growth rate of the corpus callosal length is almost constant between 19 and 32 weeks, with the mean length doubling from 18mm at 19 weeks to 35.7mm at 28 weeks. The increase in length is almost constant at 2mm per week. The height of the body of CC increased from 1.9mm at 19 weeks to 2.3mm at 32 weeks. The maximum growth was seen between 19-23 weeks, following which it stayed relatively constant at 2.3mm ± 0.1mm in size. As a result of technological advances, the high resolution CNS imaging possible by transvaginal ultrasonography provides an excellent method for direct examination of the CC. With this study, we have generated the reference ranges for the measurement of CC in the Indian population. This data can be used for the assessment of normal brain development, as well as for suspected fetal CNS defects. Furthermore, accurate measurement of the height (thickness) can help in the diagnosis of more subtle anomalies associated with “callosal thinning”. As per our knowledge, ours is the first study to publish population specific reference ranges for the measurement of corpus callosum in the Indian population. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Transient microstructural brain anomalies and epileptiform discharges in mice defective for epilepsy and language-related NMDA receptor subunit gene Grin2a.

The epilepsy-aphasia spectrum (EAS) is a heterogeneous group of age-dependent childhood disorders characterized by sleep-activated discharges associated with infrequent seizures and language, cognitive, and behavioral deficits. Defects in the GRIN2A gene, encoding a subunit of glutamate-gated N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, represent the most important cause of EAS identified so far. Neocortical or thalamic lesions were detected in a subset of severe EAS disorders, and more subtle anomalies were reported in patients with so-called "benign" phenotypes. However, whether brain structural alterations exist in the context of GRIN2A defects is unknown. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (MR-DTI) was used to perform longitudinal analysis of the brain at 3 developmental timepoints in living mice genetically knocked out (KO) for Grin2a. In addition, electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded using multisite extracellular electrodes to characterize the neocortical activity invivo. Microstructural alterations were detected in the neocortex, the corpus callosum, the hippocampus, and the thalamus of Grin2a KO mice. Most MR-DTI alterations were detected at a specific developmental stage when mice were aged 30days, but not at earlier (15days) or later (2months) ages. EEG analysis detected epileptiform discharges in Grin2a KO mice in the third postnatal week. Grin2a KO mice replicated several anomalies found in patients with EAS disorders. Transient structural alterations detected by MR-DTI recalled the age-dependent course of EAS disorders, which in humans start during childhood and show variable outcome at the onset of adolescence. Together with the epileptiform discharges detected in young Grin2a KO mice, our data suggested the existence of early anomalies in the maturation of the neocortical and thalamocortical systems. Whereas the possible relationship of those anomalies with sleep warrants further investigations, our data suggest that Grin2a KO mice may serve as an animal model to study the neuronal mechanisms of EAS disorders and to design new therapeutic strategies.

Assessing Performance of the RSTVOLC Multi-Temporal Algorithm in Detecting Subtle Hot Spots at Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania, Africa) for Comparison with MODLEN

The identification of subtle thermal anomalies (i.e., of low-temperature and/or spatial extent) at volcanoes by satellite is of great interest for scientists, especially because minor changes in surface temperature might reveal an unrest phase or impending activity. A good test case for assessing the sensitivity level of satellite-based methods is to study the thermal activity of Oldoinyo Lengai (OL) (Africa, Tanzania), which is the only volcano on Earth emitting natrocarbonatite lavas at a lower temperature (i.e., in the range 500–600 °C) than usual magmatic surfaces. In this work, we assess the potential of the RSTVOLC multi-temporal algorithm in detecting subtle hot spots at OL for comparison with MODLEN: A thermal anomaly detection method tailored to OL local conditions, by using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Our results investigating the eruptive events of 2000–2008 using RSTVOLC reveal the occurrence of several undocumented thermal activities of OL, and may successfully integrate MODLEN observations. In spite of some known limitations strongly affecting the identification of volcanic thermal anomalies from space (e.g., cloud cover; occurrence of short-lived events), this work demonstrates that RSTVOLC may provide a very important contribution for monitoring the OL, identifying subtle hot spots showing values of the radiant flux even around 1 MW.

Prenatal ultrasonography of craniofacial abnormalities.

Craniofacial abnormalities are common. It is important to examine the fetal face and skull Epub ahead of print during prenatal ultrasound examinations because abnormalities of these structures may indicate the presence of other, more subtle anomalies, syndromes, chromosomal abnormalities, or even rarer conditions, such as infections or metabolic disorders. The prenatal diagnosis of craniofacial abnormalities remains difficult, especially in the first trimester. A systematic approach to the fetal skull and face can increase the detection rate. When an abnormality is found, it is important to perform a detailed scan to determine its severity and search for additional abnormalities. The use of 3-/4-dimensional ultrasound may be useful in the assessment of cleft palate and craniosynostosis. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging can facilitate the evaluation of the palate, micrognathia, cranial sutures, brain, and other fetal structures. Invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques are indicated to exclude chromosomal abnormalities. Molecular analysis for some syndromes is feasible if the family history is suggestive.

Age and geochemistry of the Carboniferous-Permian magmatism and Fe-Ti-V oxide metallogeny in the Eastern Tianshan Orogen, NW China: evidence from the Yaxi mafic-ultramafic complex

ABSTRACTThe Eastern Tianshan Orogen (Xinjiang, NW China) in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is featured by its many Carboniferous-Triassic mafic-ultramafic intrusions and associated magmatic Fe-Ti-V oxide mineralization. In this study, we present the first systematic data comparison on the age and whole-rock geochemistry of the ore-forming mafic-ultramafic complexes at Yaxi, Niumaoquan, Xiangshanxi, and Weiya. Our new age dating on the Yaxi complex indicates that the mineralized gabbro (zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dated 297.3 ± 4.9 Ma) formed in the latest Carboniferous-Early Permian, similar to the diorite (LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dated 308.3 ± 8.6 Ma) and granodiorite (LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dated 304.9 ± 1.7 Ma). The Yaxi complex is the oldest late Palaeozoic mafic-ultramafic intrusion reported so far in the Eastern Tianshan. The mineralized gabbro at Yaxi contains higher average Fe2O3T (20.83 wt.%), TiO2 (5.91 wt.%), and V (523 ppm) contents than its ore-barren counterpart (7.45 wt.%, 0.99 wt.%, and 133 ppm, respectively). These Eastern Tianshan mafic rocks are mildly large ion lithophile element (LILE) enriched and high field-strength element (HFSE) depleted, and with LREE/HREE enrichment (Yaxi: (La/Yb)N = 2.7 ~ 5.37) and subtle positive Eu anomalies (Yaxi: Eu/Eu* = 0.94 to 3.31). This suggests that the Eastern Tianshan mafic-ultramafic magmas were likely derived from an arc/subduction-modified magma source. The E-W trending crustal-scale faults (e.g. the Aqikkuduk fault) may have acted as magma conduits and controlled the magma emplacement. The spatial-temporal distribution of the Eastern Tianshan Fe-Ti-V ore-forming mafic-ultramafic complexes and their petrologic and geochemical features suggest that the latest Carboniferous-Early Permian magmatic phase was likely emplaced in a collision-related compression setting following the Junggar Ocean closure, whereas the late Early Permian phase may have been related to a post-collisional orogenic setting.

Time-frequency attributes based on complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition

We suggest time-frequency attributes based on the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition method. This technique consists of decomposing a signal into intrinsic oscillatory modes, called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Applied to Algerian seismic sections, it provides new instantaneous Hilbert spectral amplitude attributes, computed from the resulting IMFs, underlining subtle geologic anomalies (possible presence of gas) that cannot be inferred by the conventional attributes.

The elemental changes occurring in the rat liver after exposure to PEG-coated iron oxide nanoparticles: total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy study

The main goal of this study was to evaluate in vivo effects of low dose of PEG-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) on the rat liver. The IONPs was intravenously injected into rats at a dose equaled to 0.03 mg of Fe per 1 kg of an animal body weight. The elemental composition of liver tissue in rats subjected to IONPs action and controls were compared. Moreover, in order to determine the dynamics of nanoparticles (NPs) induced elemental changes, the tissues taken from animals 2 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days from IONPs injection were examined. The analysis of subtle elemental anomalies occurring as a result of IONPs action required application of highly sensitive analytical method. The total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy perfectly meets such requirements and therefore it was used in this study. The obtained results showed increasing trend of Fe level within liver occurring 2 hours from IONPs injection. One day after NPs administration, the liver Fe content presented the baseline level what suggests only the short-term accumulation of nanoparticles in the organ. The Ca, Cu, and Zn levels changed significantly as a result of NPs action. Moreover, the anomalies in their accumulation were still observed 7 days after IONPs injection. The level of Cu decreased while those of Ca and Zn increased in the liver of NPs-treated animals. The reduced liver Cu, followed by elevated serum level of this element, might be related in triggering the mechanisms responsible for Fe metabolism in the organism.

EEG oscillations during word processing predict MCI conversion to Alzheimer's disease.

Only a subset of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients progress to develop a form of dementia. A prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive decline in language. We investigated if subtle anomalies in EEG activity of MCI patients during a word comprehension task could provide insight into the likelihood of conversion to AD. We studied 25 amnestic MCI patients, a subset of whom developed AD within 3-years, and 11 elderly controls. In the task, auditory category descriptions (e.g., ‘a type of wood’) were followed by a single visual target word either semantically congruent (i.e., oak) or incongruent with the preceding category. We found that the MCI convertors group (i.e. patients that would go on to convert to AD in 3-years) had a diminished early posterior-parietal theta (3–5 Hz) activity induced by first presentation of the target word (i.e., access to lexico-syntactic properties of the word), compared to MCI non-convertors and controls. Moreover, MCI convertors exhibited oscillatory signatures for processing the semantically congruent words that were different from non-convertors and controls. MCI convertors thus showed basic anomalies for lexical and meaning processing. In addition, both MCI groups showed anomalous oscillatory signatures for the verbal learning/memory of repeated words: later alpha suppression (9–11 Hz), which followed first presentation of the target word, was attenuated for the second and third repetition in controls, but not in either MCI group. Our findings suggest that a subtle breakdown in the brain network subserving language comprehension can be foretelling of conversion to AD.

Elemental and stable isotopes geochemistry of Paleoproterozoic dolomites from Fecho do Funil Formation, Quadrilátero Ferrífero – Brazil

Geochemical and stable isotopic characteristics of thirteen samples taken from Paleoproterozoic Fecho do Funil Formation, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil have been analyzed to investigate the depositional conditions and source of rare earth elements (REEs) in Cumbi quarry dolomites. The major oxides such as CaO and MgO show variable compositions ranging from 20 to 29 wt % and 14–21 wt % respectively in most of the samples. The contents of loss on ignition (LOI) are lower (26–42 wt %) than that of the pure dolomite (∼48 wt %). These mass discrepancies are compensated by other oxides including Al2O3 (1.9–18.7 wt %), Fe2O3 (1.2–6.1 wt %), and K2O (0.5–6.8 wt %) that had been incorporated into the dolomite samples by the contamination of terrigenous input. Further, ΣREE contents (20–101 ppm) display significant variation that also corroborate with contamination of studied samples by detrital materials. The regression lines of ΣREE against Al2O3 (R2 = 0.96), Fe2O3 (R2 = 0.65), Ni (R2 = 0.94), Cr (R2 = 0.95), Th (R2 = 0.98), and Sc (R2 = 0.98) show positive correlation which is probably associated with the input of terrigenous materials during the deposition of Cumbi quarry dolomites. On the other hand, a negative correlation between ΣREE and CaO combined with a large variation in Y/Ho (27–50) is also interpreted as the sea-water like REE patterns have been masked by the contribution of variable amounts of terrigenous materials in Cumbi quarry dolomites. All the dolomite samples analyzed from the Fecho do Funil Formation exhibit a subtle negative cerium anomaly (Ce/Ce* = 0.85–0.95). The dolomites from Cumbi quarry – Fecho do Funil Formation show narrow variations in Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 1.02 to 1.25). The positive correlation between Eu with Zr, Th and Y supports the non diagenetic influence on this element (R2 = 0.94, 0.98, 0.84 respectively). Eu contents, in this study show significant positive correlation with Al2O3 (R2=0.96), suggesting the detrital origin.The δ13CVPDB (+6.0 to +7.2‰) and δ18OVPDB (−10.9 to −10.4‰) values in our samples display a narrow range which are identical to those shown by successions, characterized by positive carbon excursions, deposited during the Lomagundi event. We infer that the elevated carbon isotope values of the Fecho do Funil dolomites likely reflect primary carbon isotope compositions.

Diagnosing subtle palatal anomalies: Validation of video-analysis and assessment protocol for diagnosing occult submucous cleft palate

IntroductionSubmucous cleft palate (SMCP) classically involves bifid uvula, zona pellucida, and notched hard palate. However, patients may present with more subtle anatomic abnormalities. The ability to detect these abnormalities is important for surgeons managing velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) or considering adenoidectomy. ObjectivesValidate an assessment protocol for diagnosis of occult submucous cleft palate (OSMCP) and identify physical examination features present in patients with OSMCP in the relaxed and activated palate positions. MethodsStudy participants included patients referred to a pediatric VPD clinic with concern for hypernasality or SMCP. Using an appropriately encrypted iPod touch, transoral video was obtained for each patient with the palate in the relaxed and activated positions. The videos were reviewed by two otolaryngologists in normal speed and slow-motion, as needed, and a questionnaire was completed by each reviewer pertaining to the anatomy and function of the palate. Results47 patients, with an average age of 4.6 years, were included in the study over a one-year period. Four videos were unusable due to incomplete view of the palate. The most common palatal abnormality noted was OSMCP, diagnosed by each reviewer in 26/43 and 30/43 patients respectively. Using the assessment protocol, agreement on palatal diagnosis was 83.7% (kappa = 0.68), indicating substantial agreement, with the most prevalent anatomic features being vaulted palate elevation (96%) and visible notching of hard palate (75%). ConclusionThe diagnosis of subtle palatal anomalies is difficult and can be subjective. Using the proposed video-analysis method and assessment protocol may improve reliability of diagnosis of OSMCP.

Using stratiform magnetic anomalies to map near-surface architecture: insights from the Amadeus Basin

ABSTRACTThe Amadeus Basin displays subtle magnetic anomalies that trace strata for considerable distance, highlighting complex folding patterns. Magnetic modelling techniques can be utilised on these stratiform anomalies to extrapolate the near-surface structure of the basin. However, because of the mathematical trade-off between the dip and magnetisation of bodies, the dips of the bodies cannot be known unless the magnetisation is also known. Normally it would be optimal to measure the magnetisation, but this is not always possible or feasible. In this study, we investigate the relationships between dip and magnetisation using an approach that would generally be considered a little backward, i.e. constraining magnetisation direction using geological data. Three study areas were chosen to investigate a number of stratigraphic horizons, the Waterhouse Range, Glen Helen and Ross River areas. Modelling results suggest that some layers primarily retain induced magnetisation, remanence is dominant in others, but both are present in most. Remanence is mainly associated with relatively oxidised units that contain only hematite (e.g. Arumbera Sandstone), and we have demonstrated that these magnetisations predate folding of the Ross River Syncline. In some cases, the anomalies represent redox zonation within units, e.g. the Pertatataka Formation near Glen Helen, where discrete magnetic layers correspond to thin grey (reduced, magnetite-rich) horizons interbedded with more prevalent red (oxidised, hematite-rich) horizons. We also found that where magnetised units are relatively thin and occur near the surface, their magnetic response is sharp, and in aeromagnetic data such adjacent anomalies commonly overlap to form a single anomaly, thus misrepresenting the magnetic field, and mis-mapping the actual magnetic horizons. While the magnetic properties of the causative bodies are variable, we have demonstrated that a better understanding of the magnetic properties of these magnetised horizons can be used to provide insights into the structure and tectonic history of the Amadeus Basin.

A controlled monitoring study of simulated clandestine graves using 3D ground penetrating radar

ABSTRACTA controlled three‐dimesional ground penetrating radar monitoring study over simulated clandestine graves was conducted near Pretoria, South Africa, in which the detectability of graves as a function of post‐burial interval was assessed, as this is of particular interest to local forensic investigators. It was demonstrated that the site‐specific environmental parameter (a clay‐rich loamy soil with poor drainage) and heavy seasonal rainfall (as confirmed by ground‐penetrating‐radar‐derived soil moisture estimates) drastically compromised the long‐term grave detectability, especially when adopting a three‐dimensional depth slice analysis approach. It is also seen that the disturbed burial zone is the major contributor to the total grave anomaly rather than the buried body due to the combination of environmental parameters and the absence of buried artefacts. This paper also advocates the combined use of different data representations (two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional) to increase the likelihood of detecting subtle grave anomalies.

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography with or without Saline Infusion Sonogram in Detecting Subtle Uterine Anomalies: Correlation with Hysteroscopy

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography with or without Saline Infusion Sonogram in Detecting Subtle Uterine Anomalies: Correlation with Hysteroscopy