Substrate For Mushroom Cultivation Research Articles

Turning Trash into Treasure: Utilizing Sericultural Wastes in Mushroom Cultivation

Sericulture, an agro- based industry, generates substantial biodegradable waste, which, when repurposed, can significantly enhance mushroom production. This study explores the innovative transformation of sericultural waste into nutrient- rich substrates for mushroom cultivation, addressing global food insecurity and waste management challenges. The study also highlights the versatility of mushrooms, particularly oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.), in utilizing diverse lignocellulosic wastes. It delves into the nutritional superiority of sericultural by-products over conventional substrates and their potential to reduce environmental pollution. The review underscores the economic and ecological benefits of integrating sericultural waste into mushroom cultivation, contributing to sustainable agriculture and a circular economy. Future directions emphasize the need for optimizing substrate composition and further research to maximize the yield and quality of mushrooms cultivation on sericultural waste, paving the way for a sustainable and profitable synergy between sericulture and mushroom farming.

Comprehensive review on oyster mushroom species (Agaricomycetes): Morphology, nutrition, cultivation and future aspects

Huge volumes of organic matter are produced on earth via photosynthesis and their disposal is a serious threat to the environment and public health all over the world. Nevertheless, these agricultural wastes possess a chemical composition conducive to mushroom cultivation. Lignocellulosic wastes, comprising cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, offer vital nutrients for mushroom growth. Oyster mushrooms are well known for their unique ability to degrade lignocellulosic materials, making them valuable contributors to the process of organic waste decomposition and nutrient cycling in ecosystems. Employing agricultural by-products as a substrate for mushroom cultivation presents a sustainable approach to waste reduction and the production of nutritionally enriched food. Cultivating oyster mushrooms, presents an economically feasible and environment friendly method of transforming waste materials into highly nutritious food. These edible mushrooms are widely grown worldwide, comprising around 27 percent of the total global production. Oyster cultivation has rapidly increased in Asia due to its low production technology, easy availability of substrates, temperature tolerance and high yield capacity. Oyster mushrooms are sought after as a functional food due to their appealing taste, aroma, flavor, nutritional benefits and medicinal properties. They contain high levels of protein, fiber, vitamins B complex, C and D2, as well as minerals like potassium, phosphorus, selenium, zinc and essential amino acids. These mushrooms are versatile, as they thrive in both tropical and temperate regions without requiring complex controlled environmental conditions for growth. This review article provides insights into the cultivation aspects of important oyster species including a novel species called Hypsizygus ulmarius. Oyster mushroom cultivation is rapidly growing in developing countries, where it can contribute to food security for the world's growing population, which is expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050.

Label-free comparative proteomic analysis of Pleurotus eryngii grown on sawdust, bagasse, and peanut shell substrates

The white rot fungi Pleurotus eryngii are environmental microorganisms that can effectively break down lignocellulosic biomass. However, understanding of the mechanisms by which P. eryngii is effective in degrading lignocellulose is still limited. This work aimed to examine the extracellular secretory proteins implicated in the breakdown of lignocellulose in P. eryngii and identify degradation tactics across various cultivation substrates. Thus, a comparative analysis of the secretory proteins based on Nanoliquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry was conducted among P. eryngii cultivated on sawdusts, bagasse, peanut shells, and glucose. In total, 647, 616, 604, and 511 proteins were identified from the four samples, respectively. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis of protein expression differences identified pathways (hydrolytic enzymes, catalytic activity, metabolic processes, cellular processes, and response to stimuli) significantly enriched in proteins associated with lignocellulose degradation in P. eryngii. An integrated analysis of proteome data revealed specifically or differentially expressed genes secreted by P. eryngii in different cultivation substrates. The most prevalent carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in lignocellulose degradation in the secretome of the four samples were laccase (Lac), manganese peroxidase (MnP), aryl alcohol oxidase (AaO), and copper radical oxidase (CRO). Among them, Lac 2 mainly involved in the lignin degradation of sawdust peanut shells, and bagasse by P. eryngii, and Mnp 3 was mainly involved in the degradation of peanut shells. AaO and Lac 4 were mainly involved in glucose substrate defense and oxidative stress. It was found that exogenous addition of sawdust and peanut shells significantly increased lignolytic enzyme abundance. These findings provide insight and guidance for improving agricultural waste resource recovery.In this study, the secretomes of P. eryngii grown on four different carbon sources were compared. The findings revealed the extracellular enzymes implicated in the degradation of lignocellulose, offering avenues for further investigation into the biotransformation mechanisms of P. eryngii biomass and the potential utilization of agricultural wastes. SignificanceThe cost of the substrate for mushroom cultivation has increased as the production of edible fungus has risen year after year. Therefore, the use of these locally available lignocellulosic wastes as substrates offers a cost-cutting option.Further, the overuse of wood for the cultivation of edible mushrooms is also detrimental to the conservation of forest resources or the ecological environment.Consequently, the use of other agricultural wastes as an alternative to sawdust or other woody substrates is a viable approach for cultivating P. eryngii.The distribution of extracellular lignocellulosic degrading enzymes, inferred in the present study could help improve the cultivation efficiency of P. eryngii vis-à-vis managing agricultural waste.

Sustainable oil palm biomass waste utilization in Southeast Asia: Cascade recycling for mushroom growing, animal feedstock production, and composting animal excrement as fertilizer

Palm oil production has increased greatly due to its high stability and growing global population, causing the waste generated by the palm oil industry to grow rapidly. Research utilizing palm oil waste as a substrate for mushroom cultivation is currently ongoing in palm oil-producing countries. This research explores the possibility of utilizing oil palm waste-based mushroom cultivation medium as feedstock for goats and further extends the experiment to the use of excrement as compost material for B. campestris. In this research, we report that oil palm trunk (OPT) and fermented empty fruit bunches (FEFBs) as mushroom cultivation substrates produce yields of 98.3 and 97.2 g/bottle, respectively, while the conventional substrate produces 96.6 g/bottle, showing similar yields but with reduced cultivation time. The in vivo digestion experiments showed no significant differences in the total digestible nutrient (TDN) content between the control group and the group that used fermented total mixed ration (TMR) feed containing 10% palm biomass spent mushroom substrate (SMS). Although the plant height and fresh and dry weights of B. campestris were higher in the excrement-treated groups than in the control group, the germination rate was lower, although the difference was not significant. Based on these results, it was shown that palm biomass could be used in cascade recycling through edible mushroom substrates to livestock feed and compost, thereby adding value to palm biomass.

Mushroom husbandry: A tool for pollution control and waste management with job opportunities and revenue for rural communities and farm settlements

Most rural communities in Africa openly dispose untreated wastes in water and on land, resulting in environmental pollution and the spread of deadly diseases in human (e.g., cholera, typhoid), plants (e.g., wilt, gall/wart, rot), and animals (e.g., skin/gut infections). Therefore, conversion of untreated wastes to substrate for mushroom cultivation was the focus of this research. Wild edible mushrooms (chemical-free) and wastes were collected, sorted, profiled and analyzed using standard laboratory techniques. Physicochemical profiling of the wastes showed the presence of lignin (<30%), cellulose (<60%), and hemicellulose (<58%) that are mildly impervious, non-biodegradable substances which can mostly be degraded by mushrooms. The results showed that mushroom spawn-production period was reduced by 11, 15, 16 and 16% on rice straw for Sample 1 (23¼ days), Sample 2 (21¼ days), Sample 3 (20¼ days) and Sample 6 (221/10 days), respectively; 10 and 7% on sawdust for Sample 4 (23½ days) and Sample 5 (203/5 days), respectively. Developmental periods were also reduced by 9, 12, 14, 3, and 9% when grown on G. sepium (i.e., 26½, 25½, 24¾, 25¾ and 291/10 days for Samples 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6, respectively), and 9% on M. indica (i.e., 26½ days for Samples 4). The yield was increased by 7% on Cedrus odorata (Samples 1 and 2), 11% on G. sepium (Samples 3), and 7% on M. indica (Samples 4 and 5). The outcome of the research showed that more money and job opportunity can be created from waste re-use rather than waste disposal.

Metabolites profiling of protein enriched oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.) grown on oil palm empty fruit bunch substrate

This study aimed to compare the nutritional composition and metabolites profiles of the Pleurotus ostreatus oyster mushroom grown on oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) and rubber wood sawdust (RWS) substrates. The mushrooms were prepared for proximate analysis, beta-glucan content, and metabolites profiling using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flights mass spectrometer (UHPLC-QToF). Proximate analysis showed significantly higher crude protein, and beta-glucan contents (p < 0.05) were recovered from the mushrooms grown on EFB substrate as compared to those grown on RWS. Metabolite profiling of hot water extracts showed that three lipids (PE (17:1/0:0), PE (16:1/0:0), and hydroxyoctadecadienoic), two amino acids (acetyl-leucine, and threonic acid), and one polysaccharide (4-O-beta-d-galactopyranosyl-beta-d-xylopyranose) were present at a relatively higher level (maximum fold change >10) in mushrooms grown on EFB. Our results suggest that the metabolites of the mushroom cultivated on EFB substrate were altered. The innovative use of palm oil waste as mushroom cultivation substrate exerts the concept of waste-to-wealth, promoting Sustainable Palm Oil Initiative (SPOI), and enhancing food security through the production of high-protein mushrooms.

A Comparative Study on the Growth of Oyster Mushroom in Different Substrates

Mushrooms are cultivated worldwide for their taste, nutritional attributes, and potential application industries. The edible oyster mushrooms Pleurotus florida and Hypsizygus ulmarius were selected for the present study. The different organic wastes such as paddy straw, coconut dry leaves, and palm dry leaves were used as the substrates for mushroom cultivation. Among the three substrates, paddy straw is a good substrate and provides a good yield of oyster mushrooms. Because paddy straw contains higher quantities of minerals and irons than other substrates which are needed for the growth of mushrooms. Pleurotus florida showed a total weight yield of 1.250 gm and Hypsizygius ulmarius was 1.300 gm Mycelium growth was very slow in the palm and coconut leaves. Meanwhile, mycelium was quickly grown in paddy straw. Cultivation of Pleurotus florida, Hypsizygius ulmarius oyster mushrooms on paddy straw was proven as the best substrate and follow the concept of conversion of agricultural waste into value-added products.

Ecofriendly Usability of Mushroom Cultivation Substrate as a Ruminant Feed: Anaerobic Digestion Using Gas Production Techniques.

Simple SummaryRuminants might use process and agricultural by-products to meet their maintenance, growth, and production needs. Generally, feed is the major cost for an animal farm, yet utilization of agro-industrial waste (such as mushroom cultivation substrate) not only reduces these expenses, but could also help with the issue of environmental pollution. Accordingly, mushroom cultivation waste might be used for animal feeding after harvesting, because of its good-quality substrate, which is beneficial for ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the mushroom-cultivated substrate microscopic surface and its fermentability. Mushroom cultivation led to lower ether extract, acid detergent fiber, and crude fiber level of substrate. Our results show that biological treatment could reduce fiber components while increasing feed digestibility, providing new insight into the use of biological pretreatment to produce ruminant feed. According to the results, biological processing of mushroom cultivation substrate might increase in vitro fermentation. In conclusion, mushroom-cultivated substrate might be used as feed in ruminant diets.The current study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of mushroom-uncultivated and -cultivated substrates, and their in vitro gas and methane production. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, and analyzed with GLM using SAS 9.4. Analysis of the structural morphology of mushroom-cultivated substrate was performed using a scanning electron microscope. Mushroom cultivation led to lower ether extract, acid detergent fiber, and crude fiber level of substrate (p < 0.05). Mushroom-cultivated substrate showed higher in vitro cumulative gas production (p < 0.05). Moreover, mushroom cultivation led to a higher sample surface, and improved the microorganisms’ access to feed materials, thus stimulating rumen fermentation and increasing methane production (p < 0.05). The organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy, and net energy lactation values were higher for mushroom-cultivated substrate than uncultivated substrate. The results demonstrate that mushroom-cultivation not only increases the contact surface of cellulose, leading to higher ruminal microorganisms’ access to feedstuff, but could also had higher nutritive value; this material might be used in ruminant ration formulation, to reduce environmental pollution and feed costs.

Aqueous Extracts of Lemon Basil Straw as Chemical Stimulator for Gray Oyster Mushroom Cultivation.

To reduce the burning of lemon basil straw (LBS)—the byproduct of basil seed production—we propose utilizing LBS as a replacement substrate for mushroom cultivation. LBS can stimulate both mycelial growth and percentage biological efficiency; however, the rigidity of this material limits particle size reduction. In this work, aqueous extractions were facilely performed without using either hazardous chemicals or complex procedures to valorize LBS as a stimulator for gray oyster mushroom cultivation. An aqueous extraction at solid-to-liquid of 50 g/L was employed. The macerated-LBS and decocted-LBS extracts were tested for mycelial growth in potato dextrose agar and sorghum grains. Following this, both aqueous extracts were applied as a wetting agent in cylindrical baglog cultivation to estimate mycelial growth, biological efficiency, and productivity. It was found that LBS extracts insignificantly enhanced the mycelia growth rate on all media, while the diluted LBS (1:1 v/v) extracts improved 1.5-fold of percentage biological efficiency. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer results indicated 9-octadecaenamide is a major component in LBS aqueous extract. Results demonstrated that the LBS extract is a good stimulator for the production of Pleurotus mushroom.

Possibilities of Using Macrolepiota procera in the Production of Prohealth Food and in Medicine.

Parasol mushroom (Macrolepiota procera) is a fungus that is often included in the menu of people looking for replacements for meat products and at the same time appreciating mushrooms. Its fruiting bodies are known for their delicate flavor and aroma. The aim of the publication was to analyze the latest information (mainly from 2015 to 2021) on the chemical composition of the M. procera fruiting bodies and their antioxidant properties. The data on other health-promoting properties and the possibilities of using these mushrooms in medicine were also compiled and summarized, taking into account their antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, regulatory, antidepressant, and anticancer effects. Moreover, the influence of various forms of processing and conservation of raw mushroom on its health-promoting properties was discussed. The possibilities of controlling the quality of both the raw material and the prepared dishes were also discussed. Such an opportunity is offered by the possibility of modifying the growing conditions, in particular, the appropriate selection of the substrate for mushroom cultivation and the deliberate enrichment of its composition with the selected substances, which will then be incorporated into the fungus organism.

Evaluation of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Production Using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Biomass Supplemented with Agricultural Wastes.

The cost of substrates has been one of the challenges for mushroom cultivation. The commonly used substrates for mushroom production are usually expensive. Substrates with a high biomass return that can pose environmental problems can be good alternatives for mushroom cultivation due to multiple advantages. In this regard, the potential use of water hyacinth biomass (a troublesome aquatic weed) as an alternative substrate is worthy of being studied. This study was aimed at evaluating the potential use of water hyacinth biomass for the production of oyster mushroom. The experiment was done in a completely randomized design with nine treatments and four replications. Water hyacinth biomass was supplemented with straw (wheat, Triticum aestivum, and teff or Eragrostis Teff) at a ratio of 1 : 1, 1 : 3, or 3 : 1. The developmental parameters including days elapsed for mycelium invasion (MI), pinhead formation (PF), and the first flush (FH) were monitored. Growth parameters (cap diameter (CD) and stalk length (SL)), a yield parameter (total weight of mushroom yield), and biological efficiency (BF %) were also recorded. Finally, the economic return (ER) of all the treatments was calculated. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the significance of variation between the different parameters on the production parameters. Means were separated using the Tukey test, when F-test from ANOVA was significant at p ≤ 0.05. It was observed that water hyacinth biomass alone or supplemented with wheat or teff straw provided promising performance on oyster mushroom development, growth, yield, and biological efficiency compared to the costly substrates (wheat and teff straw). Thus, water hyacinth can be considered as a low-cost substrate for mushroom cultivation and a means to control this aquatic weed from rapid spreading.

Effects of different agro‐industrial waste as substrates on proximate composition, metals, and mineral contents of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

SummaryThe use of agro‐industrial waste as substrates for mushroom cultivation is considered a promising management strategy for reducing and valorising these wastes, simultaneously reducing the cost of mushroom cultivation. In this study, oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus were cultivated on twelve substrates composed of either tea waste, lime sawdust, alder sawdust, hornbeam sawdust/shaving, wheat stalk‐straw, wheat bran or their composite to determine the proximate composition and accumulation of thirteen elements in their fruiting bodies. The proximate composition of P. ostreatus did not show a significant difference, regardless of the employed substrate. (one‐way manova; F(66, 107) = 1.329, Wilk’s λ = 0.041, P &gt; 0.05). However, their chemical element contents show a statistically significant difference (one‐way manova; F(132, 418) = 32.163, Wilk’s λ = 0.000, P &lt; 0.05). These results were supported by discriminant function and principal component analyses. The highest mean concentrations of six of twelve elements (i.e., Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Cd and Cr) were recorded in P. ostreatus cultivated on the lime‐sawdust substrate. Three health indices viz., estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient (THQ) and total THQ were applied to determine the risk to human health via the consumption of P. ostreatus, suggesting that they are safe for human consumption.

Growth and Nutritional Indices of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Different Substrates

Lignocellulosic wastes such as agricultural wastes, forestry residues, grasses and woody materials represent huge amount of unutilized renewable resources and are generated every year throughout the world through agricultural practice, paper-pulp industries, timber industries and many agro-industries. The largest reservoir of fermentable carbohydrates is mostly wasted in the form of pre-harvest and post-harvest agricultural losses and wastes of food processing industries causing environmental pollution. Mushrooms are rich in protein, edible fiber and minerals but lipid content is low. Cultivation of mushrooms is a prime factor for the conversion of this low value inedible wastes into a higher value commodity which can serve as food material for humans and as a source of commercially important metabolites. Oyster mushroom is commercially important and is best known for its taste, flavour, high nutritional values and some medicinal properties. In the present study, Oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus) were grown on different substrates viz., Paddy straw, banana leaves and coconut coir. Growth and yield studies were undertaken and harvested mushrooms were also studied for their nutritional indices. Biological efficiency of the substrate was also determined. It was observed that all the three substrates were efficient as substrate for mushroom cultivation. Results of the present study also indicated that the studied mushrooms have good nutritive value for human although the nutritional content varied with each substrate.

Comparison of sawdust and kenaf core fibre as cultivation substrates for grey oyster (Pleurotus sajor-caju) and black jelly (Auricularia auricular-judae) mushrooms

Unlike plants, mushrooms are heterotrophic organisms which require external nutrients to grow the hypha network which supplies nutrients for the growth of reproductive stage. In this study, rubber tree sawdust, kenaf core fibre and mixture of sawdust-kenaf (50:50) were used as the cultivation substrates for grey oyster (Pleurotus sajor-caju) and black jelly (Auricularia auricula-judae) mushrooms. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) composed of fibre-rich substances which consist of an internal woody core and a superficial fibrous bark. This study was conducted to compare between sawdust and kenaf core fibre as the cultivation substrates in terms of growth performance, yield and postharvest quality of grey oyster and black jelly mushrooms. There was no significant difference (P≥0.05) observed in the mycelium growth rate among the substrates used. However, grey oyster mushroom showed higher growth rate 0.74-0.77 cm/day) compared to black jelly mushroom (0.44-0.55 cm/day). Sawdust substrate showed the highest yield (415.5 g) for both mushroom species followed by mixture of sawdust-kenaf and lastly kenaf. There was also no significant different (P≥0.05) found in the postharvest quality of both mushrooms species among different substrates used. In conclusion, in terms of yield, sawdust was the best mushroom cultivation substrate for both grey oyster and black jelly mushrooms.

Can Hydromulch Reduce the Emergence of Perennial Weeds?

Herbicide weed control is difficult in the first years of perennial crop establishment or in minor crops, and plastic sheet mulches can leave persistent residues. Liquid spray-on mulch (hydromulch) might be a solution in these cases. To test three hydromulch formulations on perennial weed emergence, greenhouse assays were conducted for two years in two localities to evaluate their rhizome sprouting and shoot emergence. Data, obtained from a completely randomized block design, were analyzed by means of generalized linear mixed models with binomial distribution and logit link function; the effects of hydromulch, species, and their interaction were considered fixed, while the other sources of variation (i.e., locality, year, block and rhizome length) were considered random. All three hydromulches, based on wheat straw, rice husk, and used substrate for mushroom cultivation, were capable of reducing rhizome sprouting of all four species tested when compared to the non-mulched treatment. Many rhizomes sprouted but were trapped under the mulch layer, especially those of Paspalum dilatatum (87%), Cynodon dactylon, and Sorghum halepense (around 50%), while Cyperus rotundus was least affected by the hydromulch treatments (16%). All three blends showed promising results in the reduction of perennial weed emergence, warranting field trials to test combined weed management strategies.

Growth and yield performance of Pleurotus on selected Lignocellulosic wastes in the vicinity of PUP main campus, Philippines

Objectives: Urban wastes that contain lignocellulosic substances are potential substrates for mushroom cultivation. The study tested selected urban wastes as substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus djamor, P. sajor caju, and P. florida. Methods: Three different urban wastes (white used paper, banana peels and mixture of leaf litters) and their combinations were used in the study with sawdust served as the control. Percentage of mycelial growth, colonization period, and number of fruiting bodies, cap diameter, stipe length, total yield, and size of the mushroom and biological efficiency of the substrates used were assessed to determine the effects on growth and yield. Findings: Results revealed that the rapid mycelial colonization where the highest mushroom yield and percentage biological efficiency were observed from UP100 for P.djamor, UP75 for P. sajor caju and BP25 for P. florida and the lowest yield were obtained from those in combinations of leaf litters and banana peels. Novelty: Protocol obtained from this research can be applied and implemented in an urban setting where there are no available agricultural wastes rich in lignocellulosic substances can be used in the cultivation of edible mushroom such as P. djamor, P. sajor caju and P. florida. Keywords: Oyster mushroom; growth performance; lignocellulose; biological efficiency; mushroom yield

Crop residue its impact and management

Residue managing task is growing dare for sustainable advancement of Indian agriculture science and environmental protection usually in Indo-Gangetic plains. Farming societies need awareness regarding the harmful impacts of field burning of crop residues and the significance of crop residues combination in the soil for conserving supportable agricultural production and reduction of the cost of production by adopting alternatives. Proper collection and management of crop residue are needed to use it as retention, a substrate for mushroom cultivation, incorporation in the fields, bio-energy fuel, biochar production, etc. The crop residues can be used livestock feed, fuel, industrial raw material, compost precursor, etc. and also are of great economic as well as significant value. The resource-conserving technologies which involve zero-tillage, usage of the happy seeder, bed planting, polyculture with innovations in residue management, the participation of farming communities, and support of political and Govt. Organizations and NGOs are the best probable replacements to conservative energy and input-intensive farming.

Cultivation of Mushrooms and Their Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production Through the Utilization of Agro-Industrial Waste.

A large amount of agro-industrial waste is produced worldwide in various agricultural sectors and by different food industries. The disposal and burning of this waste have created major global environmental problems. Agro-industrial waste mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, all of which are collectively defined as lignocellulosic materials. This waste can serve as a suitable substrate in the solid-state fermentation process involving mushrooms. Mushrooms degrade lignocellulosic substrates through lignocellulosic enzyme production and utilize the degraded products to produce their fruiting bodies. Therefore, mushroom cultivation can be considered a prominent biotechnological process for the reduction and valorization of agro-industrial waste. Such waste is generated as a result of the eco-friendly conversion of low-value by-products into new resources that can be used to produce value-added products. Here, we have produced a brief review of the current findings through an overview of recently published literature. This overview has focused on the use of agro-industrial waste as a growth substrate for mushroom cultivation and lignocellulolytic enzyme production.

Doxycycline transfer from substrate to white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and assessment of the potential consumer exposure

The presence of antibiotic residues in the food chain may pose a serious risk to human health. Locating and evaluating new sources of consumer exposure to antibiotic residues in food is a very important element of health protection. The possibility of doxycycline uptake from the substrate for mushroom cultivation by the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) fruit body was investigated. Mushrooms were experimentally cultivated on substrate contaminated with 8 different doxycycline concentrations in substrate and analyte concentrations in mushroom samples were measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography – triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) The obtained results clearly indicated that doxycycline transfers from contaminated substrate to mushrooms at concentrations ranging from 0.87 to 72.3 µg/kg, depending on substrate contamination concentration level and order of harvesting.

Research on factors affecting the extractability of antioxidant compounds from coffee husks abstract

Coffee husks is a typical by-product in the coffee bean industry. This by-product has a high biological activity, but recently in Vietnam, it has been used as fuel, fertilizer, and substrate for mushroom cultivation. This study aims to identify conditions for extracting polyphenol from ripe robusta coffee husks from Dăklak province. Factors affecting the extraction process are pH, temperature, coffee husks : solvent ratio, and time. The obtaining data showed that extracting at pH=4, 50oC, with the solvent:coffee husks ratio = 7:1, during 1 hour would contribute the best results in terms of an extraction efficiency of soluble solids (33 %), the extraction efficiency of polyphenol (94 %), antioxidant activity according to DPPH assay (1959 ± 168 µM TE/ g dry matter of extracted solution) and FRAP assay (1976 ± 117 µM TE/ g dry matter of extracted solution). In addition, the extracted solution from the coffee husk is a potential source of polyphenol, as well as the antioxidant capacity that could be applied to future researches..&#x0D;