Substitution Products Research Articles

Functionalization of the position 5 of thiopyran fragment of 4-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-4,7-dihydro-5 Н-thiopyrano[3,4-b]furan

Alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl 4-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-4,7-dihydro-5 Н -thiopyrano[3,4- b ]furan-5-carboxylate proceeded selectively at the ester group. The acid obtained formed the corresponding acid chloride when treated with thionyl chloride. The acid chloride was used for acylation of glycine, α- and β-alanine esters. Under the conditions of phase transfer catalysis this acid chloride formed acyl azide which under mild conditions undergoes rearrangement to isocyanate. The latter reacted with primary amines to give ureas, and with the amino acid esters in forms ureidoesters. Reducing of acid chloride with sodium borohydride led to the corresponding alcohol. It was converted to chloride which in the reactions with sodium azide and iodide gives usual substitution products. When treated with potassium thiocyanate it formed thiocyanate. Iodide in the reaction with triethyl phosphite gave the corresponding phosphonate. Oxidation of alcohols with Collins reagent and acetic acid-DMSO system was studied.

Synthesis and reactions of allylic azides of the adamantane series

A mixture of nucleophilic substitution product and isomeric azide resulting from [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement was obtained by interaction of allyl bromides of adamantane series with sodium azide. Epoxidation reactions of allylic azides of the adamantane series were investigated. The reduction of the obtained trans -2-(adamantan-1-yl)-3-(azidomethyl)oxirane with lithium alumohydride synthesized ( S *)-(adamantan-1-yl)[( S *)-aziridin-2-yl]methanol which, when heated with hydrochloric acid, gives the product of the aziridine ring opening is (1 S *,2 R *)-1-(adamantan-1-yl)-3-chloro-1-hydroxypropan-2-amino chloride.

Designing a sustainable vaccine supply chain by considering demand substitution and value-added function during a pandemic outbreak

The severe social, economic, and health detriments caused by pandemics (such as COVID-19) lead governments toward exploring survivability challenges. In this regard, some countries produce national vaccines along with receiving global medical supplies, which necessitates the design of a sustainable vaccine supply chain and the evaluation of value-added gained by each vaccine application. Given each vaccine possesses specific efficacy and expiration time, this study addresses products’ brand-based efficacy and perishability derived from existing literature. Additionally, shortages are inevitable in a chaotic pandemic situation as a consequence of limitations in the procurement, distribution, and storage networks of vaccines. Therefore, we investigate the effect of demand substitution based on vaccine efficacy to reduce the unsatisfied demand and combat the prevalence of infection. Moreover, this study implements mobile vaccination centers as well as permanent centers (for instance hospitals and clinics) to relax the personal and geographical constraints of different segments of society and expedite the vaccination. To optimize the multi-objective mathematical model, the augmented ε-constraint method has been utilized, and a real case study is provided to assess the application of the proposed model. The numerical results and sensitivity analysis show the proper utilization of vaccination centers’ combination in our proposed model, also 60% of shortages are compensated by substitutable products, which leads to expeditious immunization.

Development of a standardized methodology for selecting candidate DNA barcodes of Trillium govanianum to combat biodiversity crime and environmental exploitation

This study introduces an innovative method using DNA barcodes to accurately identify species, addressing the critical issue of trafficking invaluable medicinal plants like Trillium govanianum. The success rate in amplification and sequencing of barcoding regions was an impressive 100%. The Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region proved most effective in distinguishing closely related Trillium species. By testing herbal products from markets, the study revealed extensive illegal trade, with 50% confirmed as Trillium govanianum and 30% adulterated with Dioscorea villosa. This research contributes new DNA sequences to identification databases, enhancing protocols. Genetic variations within Trillium govanianum were narrower than to the nearest non-conspecific neighbor in barcoding regions (matK: 0.006, rbcL: 0.003, ITS: 0.043). Combining coding and non-coding regions (matK + ITS) achieved 100% species discrimination. Market samples showed 30% product substitution, with varying success rates for amplification (rbcL: 70%, matK: 60%, ITS: 40%, improved with ITS2 primers). Half the sequences were Trillium govanianum, 30% were Dioscorea villosa, revealing covert substitution. ITS and matK sequences were effective, with a genetic distance gap, while rbcL had limited divergence (0.003), making it less suitable for accurate identification compared to matK and ITS.

Mono-β-diketiminate supported cerium(III) complex: Synthesis, characterization and reactivity

Mono-β-diketiminate cerium(III) complex 1 was easily accessible from the anhydrous metal tribromide and LNa (L = N,N-2,6-diisopropylphenyl-2,4-pentanediimine anion) in THF at room temperature. Interaction of 1 with 1,2-dimethoxyethane, pyridine and 4-dimethylaminopyridine gave the ligand substitution products 2, 3 and 4 in good yield. All of those complexes exhibited molecular structure similar to that of 1, and the coordination environment around cerium center was the distorted octahedral geometry. The reaction of 1 with 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide gave dinuclear complex 5 with an unusual triple bromine bridge in the molecule. It was worth noting that the reaction of 1 with one equivalent of cyclopentadienylsodium (CpNa) did not afford the mixed-ligand complex but the undesirable ligand redistributed product Cp2CeL (6). Treatment of 1 with arylamido lithium reagent whereas obtained the dissociated product 7. All the complexes were well characterized and further broadened the utility of β-diketiminate ligands.

Substantiation of industry priorities for import substitution of technologies and products (the polymer industry case)

Subject. The article considers the results and prospects for implementation of import substitution policy in the polymer industry. Objectives. The purpose is to develop conceptual provisions for implementation of import substitution policy in the polymer industry, based on the process periodization and imported product evaluation. Methods. The first stage of the study rests on methods of content analysis and periodization to feature the characteristics and form a vision of main stages of the import substitution policy implementation in Russia. The second stage is associated with adaptation and application of methods of ABC/XYZ analysis and calculation of apparent consumption to study the product lines of polymer imports based on indicators characterizing the structure and dynamics of polymer imports. Results. The paper highlights factors determining the effectiveness of import substitution policy implementation in Russia’s polymer industry in modern conditions. It presents the main stages of the policy implementation, including the vision of future stages in terms of development of competitiveness of domestic technologies and products at the global level. We investigated product lines of polymer imports, defined priority segments, identified criteria and key actions for effective implementation of import substitution policy in Russia. Conclusions. The formulated conceptual provisions may become a guideline in elaboration of strategic and program documents for the chemical industry development, serve as additional justification for investment decisions and government support allocation.

Capacity sharing between competing manufacturers: A collective good or a detrimental effect?

Capacity sharing has become a prevalent solution for addressing the supply-demand mismatch by optimizing capacity allocation among participating manufacturers. However, effective coordination and cooperation are required among involved parties, particularly if capacity sharing occurs between competing manufacturers. This paper investigates capacity sharing between competing manufacturers and examines the optimal sharing service fee policy, taking external market, internal operational, and relationship-specific factors into consideration. Our study incorporates product substitution rate, information symmetry (or asymmetry), and interfirm power relationship to go beyond the immediate direct cost-benefit analysis of capacity sharing and evaluates the trade-off between capacity sharing associated benefits and costs. Our analysis results illustrate how the market and relationship-specific factors interact with operational factors such as production cost difference and capacity constraints to influence firms' capacity sharing decisions. The broad set of decision outcomes derived from our comprehensive analyses is beneficial for companies of all sizes and shapes to make informed strategic and operational decisions according to their own circumstances.

Analysis of Enterprise Data-Driven Innovation Diffusion Supervision System Based on the Perspective of Green Supply Chain

To promote the market substitution of digital innovation technology and green products and alleviate the pressure of energy and environment, a three-party evolutionary game model of innovation diffusion based on core manufacturers, affiliated enterprises and the government is established in the article to explore the adjustment of the three-party game strategy of core manufacturers and affiliated enterprises under government supervision, and then analyze the optimal stability conditions that are conducive to the innovation diffusion of digital innovation technology. It is found that the core manufacturers would choose the diffusion strategy of digital innovation technology, which would take the initiative to adopt the diffused digital innovation technology due to cost considerations, without easily choosing independent research and development (hereafter R&D strategy); the reward and punishment mechanism made by the government for core manufacturers' digital innovation technology diffusion could effectively promote technology diffusion in the market.

Expanding on cross-price elasticity: Understanding tobacco product demand and substitution from the cross-price purchase task.

We examine whether cigarettes serve as substitutes for electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among ENDS users and demonstrate methodological extensions of data from a cross-price purchase task to inform policies and interventions. During a clinical laboratory study, n = 19 exclusive ENDS users and n = 17 dual cigarette/ENDS users completed a cross-price purchase task with cigarettes available at a fixed price while prices of own-brand ENDS increased. We estimated cross-price elasticity using linear models to examine substitutability. We defined five additional outcomes: nonzero cross-price intensity (purchasing cigarettes if ENDS were free), constant null demand (not purchasing cigarettes at any ENDS price), cross-product crossover point (first price where participants purchased more cigarettes than ENDS), dual-demand score (percentage of prices where both products were purchased), and dual-use break point (minimum relative price to force complete substitution). The cross-price elasticity results indicated that cigarettes could serve as substitutes for ENDS among ENDS users on average, but this average effect masked substantial heterogeneity in profiles of demand (here, a measure of the drug's reinforcement potential). Policies and regulations that increase ENDS prices appear unlikely to steer most exclusive ENDS users toward cigarette use, as most would not purchase cigarettes at any ENDS price, but they could prompt some dual users to substitute cigarettes completely while others remain dual users. This heterogeneity in consumer responses suggests additional indices of cross-product demand are useful to characterize the anticipated and unanticipated effects of tobacco price policies more fully.

Inferring Complementary and Substitutable Products Based on Knowledge Graph Reasoning

Complementarity and substitutability between products are essential concepts in retail and marketing. To achieve this, existing approaches take advantage of knowledge graphs to learn more evidence for inference. However, they often omit the knowledge that lies in the unstructured data. In this research, we concentrate on inferring complementary and substitutable products in e-commerce from mass structured and unstructured data. An improved knowledge-graph-based reasoning model has been proposed which cannot only derive related products but also provide interpretable paths to explain the relationship. The methodology employed in our study unfolds through several stages. First, a knowledge graph refining entities and relationships from data was constructed. Second, we developed a two-stage knowledge representation learning method to better represent the structured and unstructured knowledge based on TransE and SBERT. Then, the relationship inferring problem was converted into a path reasoning problem under the Markov decision process environment by learning a dynamic policy network. We also applied a soft pruning strategy and a modified reward function to improve the effectiveness of the policy network training. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on standard Amazon datasets, and it gives about 5–15% relative improvement over the state-of-the-art models in terms of NDCG@10, Recall@10, Precision @10, and HR@10.

Platform financing vs. bank financing: Strategic choice of financing mode under seller competition

Third-party sellers on online platforms primarily rely on banks to meet their financing requirements and are often constrained by the lack of sufficient working capital. Online platforms such as Amazon and Alibaba have ushered new dynamics in the e-commerce financing landscape by offering working capital loans to these sellers, thereby directly competing with banks and influencing market competition. This paper analytically studies how the competition between third-party sellers on platforms affects the strategic financing choices of sellers, namely, platform financing (P) vs. bank financing (B). We examine how the financing choice influences sellers’ pricing decisions in the competitive product market. Based on the sellers’ financing choices, four lending modes are possible: BB, PP, BP, and PB. Our analyses provide critical insights on the optimal financing choices and uncover the interplay of pricing, product substitution, referral fees, and production costs. We show that any seller deviating from PP to a hybrid mode (BP/PB) leads to a higher platform interest rate and a lower seller profit. We find that the competing sellers choose a hybrid lending mode when the unit production cost is low. However, the platform always prefers PP, leading to an all-win outcome in the supply chain when the production cost is high. Furthermore, for products with low referral fees and high substitution effect, BP/PB emerges as the equilibrium mode, while for products with low referral fees and low substitution effect, PP is the equilibrium outcome. Interestingly, we find that both sellers may choose bank financing when their working capital levels are high.

Actual problems of legal regulation of the development of the aviation industry in the context of the transformation of global markets

The article highlights the problems of legal regulation of the aviation industry in Russia, caused by both external (critical dependence on imported technologies and components, damage from sanctions imposed by unfriendly foreign states and their unions) and internal factors (long time for aircraft production, outdated production infrastructure, lack of an aftersales service system). The author comes to the conclusion that the further development of the Russian aircraft industry depends on a balanced state policy, the effectiveness of the state support measures aimed at import substitution and localization of production, as well as on the use of legal instruments that meet the goals of state regulation to attract private investment, including foreign ones.

The Impact of Biosimilar Use on Total Cost of Care and Provider Financial Performance in the Medicare Oncology Care Model: A Population-Based Simulation Study.

Payment for oncology care is increasingly moving from fee-for-service to value-based payment (VBP). VBPs are agreements in which providers are held accountable for total cost of care (TCOC) through risk-sharing arrangements with payers that tie reimbursement levels to TCOC benchmarks. Oncology biosimilars may play an important role in managing financial risk in the VBPs like Medicare's Oncology Care Model (OCM), but there has been limited research in this area. The objective of this study is to estimate the impact of biosimilar adoption on TCOC and oncology provider financial performance under the terms of the Medicare OCM. We conducted a population-based simulation study using the Medicare Limited Data Set (LDS) and the methodology of Medicare's OCM. The primary outcome was the simulated average change in TCOC per 6-month episode of care attributable to use of biosimilars as an alternative to reference products. The study population consisted of episodes of care in 2020 and using the reference product or corresponding biosimilar for bevacizumab, rituximab, trastuzumab, epoetin alfa, filgrastim, or pegfilgrastim. TCOC was calculated for each episode of care with use of reference products only and compared with TCOC with corresponding biosimilars. The simulation calculated TCOC outcomes in cohorts of 100 episodes sampled from the Medicare LDS study population using a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Among the total of 8281 6-month oncology care episodes identified in the study period (initiating January 2020 to July 2020) in Medicare claims, 1586 (19.2%) episodes met OCM and study criteria and were included. Applying the simulation methods to these observed episodes, biosimilar substitution reduced mean TCOC per episode by $1193 (95%CI $583-1840). The cost reduction from biosimilars represented 2.4% of the average TCOC benchmark and led to a 15% reduction in the risk of providers needing to pay recoupments to Medicare for exceeding TCOC benchmarks. On the basis of our simulation study using observed Medicare claims and OCM criteria, we found that biosimilar substitution for reference products can significantly lower episode TCOC and improve provider financial performance under the terms of the largest value-based payment model implemented to date.

Influences of Management Practices and Methodological Choices on Life Cycle Assessment Results of Composting Mixtures of Biowaste and Green Cuts

This paper presents an analysis that aimed to quantify the consequences of modelling choices in the life cycle assessment of composting by investigating the influence of composting management practices and the influence of the selected marginal product for substitution. In order to investigate the different influencing factors, a set of 11 scenarios were defined. The scenario results revealed that increasing the turning frequency of the input material leads to a Global warming potential (GWP) reduction of approx. 50%. However, there is a trade-off between GWP reduction and increases in other environmental impacts, including acidification potential (AP), ozone formation potential (OFP), and stratospheric ozone depletion potential (ODP). GWP and AP can also be reduced by optimal exhaust gas filter maintenance, although this causes OFP and ODP to increase. The most relevant factor for GWP is the choice of substituted products. When peat for horticulture can be replaced, GWP can be substantially lowered while hardly affecting other environmental impacts.

Path mechanism and spatial spillover effect of green technology innovation on agricultural CO2 emission intensity: A case study in Jiangsu Province, China

Green technology innovation (GTI) is one of the most important factors influencing agricultural carbon emission intensity (ACEI). Various studies have explored the impact of GTI on ACEI, but the path mechanism has not been fully explained. This study incorporates GTI and ACEI into the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function and constructs a theoretical model to analyse their direct impact mechanisms. Drawing on the substitution effect theory and the Marshall–Arrow–Romer (MAR) externalities theory, this study introduces two regulatory mechanisms: optimization of energy structure and agricultural industry agglomeration (AIG). Additionally, it explores the pathway mechanisms under the influence of spatial spillover effects based on Tobler’s first law of geography. Then, taking Jiangsu Province in China as a case study, empirical tests are conducted using LSDVC and dynamic spatial SAR models. The results are as follows. (1) GTI effectively inhibits ACEI directly, and has significantly positive spatial spillover effects on ACEI reduction in the short and long terms. (2) Energy structure optimization positively regulates the effect of GTI on ACEI reduction, and energy structure optimization in nearby cities may help GTI restrain ACEI in the local city in the short term. (3) AIG has a positive regulating effect on GTI reducing ACEI, and the moderating effect of AIG has positive spillover effects in the short term. (4) When both regulatory pathways are employed simultaneously, the moderating effect of AIG in local or neighbouring areas is expected to become ineffective. These findings are useful for solving the problem of ACEI reduction by managing the transfer and distribution of GTI between different regions, considering spatial spillover and moderating effects.

Impact of extracorporeal circulation support systems on blood product resources during the course of intensive care unit treatment

Abstract Background Extracorporeal circulatory support systems necessitate careful blood product management due to the large cannulas and exposure of blood components to artificial surfaces in the circuits. Blood component derangements can occur during implantation and the operational period of these systems, posing a significant complication. To enhance patient safety and bolster the body's own blood reserves, accurate characterization of the extent of necessary blood product substitution is imperative. Methods We analyzed data from consecutive patients who received extracorporeal circulatory support systems (Impella, veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO), or ECMella) over a 5-year period (2016-2021). We obtained information on blood product usage, costs, and various clinical parameters. We assessed the vascular access site according to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) and Global Utilization of Streptokinase and tPA for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) criteria, and hemolysis was evaluated using serum free hemoglobin (fHb). Results We studied 370 patients (Table 1) who received extracorporeal circulatory support systems (Impella, VA-ECMO, and ECMella) from 2016 to 2021. The median number of RBC transfusions was 7 (3 - 12) for the entire cohort, with ECMella patients requiring the highest amount (12.5 (6.7 - 27.5)) and VA-ECMO patients requiring the most within the first 24 hours (57%, p < 0.05). Hemolysis was present in all groups, with Impella patients having the highest levels (49.8 µmol / L (21.3 – 113.1), p < 0.01). ECMella patients required the highest overall blood product substitution (Figure 1) and incurred the highest associated costs (1642.4 EUR (1079.1 – 3660.3), p < 0.01). Bleeding complications in the groin area were moderate in 45% of patients, with VA-ECMO patients having the highest incidence (58%, p < 0.05). Type 3a bleeding according to the BARC criteria was most common (31.7%). Conclusion Although extracorporeal circulatory support systems have made technical advances, significant resources are still required during the operational period to maintain coagulation homeostasis, particularly in ECMella patients. Complications at the insertion site are also common, with bleeding being expected, especially in emergency situations when a VA-ECMO is used. To ensure patient safety, interdisciplinary teams should establish standardized follow-up protocols to detect peripheral complications early.

A Patchy Prohibition: Product and Flavor Substitution After the Food and Drug Administration's Prioritized Enforcement Policy on Flavored E-cigarettes.

E-cigarettes have rapidly grown in use among U.S. adolescents; in response, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) engaged in an "enforcement policy on banned e-cigarette flavors" ("enforcement action") for pod-based e-cigarettes in January 2020, which accounted for most U.S. e-cigarette sales. No literature has yet examined long-term changes in e-cigarette sales patterns changed in relation to the FDA enforcement action. We analyzed U.S. e-cigarette sales using Nielsen retail scanner data between March 2017 and December 2021, describing e-cigarette sales trends overall, by device type, and by flavor category. We also performed joinpoint regression analysis on the sales trends to detect significant changes in the rate of change of sales over time. The FDA enforcement action was associated with a sharp initial decrease in prefilled pod dollar sales, followed by a steady increase from April 2020 through the end of 2021, growing beyond the previous maximum in August 2019. We also observed a dramatic change in the composition of flavors sold: A large decline in mint-flavored pod sales was offset by a similar increase in menthol-flavored sales. Simultaneously, disposable product sales increased nearly ten-fold from July 2019 to July 2020 before stabilizing, dominated by fruit-flavored products. Our findings suggest rapid product substitution without a long-term decline in e-cigarette sales in association with the enforcement action, along with a growing dominance of youth-friendly flavors, contrasting against FDA policy goals. Our study revealed the weakness of the "patchy" enforcement action, raising concern about its unintended consequences as consumption simply shifted to other e-cigarette products. This is the first detailed longitudinal study on e-cigarette sales trends in the United States following the FDA flavor enforcement action, with novel findings on flavor trends and their relation to policy events. We report sales overall, by product type, and by flavor category, and highlight several important trends following the action, such as the rise and persistence of disposable e-cigarettes increasingly and overwhelmingly dominated by youth-friendly flavors, and likely substitution of prefilled e-cigarette flavors without any long-term decline in sales. Our results highlight the weaknesses of "patchy" regulation and suggest the need for a more comprehensive approach to flavor regulation.

Substitution of apical iodide ligands in octahedral molybdenum cluster complexes by N-donor molecules: Synthesis and investigation of [{Mo6I8}(L)I5]– and cis-[{Mo6I8}(L)2I4] (L = CH3CN or 1,2,4-triazole)

In this work, reactivity of the [{Mo6I8}I6]2– cluster anion toward some N-donor ligands was investigated. Heating of the solution of Cs2[{Mo6I8}I6] salt in acetonitrile leads to the partial substitution of apical iodide ligands by CH3CN molecules forming crystalline solid Cs0.1[{Mo6I8}(CH3CN)I5]0.1·cis-[{Mo6I8}(CH3CN)2I4]0.9·0.9CH3CN (1). The solid includes anionic [{Mo6I8}(CH3CN)I5]– and neutral cis-[{Mo6I8}(CH3CN)2I4] cluster units at a ratio of 1:9. In the crystal structure of 1, these clusters occupy common crystallographic sites, which allows us to consider this compound as a solid solution. When 1,2,4-triazole (tz) was added to the reaction mixture, a solid solution of mono- and disubstituted products was also formed and crystallized in a ratio of approximately 1:3, yielding the compound Cs0.27[{Mo6I8}(tz)I5]0.27·cis-[{Mo6I8}(tz)2I4]0.73 (2). It was assumed that compound 2 was formed as a product of direct substitution of the apical iodide ligands by tz molecules. Structural features and luminescence properties of the new compounds 1 and 2 were studied.

Data-driven analysis of digital entrepreneurship in medical supply resilience confronting the COVID-19 epidemic

Soaring demand for medical supply caused by the frequent outbreaks of regional COVID-19 epidemic has gained increasing attention in recent years. This motivates the upstream manufacturers to develop their self-brand products to satisfy the exploded demand, which in turn leads to tense competition with their brand customers in the downstream market. In this paper, we use a multi-methodological approach to study whether the incumbent brand should adopt digital technology to forecast demand information and then flexibly adjust the order decisions. From both data statistics and analytical investigation, we find digital transformation can achieve a triple-win situation among the incumbent brand, the social welfare and the consumer surplus. Win-win situation also exists between the manufacturer and the incumbent brand. Our extensive Monte-Carlo data simulation indicates that: (1) a low product substitutability can promote the incumbent brand's digital transformation by at least 50.8% and at most 97.3% efficiency improvements; (2) a moderate product substitutability can improve the incumbent brand's digital transformation incentive by at least 43.7% and at most 98.8%; and (3) a high product substitutability benefits the manufacturer through digital transformation by at least 31.4% but at most 70.8%. Our research contributes by both theoretical optimization and data processing/policy simulation, which generates useful managerial insights for firms’ digital entrepreneurship decisions.

Omni-channel inventory management of perishable products under transshipment and substitution

We consider a retailer selling two substitutable products through an offline and online channel. The products are stored at separate inventory locations and transshipments from the offline channel to online customers are possible, i.e. we propose a two-location inventory model incorporating customer-driven inventory interactions (demand substitution initiated by the customer) and retailer-driven inventory interactions (transshipment, i.e. demand substitution initiated by the retailer). We compare this model to a system incorporating customer-driven substitution only and use empirical data about customers’ preferences and perceptions of grocery shopping in online and offline channels to understand the trade-offs between various substitution forms in omni-channel retailing. In a numerical study, we discuss the optimal order quantities and resulting expected profits and quantify the value of a retailer-driven transshipment strategy. Although the empirical results reveal that online demands are relatively low and product substitution rates are particularly high, our results confirm that a transshipment system can achieve higher expected profits than when considering customer substitution only. Finally, we discuss the performance of policies that ignore product and/or channel substitution. We find that having complete information about product substitution is crucial for a grocery retailer’s omni-channel order quantity decision.