Substitution Policy Research Articles

An Analysis of China's 'Dumping' of Cheap Products in South Africa in the perspective of Import Substitution Policy

An Analysis of China's 'Dumping' of Cheap Products in South Africa in the perspective of Import Substitution Policy

"Waiving" Goodbye to PE: State Law and School Exemption and Substitution Practices in the United States.

The importance of schools providing physical education (PE) and promoting physical activity (PA) and the benefits of PA for children are well documented. However, a majority of students do not get the nationally recommended 60 min of daily PA. Many states grant waivers, substitutions, or exemptions from PE despite national recommendations. This study examined the association between state laws allowing for the use of PE substitutions and exemptions and school-level substitution and exemption practices. School-level PE exemption and substitution data from the 2014 School Health Policies and Practices Study were linked to state law data from the National Wellness Policy Study and the National Cancer Institute's 2013 Classification of Laws Associated with School Students. The analytic sample included 320 schools located in 42 states. Separate multivariable logistic regression models linked five types of school PE exemptions/substitutions to corresponding state laws, controlling for school characteristics. Overall, 24 of the 42 states had laws addressing PE waivers, exemptions, or substitutions. Schools had higher odds of allowing PE substitutions for school sports (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 3.59; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.33-9.68), other school activities (AOR, 8.52; 95% CI, 2.90-25.03), and community sports (AOR, 4.30; 95% CI, 1.43-12.96) and allowing exemptions for fitness test scores (AOR, 4.67; 95% CI, 1.49-14.62) or vocational training (AOR, 5.92; 95% CI, 1.04-33.68) if state law allowed it, compared with schools in states that did not allow such practices. Given the connection between PA and beneficial outcomes for children, decision makers, school administrators, practitioners, advocates, and researchers should consider and further examine how PE waiver, exemption, and substitution policies and practices may affect students' PA and related outcomes.

Сельское хозяйство России: глобальные позиции, структурные пропорции и тенденции развития

Russians still see national agriculture as a rearguard branch of the economy associated with stagnation and inefficiency. However, the agriculture has undergone significant positive changes over the past decade as a result of large-scale state support programs, import substitution policy, food embargo, depreciation of the ruble, etc. Russian agriculture requires a comprehensive assessment of its current state and position in the global agricultural market. Based on statistical and comparative analyses, the authors assessed the current state of Russian agriculture, as well as showed its place in the national economy and the country's position on the global agricultural market. The research revealed the vector of these changes in 2000–2018 and the main problems of the agricultural development at the present stage. A SWOT analysis shows that Russia has overcome the crisis in the transition to the market economy; the main economic and financial indicators are getting better, together with the most important production segments. Russian agriculture improves as production volumes keep growing and profitability is increasing. The number of unprofitable enterprises has been reduced by half, and the share of individual farms has fallen.

ЗОВНІШНЯ ТОРГІВЛЯ ТОВАРАМИ ТА КЛЮЧОВІ НАПРЯМИ ЇЇ РОЗВИТКУ В УКРАЇНІ

The article seeks to explore the drastic changes in the modern economic realia in Ukraine which are characterized by intensification of globalization, elimination of barriers that hinder the development of economic relationships with other actors in the world economy. This opens up new opportunities for domestic enterprises to use external factors of development, attract international financial and technological resources, implement production and management best practices, and expand the existing markets. The purpose of this article is to provide insights on the trends of international trade in goods in Ukraine, identify the key vectors to address the international trade challenges in Ukraine and to specify the prospects for further development of international trade in goods. To attain the research objectives, the general research methods have been employed, in particular, the logical approach and generalization, and the methods of statistical and financial analysis – to assess the indicators of export and import of goods in Ukraine. Special emphasis is put on the significant effect from the drop in Ukraine's external turnover with the CIS countries (from 15.2% in 2015 up to 10.8% in 2019). Among the major reasons for the decline in foreign markets trading are geopolitical issues, complete or partial exclusion of Ukrainian enterprises from their direct participation in foreign economic activities, currency instability and volatility of the national economy, etc. According to the results of the study, it is argued that the lag in creating favorable environment to enhance production and international trading along with expanding the state budget revenues (behind imbalanced structure of exchange trade and its low efficiency) will reinforce the structural and investment crisis and extend the period of economic stagnation. All this reduces the opportunities to boost the national economy competitiveness and expand international trading. Thus, there is a need to reconsider the current approaches and actions to gain a competitive edge, in particular this refers to tackling the crisis challenges and facilitate post-crisis economic recovery. The study pinpoints a significant role of exports in shaping Ukraine's economy. Thus exports must become a driver in structural transformation of Ukraine’s economy, both in the short-run and in the medium term perspective. In this context, it is proposed that to continue to foster economic partnerships with the EU and other countries globally, Ukraine needs to accomplish the reforms within the country, in particular, improve the business climate, eliminate corruption and strengthen self-government. The Ukraine's international trade efforts should be aimed at increasing and accelerating exports of Ukrainian goods, implementing import substitution policies to improve Ukraine's trade balance; promoting the optimization of import structure; generating government to support Ukrainian exports, etc. Hence, further development of Ukraine's international trade and its implications for the national economy should rely on a balanced government policy to enhance domestic manufacturing, mitigate crisis effects, overcome unemployment, and strengthen the national currency.

Evaluating the role of clean heating technologies in rural areas in improving the air quality

The Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan proposed in 2013 has contributed to the fossil fuel reduction in central heating, but the consumption of scattered coal in rural areas should not be overlooked as it accounts for nearly 50% pollutant emissions during the heating season. Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Surrounding Areas was issued to solve the problem of scattered coal consumption and improve the heating energy structure in 2017. In this paper, an air quality-heating model is established to evaluate the air quality improvement potential and far-reaching influence of scattered coal consumption reduction in rural areas. Distinct from other air quality evaluation models, the proposed model is to evaluate the regional air quality related to the heating factors. The results indicate that the coal substitution policy can reduce PM2.5 concentrations in the heating season by about 20 μg/m3 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas. Furthermore, predictions about the variation of PM2.5 concentration in the heating season are conducted, which indicate that the PM2.5 concentration of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and surrounding areas in 2030 will drop by 48%, 35%, 29% and 23% respectively compared to that in 2016. The reduction could be further enhanced to be 55%, 40%, 32% and 27% with the consideration of clean power development. This study is conducive to evaluate the clean heating technologies role in improving the environment and air quality.

Models and Types of the Russian Federation Regional Policy for Import Substitution and Export Support

The subject of the research is the regional industrial policy of import substitution and export support in constituent entities of the Russia. The hypothesis of the research is as follows: poor performance of the regional industrial policy implementation in 2014-2018 in the Russia is associated with the parallel implementation of the two policies types: import substitution and export support. The goal of the research is to develop theoretical and methodological approaches to the implementation of the regional industrial policy of import substitution and export support. To achieve the goal, the following methods were used: the world economic literature and the best foreign practices analysis, comparative and historical analysis of the legislation of the Russia, correlation analysis of import substitution policy results and export support results in constituent entities of the Russia. As a result of the study, the models and types of regional industrial policy of import substitution and export support were classified, and the types of export-oriented import substitution policy were introduced. As a result of approbation of the scientific results, gaps between the declared and implemented models and types of industrial policy in the regions of Russia were revealed. The conclusion was drawn about the imperfection of the strategic management system of the industrial policy in the constituent entities of the Russia, and recommendations for such system optimization were given. The results obtained may be used by executive authorities of the Russia constituent entities in the development of regional state programs in the field of industrial policy.

The Main Directions of Milk Production and its Processing Products Volume Increasing in the Russian Federation

The article presents the current state of milk production in the Russian Federation (RF). The reasons for its decline are identified. In a difficult economic situation, an important role policy of import substitution. The problems of import substitution become even more urgent in connection with the Western sanctions imposed against Russia in connection with the events in Ukraine. In this regard, there has been a decline in food imports from abroad and an increase in the growth rate of food production, oriented to the domestic market. The authors make a valid conclusion that an economically literate policy of import substitution in the agro-industrial complex and other sectors of the economy can become a catalyst for overcoming the technical gap, reviving the investment climate, and increasing its own production of food in necessary quantities in accordance with medical norms of consumption. The main directions of milk production volume increase and its processing products in the Russian Federation are presented. Each direction is considered separately and recommendations for its improvement are given. A new approach of commercial loan allocation for entrepreneurs engaged in milk production and its processing products is proposed.

WORLD EXPERIENCE OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION AND REINDUSTRIALIZATION AND RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC SECURITY POLICY

The purpose of the article is to assess the world experience of import substitution and reindustrialization policies in the economies of different countries in terms of development. The importance of applying this experience in the process of import substitution and the unfolding reindustrialization in Russia is outlined. The author analyzes the prerequisites and causes of import substitution and reindustrialization in the world economy. The study of the world experience of import substitution and reindustrialization of the economy, its macro-regional features is carried out in the context of maintaining and developing Russia's economic security. The author's understanding of the problems and prospects of the development of import substitution and reindustrialization processes in the world is proposed. The positive and negative aspects of the policy pursued by a number of countries are noted. It is proposed to continue improving the policy of import substitution and reindustrialization carried out by Russia, taking into account the author's developments.

Efficient production system as part of sustainable environmental management

Rational use of natural resources is an integral part of building a production system in conditions of modern limited natural benefits and increasing the value of the quality of the natural environment around man. An efficient production system is at the heart of ensuring rational environmental management and the implementation of the UN’s global goal of ensuring the transition to sustainable consumption and production patterns. The article is aimed at disclosing the concept and potential possibilities of using efficient production systems not only within the framework of environmental preservation, but also within the framework of ensuring the most rational use of state resources when pursuing a policy of import substitution. The authors of the article formulate a conclusion about the current state and prospects of using efficient production systems in the Russian Federation.

СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКИЕ ИМПУЛЬСЫ РАЗВИТИЯ АГРОПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The authors of the article argue the problem and complexity of the agroindustrial complex of Russia from the point of view of sustainable development and innovation. The features of the agricultural sector of the economy are systematized. Analyses the current situation of the agricultural sector of Russia, and it presents the dynamics of exports and imports with countries of the CIS, Eurasian economic community and Abroad; calculated the growth rate of exports and imports of agricultural products of the Russian Federation; the structure of Russia's exports reflected the export of essential goods; the dynamics of investments in the agroindustrial complex by economic activity is given; the growth rates of investments in the agricultural sector of the country are calculated. The priorities of the strategy of the agroindustrial complex of the European Union are considered. The conclusion is made about the extensive model of functioning of the agro industrial complex. The reasons for the low export orientation of the agroindustrial complex of the country are revealed. Macrofactors influencing the development of the Russian agroindustrial complex are identified. The internal factors of inefficient development of the agricultural sector are revealed. The negative consequences of the longterm implementation of the import substitution policy in our country are reflected. Scenarios of the development of the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation are considered and their comparative analysis is given. Formulated strategic impetus for development of the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation aimed at reducing the gap APK from developed countries.

Assessment of the Level of Food Security in Russia in the Context of Import Substitution

The article is devoted to assessing the food security of the Russian Federation in the context of the implementation of the import substitution policy. With this objective in view, the authors consider the system of indicators of food security assessment: level of food self-sufficiency, degree of satisfaction of population’s physiological needs for principal food products, level of economic affordability of food. As provided by the suggested method of assessment, the study determines the criteria by every index allowing the authors to evaluate the level of food security (using point system) as optimal, permissible or low one. Economic affordability of food analysis assumes that several indicators are to be considered in conformity with the following criteria: proportion of population with incomes below living wage; ratio of food expenses in the final consumption expenses structure of households; degree of inequality of population distribution according to income level. The level of economic affordability of food determines the possibility of acquiring food, depending on the size of incomes and price levels. As a result of the calculations, it was found that the integrated assessment of food security in Russia amounted to 8 points, which corresponds to permissible level. At the same time there are explicit threats to food security: rather high level of income inequality in the region, growing index of consumer price for food products. The obtained results are necessary while planning and elaborating the measures of the economic policy to ensure, maintain and increase the level of food security.

Analysis of indicators of food security and import substitution based on the methods of economic and mathematical modeling

The paper assesses the indicators of import substitution of food products in the Russian Federation. Data on the dynamics of food imports to the territory of the Russian Federation, the volume of production of the main types of import-substituting food products in Russia and the regions of the South federal district (SFD) are analyzed. Groups of indicators of food security in the context of implementation of import substitution policy are analyzed on the example of the regions of SFD. For this purpose, the author uses the method of analysis and integrated assessment of food security, taking into account the indicators of economic and physical availability of food, food self-sufficiency. Based on the analysis, it was found that there is a steady increase in the production of import-substituting food products, in particular dairy and meat products, while the share of imported products on the Russian food market is decreasing. The effectiveness of the import substitution policy is determined by a set of measures to develop the infrastructure of the agricultural sector and the food market, technical modernization of agricultural enterprises through the implementation of state programs for the purchase of agricultural machinery and equipment. As promising area of research and development of assessment models, we recommend methods of fuzzy economic and mathematical modeling that will optimize and improve the effectiveness of food security assessment.

An Analysis of China's 'Dumping' of Cheap Products in South Africa in the perspective of Import Substitution Policy

An Analysis of China's 'Dumping' of Cheap Products in South Africa in the perspective of Import Substitution Policy

Analysis of prospects for the development of dairy cattle breeding in Russia: forecasts and scenarios

Since the import substitution policy was implemented in Russia, the production level of basic agricultural products has been gradually approaching their consumption standard. The dairy products consumption makes only 69.3% of the recommended norm, with the milk self-sufficiency ratio of the Russian Federation being 84.2% in 2018 against 90.0%. This was due to the trends of a steady decrease in the cow population, which resulted in milk production decline. The methodological basis for the problem research has been established on a set of methods of economic and mathematical modeling, involving the method for constructing scenarios and their quantitative justification. The main extrapolation method should be considered the trend modeling (linear and non-linear trends) supplemented by the expert assessment method.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКСПОРТА В КУРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В УСЛОВИЯХ САНКЦИЙ

The deterioration of the political and economic situation in recent years on the wave of exacerbation of relations with Ukraine and the resulting introduction of several sanctions from the EU countries against Russia threatened the foreign economic activity established over the years. If the restriction on imports can act as a positive factor, contributing to the implementation of the policy of protectionism and import substitution, then the reduction in export volumes has a significant negative impact. During the study, an assessment of the development of exports of the Kursk region in the conditions of sanctions was given, the main trends and their causes were identified. It was found that over the past 5 years, the total export volume of the Kursk region has doubled and reached 792.5 million dollars. At the same time, in the territorial structure of the region's exports, the overwhelming share is taken by exports to non-CIS countries, which today account for more than 70% of total volume, and the dynamic growth in value reached $ 569.3 million by 2019. In turn, export to the CIS countries has not been actively developed and occupies less than 30% of the total volume. The basis of the region's exports today are mineral products, which account for about 58% of the total. The importance of export development is difficult to overestimate: the development of international trade contributes not only to the establishment of external relations, but is also a profitable activity that can finance the internal needs of the state.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ИМПОРТА КУРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОГО ЭМБАРГО

For quite a long period of time, Russia has been developing its foreign trade activities, the main directions of export are energy resources, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as minerals. At the same time, the change in the political situation against the background of the conflict with Ukraine and the subsequent introduction of a package of sanctions by the EU countries inevitably had a significant negative impact on the country's export-import relations. In response to sanctions pressure, Russia introduced a food embargo in 2014, thereby restricting the import of imported goods, which brought financial losses for the main importing countries, but also affected the country's food supply. During the study, an assessment was made of the development of imports of the Kursk region under the conditions of the food embargo, the main trends and their causes were identified. It was found that the volume of imports in the Kursk region in the last 5 years has been changing in a wave-like manner: in the period 2015-2016. there was a decrease in the import of goods, and since 2017, the upward trend has resumed. Reduction in import volumes in 2015-2016 due to the introduction of the food embargo and the intensification of the policy of import substitution, however, it soon became obvious that it was not possible to meet the emerging needs from internal resources.

Факторы изменения спроса на продовольственном рынке Санкт-Петербурга

Abstract. The population’s demand for food is the most important element of the region's food system in the context of modern global challenges and risks. The problems of effective life support for residents of a large city have their own specifics and patterns of development. The purpose of the study was to identify the dynamics of demand and its determining factors in the food market of St. Petersburg, including their changes in the conditions of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Methods. Abstract-logical, monographic and economic-statistical methods were used. Results. The article provides a comparative assessment of structural changes in the level of food consumption by city residents, the average per capita income of the population, changes in price parameters that affect purchasing power. It is revealed that the trend of reducing the consumption of almost all types of products by the population of St. Petersburg in 2018 remains unchanged. This indirectly reflects the lack of economic availability of food, which is confirmed by data on the distribution of total monetary income of the population by 20 percent groups. It is concluded that despite the higher growth rates of monetary incomes of the city's population from 2015 to 2018, the share of the number of residents in the groups with lower incomes increased. It shows a decrease in consumer demand during the pandemic. In combination with the increase in food prices, this is a factor that limits the consumption activity of citizens, an indicator of which is the size and structure of family spending on food. The implementation of the policy of import substitution creates prerequisites for the growth of supply in the food market of St. Petersburg due to the resource capabilities of the production of local producers. Scientific novelty consists in determining trends and structural changes in consumer behavior of households in order to justify urgent measures to change it in the desired direction, in the face of increasing external shocks and challenges.

Pregabalin abuse and dependence in various European countries: Association with substitution policies

Pregabalin was first approved in 2004 for the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain and focal epileptic seizures, with or without secondary generalization. Prescription frequency has increased significantly since approval. In the early days, little attention was paid to the problem of misuse and dependence on pregabalin; in recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of publications focusing on this problem. This review deals with these risk factors and risk groups of pregabalin abuse and dependence in different European countries and their drug policies. Pregabalin abuse and dependence has increased significantly since its introduction to the market. It was shown that solo abuse of pregabalin is rare. In most cases, pregabalin was combined with other substances, which is also a predictor of pregabalin abuse. There were different reasons for the non-prescription use of pregabalin; it was used to increase the psychotropic effect, on the one hand, and to alleviate withdrawal symptoms, on the other hand. Furthermore, in Sweden, pregabalin was found in 28% of fatal intoxications among drug addicts. Young people were particularly affected. Abuse of pregabalin was detected in countries with restrictive substitution programmes, while in countries with liberal drug policies, no abuse was detected. However, the data situation in Switzerland with a liberal substitution programme is based on only one study, which is why pregabalin use in liberal substitution programmes cannot be conclusively clarified. There seems to be a connection between a country's drug policy and the illegal use of pregabalin among persons in a substitution programme in that country. There are also risk factors and risk groups for pregabalin dependence and abuse.

Преимущества в публичных закупках: целеполагание, современная практика, векторы развития правовой реторсии (Advantages in Public Procurement: Goal-Setting, Modern Practice, Vectors of Development of Legal Retortion)

Russian Abstract: Во-первых, было исследовано современное состояние контрактной системы, выявлены ее современные черты как в экономическом, так и в регуляторном аспекте с тем, чтобы определить и обобщить те экономические предпосылки, которые стали предвестниками формирования института преимуществ. Второе направление состояло в исследовании текущего состояния преференциальных режимов, изучению зарубежных подходов, актов международного права. Отдельное внимание было уделено сложнейшему и актуальному в последние годы вопросу реализации политики импортозамещения. English Abstract: First, the current state of the contract system was investigated, its modern features were identified both in economic and regulatory aspects in order to determine and generalize those economic prerequisites that became the harbingers of the formation of the institution of advantages. The second direction consisted in the study of the current state of preferential regimes, the study of foreign approaches, acts of international law. Special attention was paid to the most complex and urgent issue of the implementation of the import substitution policy in recent years.

State management of import dependency and state’s economic security ensuring: New analysis to evaluating and strategizing

The need to improve public administration of import dependency was characterized (in the example of Ukraine) and the signs of its influence and interconnection with ensuring the state’s economic security are characterized. The methodological sequence of import dependency evaluation is substantiated. Using Hotelling’s method of transformation (the method of principal components), the multiplicative form is presented and the integral index of import dependency of the country’s economy is calculated. Harrington’s interval scale is used to summarize the results of the integral evaluation of import dependency. The results of the evaluation have confirmed the high level of import dependency of the Ukrainian economy and clear tendencies for its strengthening, which is critically threatening to the country’s economic security. Using the tool of multivariate dynamic regression modeling, a statistically significant correlation between the level of import dependency and the country’s economic security is established. The economic and mathematical descriptive model of state management of the state’s economic security is formed, which is embedded in a methodical approach to strategizing the state policy of import substitution. The purpose of the state management of import substitution, the parameters of ensuring the country’s economic security agreed with it, the strategic priorities of the state policy of import substitution and the indicators of their implementation are determined.