Substation Operation Research Articles

Modelling of plug and play interface for energy router based on IEC61850

Under the background of the “Internet Plus”, as the energy internet infrastructure equipment, energy router will be widely developed. The IEC61850 standard is the only universal standard in the field of power system automation which realizes the standardization of engineering operation of intelligent substation. To eliminate the lack of International unified standard for communication of energy router, this paper proposes to apply IEC61850 to plug and play interface and establishes the plug and play interface information model and information transfer services. This paper provides a research approach for the establishment of energy router communication standards, and promotes the development of energy router.

State space model and robust control of plate heat exchanger for dynamic performance improvement

Plate heat exchanger takes an important role in the modern industrial engineering. For large scale district heating system, plate heat exchanger is the key equipment in controlling the heat output from the heating substation. High performance control of plate heat exchanger is essential for stable and efficient operation of the heating substation. The governing equation of plate heat exchanger is a pair of partial differential equations, which is not suitable for model based control. In this work, a linear state space model was developed to describe the dynamic characteristic of plate heat exchanger. Validation results show that the proposed model can capture the dynamics of plate heat exchanger with satisfied accuracy. Based on the state space model, the two-degrees-of-freedom H∞ loop-shaping controller was designed for plate heat exchanger to enhance the control performance. The reference tracking and disturbance rejection performances of the proposed control algorithm were studied and compared with the PI control. Results show that the presented two-degrees-of-freedom H∞ loop-shaping control is superior to the PI control.

DETERMINATION OF THE LEVEL OF OVERVOLTAGE IN THE SECONDARY CIRCUITS OF SUBSTATIONS WHEN LIGHTNING IMPULSE VOLTAGE IS DISTRIBUTED IN HIGH-VOLTAGE BUSES

Lightning voltage impulse due to the waves of storm surge rolling out the high voltage line to a substation causes current to flow in the buses that, due to magnetic effect, induces overvoltage in the secondary circuit. Overvoltage in the system “wire – ground” is considered as obstructions which are hazard in relation to the possibility of electrical damage of the devices of relay protection and automation of substations. With the use of the inverse Laplace transformation, the solution of the problem the magnetic influence of the primary circuits to secondary circuits in the time domain depending on time of transition, which always occurs during the distribution of the voltage impulse in the buses, has been obtained. Estimation of the level of overvol tage in the system “wire – ground” for the case of failure of a bus nonlinear surges and arresters when lightning impulse of voltage is distributed on the buses along their length without deformation has been fulfilled. Solutions are obtained for overvoltage in the secondary circuits, according to which the levels of overvoltage can be estimated as “extremely stepped-up”, “lowered” and “averagely stepped-up” levels. With a method of computational experiment the levels of overvol tage for distribution substations with voltage 110 and 220 kV were assessed. The results are compared with the normalized values of the interference voltage. The suggested method of calculation of impulse magnetic influence of the primary circuits on the secondary circuits of substations while lightning impulse voltage is being distributed in high voltage buses for the case of failure of a nonlinear surge and arresters at the stage of design and operation of substations can be used as a test method for estimation of electrical durability of relay protection and automatic equipment from lightning and switching overvoltage.

Research on Key Parameters of Intelligent Substation Merging Unit Test

Merging unit is an important part of the intelligent substation, whose performance is directly related to the safe and reliable operation of the substation intelligent. Therefore, it is needed to test the key parameters before the merging unit is installed to ensure that the merging unit can meet the requirements of the safe and stable operation of the intelligent substation. Aiming at some of the key considered issues in merging unit design, this paper proposed merging unit test performance parameters that should be paid attention to: the AC sampling time synchronization parameters, the switch time synchronization parameters, the output data precision parameters, the time delay parameters. Then this paper puts forward specific scheme design for these problems, which provide more references for the future merging unit testing.

Development Of An DDF Unit For Power Communication

DDF unit is an importantpart inpower communication field. It is the connection and connection equipment between digital multiplex equipment, digital multiplex equipment and program-controlled switching equipment or data service equipment and other professional equipment. However, the traditional DDF unit needs to be tested by 2M error code, which is inconvenient to carry and will not be used if it is not for the communication staff. Especially in the remote substation, substation operation and maintenance personnel at the scene of the failure, but can not match. This paper provides a DDF communication unit, to overcome the shortcomings of existing technology, substation operation and maintenance personnel can visually see the connectivity, distance to deal with the fault, shorten the fault time, improve work efficiency.

An application of data mining in district heating substations for improving energy performance

Automatic meter reading system is capable of collecting and storing a huge number of district heating (DH) data. However, the data obtained are rarely fully utilized. Data mining is a promising technology to discover potential interesting knowledge from vast data. This paper applies data mining methods to analyse the massive data for improving energy performance of DH substation. The technical approach contains three steps: data selection, cluster analysis and association rule mining (ARM). Two-heating-season data of a substation are used for case study. Cluster analysis identifies six distinct heating patterns based on the primary heat of the substation. ARM reveals that secondary pressure difference and secondary flow rate have a strong correlation. Using the discovered rules, a fault occurring in remote flow meter installed at secondary network is detected accurately. The application demonstrates that data mining techniques can effectively extrapolate potential useful knowledge to better understand substation operation strategies and improve substation energy performance.

Smart power substation development in China

Over the past decade, China has undertaken substation intellectualization of more than 2000 substation operations in three stages. Much experience has been achieved during this developmental period. In this paper, the status of smart substation development in China is systematically presented, as well as future directions of the smart substation, such as adoption of the hierarchical protection and control system.

A service interruption free testing methodology for IEDs in IEC 61850-based substation automation systems

This paper presents a methodology for the testing of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) in IEC 61850-based substation automation systems (SAS), without any service interruption to the end users, during the testing process. IEC 61850-based SAS provides opportunities for a new level of substation operation, enhancing operating efficiency, and protection reliability based on Ethernet-based communication networks. Due to these changes to the conventional substations, importance and dependency on IEDs is increasing rapidly. Frequency of faults occurring in the power systems is random in nature and is unpredictable. It is necessary to test and maintain the IEDs to ensure their proper operation at crucial times. This paper presents a novel methodology for testing the IEDs, without compromising the service reliability during the testing process. The proposed methodology exploits the inherit characteristics of IEC 61850 standard i.e. Network - based communication, interchangeability between multivendor IEDs, and engineering based on substation configuration language (SCL) files. The feasibility and robustness of the proposed method has been verified by performing several performance verification tests with different performance metrics.

Remote monitoring systems for high-voltage substations and mining machines at open pit coal mines

The article presents the remote monitoring systems for operation of high-voltage substations and shovels, designed at the Karaganda State Technical University and introduced at Shubarkol-Komir open pit coal mine. The systems measure power consumption parameters and controls power consumers and electrical protection. The high-voltage substation monitoring systems transmit data via rf modem, the shovel operation monitoring systems use GPRS modems to transmit data via Internet to a central operator office. In the course of trial operation of the remote monitoring systems, it was succeeded to save power owing to elimination of idle operation of heavy-duty mining machines; moreover, the scope of the continuous control covered power consumption and electric protection at substations and on shovels.

Research on Operation Management Based on the Intelligent Substation

With the rapid development of economy in our country, current the construction of intelligent power grid, the substation equipment and device also began to high science and technology development. Currently the substation has basically realized the modernization and automation, the equipment is set technology. In this case, you need to adapt to the high level of operation management, so as to effectively guarantee the normal operation of the equipment, avoid the happening of the fault. But in the current our country the majority of the substation, its operation and management is still in the extensive mode of management, not compatible with the level of automation and modernization, which result in the low productivity of substation operation, frequent accidents, unable to meet the needs of the modern equipment management, so strengthening the operation of the substation management is very necessary, will effectively promote the stability and reliability of the power grid operation. This paper studies the substation compositions, introduces the development of substation. Finally, the advantage of smart substation, the key technology and management are analyzed in detailed.

Performance analysis of a Superconducting Fault Current Limiter in a power distribution substation

All substations that make up an electric energy distribution system are vulnerable to unwanted voltage or current surges, with negative implications for the affected facilities. The consequence are economic losses for the companies which operate them as well as interruption of energy delivery. This paper presents the implementation of an advanced fault current limiting device based on second generation superconducting. The purpose of the system is to avoid the negative effects of network incidents. The research analyses the performance under the conventional operating conditions of a distribution substation in Spain. The results show a reduction of peak short-circuit currents, low operating losses and the correct operation of substation with interconnected busbars. The implemented system not only prevents economic losses due to the destruction or shortening of useful life of the equipment, but also increases the quality of energy supply to customers. The conclusion from the economic analysis is that the benefit-to-cost ratio of the technology would be positive with the estimated series-produced price for the system of 100000€.

110 kV通用设计变电站能效评估模型研究

经济的飞速发展离不开电力，而大量变电站的投运所带来的能源消耗问题越来越受到重视，评估变电站的运行管理的能效，从而提高变电站能效水平，对于实现绿色环保变电站的建设意义重大。本文通过对内蒙古东部地区现有的110 kV通用设计变电站的实地调查和测量统计，研究变电站的运行管理方法和电力设备的用能特点，采集反应变电站能耗的相关数据，提出能效评估的指标体系，结合国家行业标准，确定基于层次分析法的各因子在变电站能效中的权重，最后利用模糊评判法对110 kV通用设计变电站能效进行综合评定，从而得到完整的能效评估体系。利用实际测量的变电站能效数据对模型进行验证，证明了其可行性，为110 kV通用设计变电站的能效优化提供了指导。 The rapid development of economy is inseparable from the power, and the energy consumption brought by the operation of a large number of substations attracts more and more attention. It is of great significance to evaluate the energy efficiency of substation operation and management so as to improve the energy efficiency of substations. Based on the investigation and measurement of 110 kV universal design substation in the east of Inner Mongolia, this paper studies the operation and management methods of substation and the energy consumption characteristics of the power equipment, collects the data which reflects energy consumption of the substation and puts forward the energy efficiency evaluation index system. Finally, the energy efficiency of 110 kV universal design substation is evaluated synthetically by fuzzy judgment method, and then a complete energy efficiency evaluation system is obtained by combining the national industry standard and the weight of each factor based on AHP in the energy efficiency of the substation. The feasibility of the model is proved by the actual measured energy efficiency data of the substation, which provides the guidance for the energy efficiency optimization of the 110 kV universal design substation.

Digital Metering System of New Generation Smart Substation in China

The new generation of smart substation is a summary and improvement of the earlier intelligent substations within the past 5 years. As a part of the substation operation function, the electric energy metering system must adapt to the requirements of the new generation smart substation which is more intelligent, full digitalization, networked and integrated. With the features of digitized, easy information sharing, and hardware shared, the digital measurement system is the inevitable choice for the new generation smart substation. This paper is the first literature to introduce the concept and structure of the digital metering system. The composition and technical characteristics of the new generation Smart Substation measurement system are introduced in detail.

MONITORING OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY QUALITY ON THE TRACTION SUBSTATION INPUT

For the implementation of measures to maintain the quality of the energy industrial enterprises have to spend a significant material and monetary assets. In this regard, significant is the feasibility study of the allocation of such funds and, primarily, the determination of the economic damage arising from low quality of electricity. The reliability of the electricity metering system, relay protection and automation of modern digital substations depends on the quality of electrical energy. At the present time to improve the reliability of the substation operation it is necessary to monitor indicators of quality of electric energy, allowing you to take organizational and technical solutions for their improvement. Monitoring the power quality at the input traction substation has shown that indicators such as the coefficient of the n-th harmonic component of the voltage does not meet the standards GOST 13109-97. The source of higher harmonics is a voltage Converter used on the locomotive. To eliminate higher harmonics in the supply network for traction substations will need to install power filters. Today, the USB-analyzer of power quality «Digital system for the measurement of electrical energy quality» type of DSMEEQ of accuracy class 0.2. Work energy requires reliable and quality electricity supply to consumers. The new model of balancing energy market are bilateral contracts. The main task of this market, it ensure the stable and reliable operation of the unified energy system of Ukraine, that is, transmission and supply of electricity of appropriate quality.

Training simulation system for substation operation

This paper reports the development of a substation training simulation system. The simulation system operates on the basic of the combination of three software including Vijeo Designer, Unity Pro and Matlab. The first two software are used to simulate the Human Machine Interface (HMI) and Remote terminal Unit/Programmable Logic Controller ((RTU/PLC), respectively. The third software, Matlab, calculates parameters of different operating conditions of the substation. The system has been designed as a training device which allows users to gain hands on experience in relation to substation operation. It is also used as a tool to assess and enhance the skills of current substation operators. This simulation system is the first of its kind to be developed and applied in Vietnam.

ANALYSIS OF ELECTROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUNDS IN THE VICINITY ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION OF UKRAINE

Purpose. Definition of the direction for further research to improve accuracy of the calculation of rated parameters of ground grids based on the analysis of statistical databases of electro-physical characteristics of the soil. Methodology . To solve this problem we compiled the statistical base of soil of Ukraine in the location of electrical substation, we performed the statistical analysis for the number of layers of geoelectric structure, and electrical characteristics. In the experiments implemented the comparing of accuracy calculation of the most typical three-layer soil in the Ukraine, by the new three-layer model of ground grids and the equivalent two-layer model, which used previously. Results . On the results of analysis the ranges of the electrical resistivity and statistical distribution for electro-physical characteristics of the soil are determined. The resulting distributions allow to develop criteria for instruments, installations and means of interpretation during the sounding of soil, as well as the requirements for mathematical models of ground grids. It was found that the most typical for places of locations the electrical substations in Ukraine are three-layer geoelectric structures. In the paper the statistical distribution for three-layer soil by type (Q, K, H, A) are described. The results of numerical experiments show that the use of methods to simplify of the multilayers soil does not allow the calculation of grounding grids with high accuracy. In the work recommendations for applicability the method equivalenting depending on the type of geoelectric structure are developed. Originality . For the first time, we obtained the statistical distribution of stratification of the soil in the location of power plant in Ukraine, determined the accuracy of the method to simplify a multi-layer soil in determining the rated parameters of grounding grids. In the paper the necessity to develop a mathematical model of the grounding device located in the three-layer soil is shown, as well as a new installation of soil sounding, which allows to increase the depth of sounding and new means of interpreting the results of sounding Wenner installing a four-layers geoelectric structure. Practical value The resulting recommendations for the applicability of equivalenting of multilayer soil, as well as research in specific work areas would help to reduce costs on materials and labours during the modernization and upgrade of grounding devices, moreover it will increase the electrical safety and reliable operation of electrical substation.

AITRANS – Web Application for Training and Testing Operative Personnel in High Voltage Power Substations

This paper presents the web application – AITRANS – used for the periodic training and testing of operative staff in high voltage substations of the Timisoara Branch of Transelectrica, the Romanian Power Transmission System Operator. According to legislation in Romania, operative staff of the Transmission System Operator (TSO) must accomplish a given number of hours of training every semester where they will be familiarized with new and/or modified procedures and the legislation used in the operation of high voltage power system substations. After these training sessions, each person must take a test to ensure proper assimilation of the new information. To optimize the training and evaluation process, a web application was developed. With a user name and password (for user level), each member of the operative staff can log in and study the materials at any time, and also self-assess their knowledge by taking several tests. The administrator can remotely observe the training status of each person, and will also generate a final test at the end of the training period. Using the web application instead of the traditional method of training and testing proved to be very effective. The feedback from staff was positive.

Intelligent Operation and Maintenance of Substations Based on Internet of Things (IoT) Technology

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been extending its applications in the electric power system since the very beginning of the construction of the smart grid in China. Under such a background, this paper first discusses the technical principles and development goals of the IoT for the electric power system, which can also be called the “power grid IoT” in brief. And then, according to the technical principles mentioned above and the common guidance released by the power grid authorities, this paper presents an IoT technology based Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system for substations. The key technologies, functions and applications of the system are described respectively. The design of an extremely long-life and stable wireless temperature sensor is presented in detail. The functions of the SCADA system include substation equipment status monitoring, 3D-visualization, environment monitoring, spare parts location, asset management and so on. The applications of such a system can be regarded as efficient methods for substation intelligent operation and maintenance.

Research and Development on 3D Simulation Training Evaluation System of Substation Based on Unity3D

In order to make training for the substation operation and maintenance personnel professional skills more effectivethis paper has designed a three-dimensional substation simulation training system based on Unity3d.In this paper,a variety of virtual scenes of the substation are studied,designed a 3Dsimulation training system of substation based on operation and maintenance personnel behavior. Framework of system comprises two-dimensional mathematical modeling, 3D modeling, development and release of platform.

基于TOPSIS模型的智能变电站二次设备评估方法

智能变电站二次设备评估系统旨在基于数据库中的数据，根据专家系统中给出的评估方法对智能变电站二次设备的状况进行综合评估。本文根据智能变电站运行监测特征量，构建规范化决策矩阵，计算权重系数，建立TOPSIS评估模型并带入数据，根据评估指标得到智能变电站二次设备的状态评估结果。并根据实例分析，通过与模糊综合评估方法结果相比较，验证了基于TOPSIS模型的智能变电站二次设备评估方法的实用性与准确性。 Intelligent substation secondary equipment evaluation system aimed at evaluating status of intelligent substation secondary equipment based on the data in the database and evaluation methods given in expert system. Based on the characters of intelligent monitoring substation operation, standardized decision matrix was built and weight coefficient was calculated. TOPSIS evaluation model was set up so that the assessment results of intelligent substation secondary equipment condition can be acquired according to the assessment classification indexes. By instance analysis and comparison with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, the practicability and accuracy of the evaluation method were proved.