Substantive Domain Research Articles

Development of a national database for dietary glycemic index and load for nutritional epidemiologic studies in the United States

BackgroundThe quality of carbohydrate intake, as measured by the glycemic index (GI), has not been evaluated nationally over the past 2 decades in the United States. ObjectivesWe aimed to develop a comprehensive and nationally representative dietary GI and glycemic load (GL) database from 1999 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and to examine GI and GL time trends and subpopulation differences. MethodsWe used an artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled model to match GI values from 2 GI databases to food codes from United States Department of Agriculture, which were manually validated. We examined nationally representative distributions of dietary GI and GL from 1999 to 2018 using the multistage, clustered sampling design of NHANES. ResultsAssigned GI values covered 99.9% of total carbohydrate intake. The initial AI accuracy was 75.0%, with 31.3% retained after manual curation guided by substantive domain expertise. A total of 7976 unique food codes were matched to GI values, of which soft drinks and white bread were top contributors to dietary GI and GL. Of the 49,205 NHANES adult participants, the mean dietary GI was 55.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 55.5, 55.8) and energy-adjusted dietary GL was 133.0 (95% CI: 132.3, 133.8). From 1999 to 2018, dietary GI and GL decreased by 4.6% and 13.8%, respectively. Dietary GL was higher among females (134.6; 95% CI: 133.8, 135.5) than among males (131.3; 95% CI: 130.3, 132.3), those with ≤high school degree (137.7; 95% CI: 136.8, 138.7) than among those with ≥college degree (126.5; 95% CI: 125.3, 127.7), and those living under the poverty level (140.9; 95% CI: 139.6, 142.1) than among those above the poverty level. Differences in race were observed (Black adults, 139.4; 95% CI: 138.2, 140.7; White adults, 131.6; 95% CI: 130.5, 132.6). ConclusionsThe national GI and GL database facilitates large-scale and high-quality surveillance or cohort studies of diet and health outcomes in the United States.

Quantitative Research on Corporate Social Responsibility: A Quest for Relevance and Rigor in a Quickly Evolving, Turbulent World.

In this article, the co-editors of the corporate responsibility: quantitative issues section of the journal provide an overview of the quantitative CSR field and offer some new perspectives on where the field is going. They highlight key issues in developing impactful, theory-driven, and ethically grounded research and call for research that examines complex problems facing businesses and the society (e.g., big data and artificial intelligence, political polarization, and the role of CSR in generating social impact). By examining topics that are under-researched, forward-looking, and socially oriented, scholars can expand the boundary of CSR's substantive domain and produce research that helps businesses act in a long-term, socially responsible way in this quickly evolving, turbulent environment. They also discuss ways to enhance the methodological rigor of quantitative CSR research and encourage scholars to employ cutting-edge, innovative methods to shed light on the micro-level mechanisms of CSR and reveal patterns and relationships hidden in unstructured big data.

Evidence centered design framework and dynamic bayesian network for modeling learning progression in online assessment system.

An overarching mission of the educational assessment community today is strengthening the connection between assessment and learning. To support this effort, researchers draw variously on developments across technology, analytic methods, assessment design frameworks, research in learning domains, and cognitive, social, and situated psychology. The study lays out the connection among three such developments, namely learning progressions, evidence-centered assessment design (ECD), and dynamic Bayesian modeling for measuring students’ advancement along learning progression in a substantive domain. Their conjunction can be applied in both formative and summative assessment uses. In addition, this study conducted an application study in domain of beginning computer network engineering for illustrating the ideas with data drawn from the Cisco Networking Academy’s online assessment system.

Journalism and war responsibility: On the thoughts of Journalism of the “Research Society of Shiso no Kagaku” in Japan

<p>本文以卓南生2020年的專著《東亞新聞事業論》為起點，論述聚焦在「新聞學的戰爭責任」上；這焦點既是卓南生新聞史研究、時事評析，以及新聞教育的關鍵前提，更是了解當代日本不可或缺的實質範疇。戰前，日本新聞學著重傳播效能，許多菁英投身軍國主義宣傳，但在戰後，這批專業人士卻「轉向」成為協助美國建設民主日本、大眾傳播的執行要員；一時之間，言語雖能表達，但在傳播過程中無法有效傳達意義的「傳播隔閡」卻在大眾中普及開來。圍繞著1946年出版的雜誌《思想的科學》而於1949年成立的研究會，正是掌握這段歷史的關鍵角色，也能成為理解卓南生書寫脈絡的背景。結論揭示二戰後的新聞學如何成為日本的思想史課題，以有效參與當代文化建構的歷史變局。</p> <p> </p><p>Starting from Toh Lam Seng’s latest book titled “East Asian Journalism”, this study focused on the war responsibility of journalism, which is the key premise of Toh’s journalism history research, current affairs commentary, and journalism education, as well as the substantive domain that facilitates the understanding of contemporary Japan. Before World War II, Japanese journalism focused on the effectiveness of communication with many elites devoting themselves to militarism propaganda. However, after World War II, these elites became key executives in assisting the United States in turning Japan into a democracy with mass communication. However, at that time, a “communication gap” emerged among the general public as a result of ineffective delivery of meanings during the communication process despite the use of language for transmission of information. In order to grasp the history of this period, it is crucial to understand the key role played by the magazine Shiso no Kagaku (1946) and later by the Society for the Shiso no Kagaku (1949). This also constitutes the context in which Toh’s writings can be understood. The conclusion revealed how journalism after World War II became a subject of Japan’s intellectual history, which allows for its effective participation in the historical changes in contemporary cultural construction. </p> <p> </p>

Latent Class Models of Early-life Trauma and Incident Breast Cancer.

Psychosocial trauma has been hypothesized to influence breast cancer risk, but little is known about how co-occurring traumas-particularly during early life-may impact incidence. We examine the relationship between multiple measures of early-life trauma and incident breast cancer. The Sister Study is a prospective cohort study of US women (n = 50,884; enrollment 2003-2009; ages 35-74). Of 45,961 eligible participants, 3,070 developed invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ through 2017. We assessed trauma before age 18 using previously studied measures (cumulative score, individual trauma type, and substantive domain) and a six-class latent variable to evaluate co-occurring traumas. We accounted for missing data using multiple imputation and estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox proportional-hazards models. Approximately 49% of participants reported early-life trauma. Using the latent class variable approach, breast cancer hazard was higher among participants who had sexual trauma or household dysfunction (HR = 1.1; CI = 0.93, 1.3) or moderate (HR = 1.2; CI = 0.99, 1.4) but not high trauma (HR = 0.66; CI = 0.44, 0.99) compared to low trauma. Breast cancer HRs associated with sexual early-life trauma or household dysfunction were elevated for pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer and by estrogen receptor status. We found no effect modification by race-ethnicity. Estimated effects were attenuated with report of constant childhood social support. Breast cancer incidence varied by latent patterns of co-occurring early-life trauma. Models capturing childhood social support and trauma patterning, rather than cumulative or discrete indicators, may be more meaningful in breast cancer risk assessment.

Capturing heterogeneous decision making processes: the case with the E-book reader market

Consumer decision-making within a specific product category can take many forms. This study investigates the individual-specific transferal processes in new product adoption through cognitive, affective, and conative stages. We propose a general and flexible Bayesian multivariate regression model and fit the model to survey data on dedicated E-book reader adoption. The results show that—among six possible transition paths—all paths are feasible for the decision-making process, except for the conative → cognitive → affective path. In terms of market share, those who follow the hierarchy of effect process describing the cognitive → affective → conative process has the biggest market share and those following affective → conative → cognitive path has the smallest share. The contribution of this research is twofold. From a theoretical perspective, this study developed an estimable model for capturing heterogeneity in consumers’ decision-making process. Practically, the study empirically shows that a variety of decision-making paths exist, using survey data on the Korean E-book reader market. In the substantive domain, capturing the heterogeneity of consumer decision-making could provide marketers with insights to help profile consumers and with a basis for customer segmentation.

A comparison of isometric and amalgamation logratio balances in compositional data analysis

The isometric logratio transformation, in the form of what has been called a “balance”, has been promoted as a way to contrast two groups of parts in a compositional data set by forming ratios of their respective geometric means. This transformation has attractive theoretical properties and hence provides a useful reference, but geometric means are highly affected by parts with small relative values. When a comparison between two groups of parts is required in practical applications, such as the investigation and construction of models, while making use of substantive domain knowledge, it is demonstrated that the logratio of two amalgamations serves as an alternative, interpretable form of balance. A geochemical data set is considered, which has been analyzed previously by transforming to a set of isometric logratio balances. An alternative approach, using a reduced set of pairwise logratios of parts, optionally involving prescribed amalgamations, is very close to optimal in accounting for the variance in this compositional data set. These simpler transformations also have an exact back-transformation to the original parts. This approach highlights for this dataset which compositional parts are driving the data structure, using variables that are easy to interpret and that map well to research-driven objectives.

Entrepreneurial Intention: Categorization, Classification of Constructs and Proposition of a Model

ABSTRACT Literature review studies on Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) point to a future of high standardization (Linan & Fayolle, 2015) and potential impoverishment of the current research (Terjesen, Hessels, & Li, 2013). There is an over-standardization in studies on EI, and a focus on potential dogmatism in the area - that is, theoretical and methodological inflexibility with replication based on alteration only in substantive domain of EI. The objective of this study is to broaden the focus of the literature review on EI. The research design is descriptive, with the use of quantitative data. We adopt the bibliometric technique in the field of research, based on the Principle of Least Effort (Zipf, 1949). We consider the Reinert (1993) method. Four classes emerged in the analysis. The relation between these classes indicated the concern of the studies on EI in replicating methods, techniques and analyses to the new profiles and roles of the entrepreneur. These results enabled the proposition of a preliminary model that increases the future opportunities for studies on EI.

Locating the Social in Social Justice

A concept of social justice in which the social names a subset of justice suggests that the social constitutes a distinct sphere within which a distinctively social justice is produced and experienced and within which a specifically social injustice can be addressed. Theorists from Dewey to Latour to Foucault, however, have questioned the conceptualization of the social as a separate substantive domain within which a distinctively social justice can be found. I seek to move from a substantive to a relational conceptualization of the social in social justice, drawing from Dewey's concept of the social as an associative rather than an aggregative relation. A relational approach situates the social not in a delimited substantive domain within which justice can be assessed but as a mode of collective association through which justice is performed and produced. Relocating the social from a substantive sphere to a relational practice transforms the problem of social justice. Rather than assessing the justice of outcomes within a specifically social sphere, the problem of social justice addresses the interactive practices of social actors engaged in the collective project within which justice is dialectically and simultaneously a process and an outcome, a means and an end. I illustrate the challenges of practicing a relational conception of social justice in an antidisplacement protest against a neighborhood redevelopment proposal in Camden, New Jersey. The case study suggests that furthering the goal of social justice focuses on everyday practices of associative interaction in which relations of democratic equality are undermined or encouraged.

Strategy and organization research in operations management

In a September 2015 editorial (Guide and Ketokivi, 2015), the co-editors-in-chief of the Journal of Operations Management restructured the management of submissions into departments by substantive domain. This essay expands upon their brief description of the Strategy and Organization Department. While chiefly seeking to clarify what we see as the department's content domain, we also offer insights on how to maximize the contribution of operations management research to the strategy and organization literature.

“If You Don't Like Gay Marriage, Don't Get One!”: A Qualitative Analysis of Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Marriage in South Australia

ABSTRACTPrejudice against sexual-minority groups has continuously declined in Australia over the past several decades, yet inequality in marriage policy that denies legal recognition of same-sex relationships remains. Social role theory suggests this may be due in part to traditional beliefs about gender roles that fuel concerns regarding the ability of same-sex couples to raise children because they violate these social norms and roles. The current study identified reasons behind support of, or opposition to, same-sex marriage. Data were collected from a community sample (n = 536) in South Australia through an open-ended question included on a larger survey. Content analysis suggested that gender role norms do play a part in negative attitudes toward same-sex marriage as well as perceptions of same-sex couples' ability to raise children. Our findings also revealed heteronormativity embedded in the responses of participants both for and against marriage equality. Implications for advocacy efforts focused on marriage equality, parenting by same-sex couples, and the focus for future research endeavours in this substantive domain are discussed.

O DESENVOLVIMENTO DOS ESTUDOS SOBRE GOVERNO ELETRÔNICO NO BRASIL: UM ESTUDO BIBLIOMÉTRICO E SOCIOMÉTRICO

This study aims to identify how the field of studies of electronic government is structured in Brazil. For this purpose, a bibliometric and sociometric study was conducted, analyzing 124 articles published in the proceedings of conferences and in Brazilian journals from 2007 to 2012. The main elements of the analysis were the volume of publications per year, the location of the publications and the conceptual and substantive domains of the studies, the methodological approaches used and the network of cooperation between authors and institutions. One of the findings of the study was that the production of works was prolific, but it was not possible to determine whether studies of electronic government were increasing or in decline because of the non-uniform behavior of the volume of publications. There was also little use of a conceptual domain or a clear position regarding the theoretical domain, with discussions being limited to the substantive domain. Finally, cooperation between authors remains limited to a small number of relationship networks. However, the opposite was true when it came to cooperation between institutions, for which there is a large network and room for other institutions to join.

What is the biggest question in CSR research?

Purpose – Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an issue-oriented substantive domain. Nevertheless, there are countless socio-economic, medico-techno-scientific, environmental and ethical philosophical questions that are far from being settled. In pursuit of a more desirable and sustainable future, this work problematizes current corporate responsibility (CR) research, education and practice. Design/methodology/approach – This contribution provides a critical perspective on the future of CR research and practice and offers a way forward based on theoretical prescience. Findings – The paper delineates a taxonomy of typical crises, categorized as burning, existential, overlooked and neglected crises. This taxonomy can be used as a tool for all forms of scenario analysis, empirical work and policymaking. This allows various futures issues to be given targeted interventions, assigned a focal theory, or allocated differentiated resources and appropriate time and space depending on their technical nature and the institutional context within which the issues unfold. Social implications – This paper argues that CR research risks losing steam despite its near ubiquitous nature and the major contributions hitherto made. Nevertheless, when problems are strategically thought out in the light of the taxonomy above, they provide promising avenues for insightful research and value-creating practice to meet the expectations of both business and society. Originality/value – A profound chasm exists between CR practice and rhetoric. This void is particularly stark when we consider the interface between science and technology and developing economies. This paper explores desirable futures for CR while analyzing what is possible and probable.

Design Thinking in Argumentation Theory and Practice

This essay proposes a design perspective on argumentation, intended as complementary to empirical and critical scholarship. In any substantive domain, design can provide insights that differ from those provided by scientific or humanistic perspectives. For argumentation, the key advantage of a design perspective is the recognition that humanity’s natural capacity for reason and reasonableness can be extended through inventions that improve on unaided human intellect. Historically, these inventions have fallen into three broad classes: logical systems, scientific methods, and disputation frameworks. Behind each such invention is a specifiable “design hypothesis”: an idea about how to decrease error or how to increase the quality of outcomes from reasoning. As problems in contemporary argumentation practice become more complex, design thinking rises in relevance and importance. A design research agenda in argumentation would focus on theorizing design innovations (such as advanced patterns of argumentation) and on evaluating design hypotheses (such as proposals for how to incorporate expert opinion into public decision-making).

A commentary on reporting effect size and confidence intervals: Response to Palmer and Strelan (2014)

Based on recalculations of effect size (Cohen's d) and confidence intervals around these estimates (ES&CI), Palmer and Strelan (P&S; forthcoming) re-interpret some of the findings from our 2011 Journal of Business Research article (Dutta and Pullig 2011). In response, we critique two aspects of P&S's conclusions, the use of ES&CI in a dichotomous nature and the assumed superiority of the ES&CI approach. In addition, we discuss the implications of the ES&CI results for the substantive domain of our research and findings. Specifically, the ES&CI results do not “overturn” our conclusions, but indicate that for two variables our results should be considered tentative while for two variables the ES&CI approach leads to similar conclusions. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the larger debate between reporting traditional null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST), ES&CI, or both in behavioral research in marketing and business-related disciplines.

The sociology of global climate change

Sociological research on global climate change (GCC) can be found in several subfields, but it has primarily emerged within the theoretical and substantive domain of sociology of the environment. This review provides an overview of sociological literature on climate change and identifies key areas for further research and development. The review focuses on four broad areas: social causes, construction of the problem, relationship between GCC and social inequality, and social dimensions of mitigation and adaptation. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:129–150. doi: 10.1002/wcc.328This article is categorized under: Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Sociology/Anthropology of Climate Knowledge

The value of sociality

Purpose – This paper aims to study the value of sociality. Recent experimental evidence has brought to light that the assumptions of the Prospect Theory by Kahneman and Tversky do not hold in the proposed substantive domain of “sociality”. In particular, the desire to be a part of the social environment, i.e. the environment where individuals make decisions among their peers, is not contingent on the framing. Evolutionary psychologists suggest that humans are “social animals” for adaptive reasons. However, entering a social relationship is inherently risky. Therefore, it is extremely important to know how much people value “sociality”, when the social outcomes are valued more than material outcomes and what kinds of adaptations people use. Design/methodology/approach – We develop a new theory and propose the general utility function that features “sociality” component. We test the theory in the laboratory experiments carried out in several countries. Findings – Our results suggest that when stakes are low the theory of “sociality” is successful in predicting individual decisions: on average, people do value “sociality” and it surpasses the monetary loss. Originality/value – The main contribution of this paper is the breakdown of the risk attitudes under low stakes and individual level of decision-making. Another advancement is the ability to formalize the social utility or the theory of “sociality” in an economic model; we use general utility function that we define both on the outcomes and on the process of the decision-making itself and test in laboratory studies.

A Social Withdrawal Component in Schutz’s FIRO Model of Interpersonal Personality: Social Engagement, Control and Social Withdrawal

Recent structural analyses of the widely used FIRO-B interpersonal personality measure identify a two dimensional model (Control and Social-Affect) rather than Schutz’s three dimensions of Control, Openness and Inclusion. The present study re-examined the FIRO model across the 54 individual items as reported by 89 adults. The results support a modified FIRO model of interpersonal personality in which Inclusion and Openness are part of the same substantive domain (Social Engagement), distinct from Control, but reflect different Generative and Accepted Modes of interaction. Importantly, however the analysis (SSA-I) reveals a subset of Schutz’s original Openness items that capture a third substantive component of the interpersonal domain, Social Withdrawal. This negative interpersonal tendency has not been identified previously within the FIRO or other interpersonal personality models.

Distinctive Preferences Toward Risk in the Substantive Domain of Sociality*

As with standard models of rationality, theorists generally treat prospect theory's demonstration of risk aversion in gains but risk tolerance in losses as domain‐general. Yet evolutionary psychology suggests that natural selection has designed a domain specific cognitive architecture—with systems specialized for some substantive domains but not others. Here we address risky choices through that lens asking whether humans' risk responses dispose them to enter social relationships even when doing so is counter to normative rationality and regardless of whether the “enter” versus “not enter” choice is framed as between gains and losses. Laboratory findings in five sites across three countries provide a positive answer to both possibilities. Participants could enter or not enter inherently risky social relationships. They were more willing to enter such relationships than rational choice models would predict and were equally so willing regardless of whether equivalent alternatives were framed as gains and as losses. With the “social context” extracted in otherwise identical games, participants' risk responses were consistent with prospect theory. The present findings suggest the possibility of adaptations designed to facilitate sociality—despite its risks and how those risks are framed.

Targeting Social Messages with Emotions of Change: The Call for Optimism

With the goal to improve the effectiveness and impact of communication messages delivered by social marketers, this research focuses on understanding variables that may be relevant in developing effective social marketing messages for the substantive domain of disposable plastic bottled water consumption. The authors examine the affective states associated with different stages of consumer change related to wasteful repetitive consumption behavior (i.e., disposable plastic bottled water consumption). With two empirical studies, the authors identify guilt, hope, pride, and optimism as relevant triggers of increased intent to manage personal consumption in pursuit of a desirable social outcome (i.e., reduction of disposable plastic bottled water consumption). While guilt, hope, and pride are relevant self-referential emotions to initial stages of change (Study 1), optimism is a principal construct in motivating people to adopt and maintain the behavior over time (Study 2). These results have valuable theoretical and practical implications for social marketers and public policy makers.