Subsequent Revival Research Articles

Collapse and Revivals of the Photon Field in a Landau-Zener Process

We consider the evolution of a two-level system coupled to a photon field initially in a coherent state, as the energy of the two-level system is linearly varied through resonance with the photon field. At a fixed time after the resonance, the amplitude of the photon field is found to show a collapse and subsequent revivals as a function of rate of energy variation. Including decay of the photon field, we find that the observation of such collapse and revivals is near the technological limit of current cavity QED experiments but should be achievable.

Time-resolved measurements with intense ultrashort laser pulses: a 'molecular movie' in real time

We report on the high-resolution multidimensional real-time mapping of H2+ and D2+ nuclear wave packets performed employing time-resolved three-dimensional Coulomb explosion imaging with intense laser pulses. Exploiting a combination of a "reaction microscope" spectrometer and a pump-probe setup with two intense 6-7 fs laser pulses, we simultaneously visualize both vibrational and rotational motion of the molecule, and obtain a sequence of snapshots of the squared ro-vibrational wave function with time-step resolution of ~ 0.3 fs, allowing us to reconstruct a real-time movie of the ultrafast molecular motion. We observe fast dephasing, or 'collapse' of the vibrational wave packet and its subsequent revival, as well as signatures of rotational excitation. For D2+ we resolve also the fractional revivals resulting from the interference between the counter-propagating parts of the wave packet.

Central Asia after fifteen years of transition: Growth, regional cooperation, and policy choices

This paper presents a coherent and systematic analysis of the collapse and subsequent revival of the Central Asian republics since 1990. The focus is on the pattern of growth and structural changes during the cycle of decline and subsequent revival in the Central Asian republics, which have yet to be adequately analysed in the literature on transition. The paper relates economic performance to initial conditions, country characteristics and policies. Within this framework, it proposes a simple typology of policies (including a new “type III” set of policies on regional cooperation and industrial competitiveness) and relates them to the cycle of decline and revival. It goes on to examine the medium-term prospects for and policy needs of the Central Asian republics.

'Bonnie Sweet Recorder': some issues arising from Arnold Dolmetsch's early English recorder performances

The work of Arnold Dolmetsch (1858–1940) with the recorder was crucial to the subsequent mass revival of the instrument in England. This article discusses in particular two newly discovered recorder programmes of his, dated 1900; it examines the significance of these and some of his later programmes in terms of overall instrumentation and repertory, and questions some long-held beliefs about the nature of Dolmetsch's work with the recorder. The instrument's renaissance in England is placed within its broader musical and cultural context. From the late Victorian era the recorder developed alongside and sometimes in conjunction with the revival of Shakespeare's plays; there was a clear relationship between the attempts to understand and re-create the English musical successes of the 16th and 17th centuries and the efforts made by the establishment to rejuvenate the nation's culture in terms of new composition. Using Dolmetsch's recorder programmes as a starting-point, it is suggested that the chief figures of the English musical renaissance were more conscious of and indebted to the contemporaneous revival of early music than has hitherto been acknowledged.

Spatiotemporal Imaging of Ultrafast Molecular Motion: Collapse and Revival of theD2+Nuclear Wave Packet

We report on a real-time imaging of the ultrafast D(+)2 rovibrational nuclear wave-packet motion performed using a combination of a pump-probe setup with 7 fs laser pulses and a "reaction-microscope" spectrometer. We observe fast dephasing (collapse) of the vibrational wave packet and its subsequent revival and prove rotational excitation in ultrashort laser pulses. Channel-selective Fourier analysis of the wave packet's long-term (approximately 3000 fs) evolution allows us to resolve its individual constituents, revealing unique information on the mechanisms of strong-field ionization and dissociation.

Real-time observation of vibrational revival in the fastest molecular system

After preparing a coherent vibrational wave packet in the hydrogen molecular ion by ionizing neutral H 2 molecules with a 6.5 fs, 760 nm laser pulse at 3 × 10 14 W/cm 2, we map its spatio-temporal evolution by the fragmentation induced with a second 6.5 fs laser pulse of doubled intensity. In this proof-of-principle experiment, we visualize the oscillations of this most fundamental molecular system, observe a dephasing of the vibrational wave packet and its subsequent revival. Whereas the experimental data exhibit an overall qualitative agreement with the results of a simple numerical simulation, noticeable discrepancy is found in the characteristic revival time. The most likely reasons for this disagreement originate from the simplifications used in the theoretical model, which assumes a Franck–Condon transition induced by the pump pulse with subsequent field-free propagation of the H 2 + vibrational wave packet, and neglects the influence of the rotational motion.

When Blanche Met Brando: The Scandalous Story of “A Streetcar Named Desire”

Sam Staggs's When Blanche Met Brando may not be the most scholarly commentary on Tennessee Williams, but it is certainly informative. Aiming “to synthesize, as no previous writer has, the first-hand accounts of those who were there” (xii) for both the 1947 Broadway premiere of A Streetcar Named Desire and its 1951 film, as well as subsequent revivals, Staggs succeeds at revealing the gulf between myth and fact, between play and production. By illuminating its twisted path of accidents from genesis to premiere to “classic,” Staggs reminds us that Streetcar by no means was destined to take on the form in which we now know it.

Back to the Barriers? Changing Narratives in Biodiversity Conservation

The dominant approach to conservation in the 20th century was the establishment of protected areas from which people were excluded. However, in the 1980s, decentralised, community-based approaches to biodiversity conservation and natural resource management began to spread rapidly, especially in southern Africa. From the early 1990s, there has been a growing divide between proponents of community-based approaches to conservation (particularly community-based natural resource management, CBNRM) and those advocating a return to more traditional preservationist approaches to biodiversity conservation. Here we examine the growth of the community narrative and the subsequent revival of what we call the ‘back to the barriers’ movement. We discuss the importance of various actors and sets of policy ideas to this revival in Africa. Changes in narratives have had profound impacts upon conservation and natural resource management, livelihood strategies and political processes. We suggest that policy debate needs to become less formulaic if outcomes are to be positive.

Endogenous technical advance and the stochastic trend in output: A neoclassical approach

In the recent endogenous growth literature, the trend in output is stochastic, while investment in scientific knowledge is treated as analogous to a capital stock. This paper models both research and development (R&D) and disembodied technical advance using neo-classical equations, which specify the equilibrium stocks as a function of prices and output. The elasticity of R&D in the production function, estimated using factor shares, is time-varying and increasing. Returns to scale are increasing in all factors. The most important aspect of the model is that the equilibrium rate of technical advance is not cyclically invariant, but co-moves with output at business cycle frequencies. This allows the production function to behave as a stochastic trend. Growth accounting demonstrates that long-term variations in the rate of productivity growth have been associated mainly with low-frequency fluctuations in the rate of disembodied technical advance, with secondary effects from the stocks of R&D and physical capital. During the high productivity period 1948–1972, technical advance contributed 1.48 percentage points per year to output, with 0.98 accounted for by R&D. The productivity slowdown of the mid-1970s was accounted by a gradual decline in the effect of R&D, and a more abrupt collapse in disembodied technology. The subsequent productivity revival was associated with two accelerations in disembodied technical advance, the first beginning in the early 1980s, and the second in the mid-1990s. The production function is simulated in a small econometric model. Model simulations find that exogenous shocks to the inflation rate generate significant variations in growth by inducing fluctuations in disembodied technology.

Film Style and Fascism: Julius Caesar

In studio publicity, trade papers, reviews, articles, and educational materials, Joseph L. Mankiewiczs Julius Caesar (1953) was described and accepted as a faithful and mostly pleasing adaptation of Shakespearean drama to the Hollywood screen. As Variety accurately predicted, it achieved four Oscar nominations, one award for art direction and set decoration, high grosses, a hit soundtrack album, and several subsequent revivals. With the content more or less given, contemporary discussion focussed closely on how the verbal had been visualised, on how theatre had been turned into cinema – in short, on the film‘s style. It is with contemporary and subsequent readings of the film‘s style that this article is concerned, where, following David Bordwell, style is taken to mean ‘a films systematic and significant use of techniques of the medium’. But whereas Bordwell analyses film style directly in terms of an aesthetic history he considers to be distinct from the history of the film industry, its technology, or a films relation to society, I explore interpretations of one film‘s style that are heavily invested with socio-political meaning. If, in Bordwell‘s organic metaphor, style is the flesh of film, these readings of style explicitly dress that flesh in socio-political clothing. This analysis of Julius Caesar, then, is not another contribution to debates about adaptation, theatre on film, or Shakespeare on screen, but about the politics of film style.

Variability in sensitivity to arsenite does not correlate with arsenic accumulation rate in normal human lymphoblasts.

Arsenic is a common environmental contaminant of our air, water and food, but not every individual who drinks arsenic-contaminated water shows clinical signs of toxicity. Large inter-individual variations are also found in arsenite-induced aneuploidy, chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral blood lymphocytes from different human donors. Lymphoblasts are virally immortalized lymphocytes that retain most of the properties of lymphocytes. Individual lymphoblast cell lines retained their arsenite sensitivity after cryopreservation and subsequent revival. We measured the accumulation of 73[As]-arsenite into lymphoblast lines derived from 11 normal individuals. Arsenite accumulation rate varied 6.3 fold between the slowest and the fastest subjects. Assays in 14 lymphoblast lines showed variability to the toxic effects of arsenite, as measured by growth inhibition. Lymphoblast lines also vary with regard to their growth rates, but there is no relationship between growth rate and arsenite sensitivity. Surprisingly, we also found no correlation between arsenite accumulation rate and cellular sensitivity to growth inhibition, suggesting that the arsenite accumulation rate may not be the main determinant of cellular sensitivity to arsenic. We were also unable to detect evidence for a human homolog for the yeast arsenite efflux gene ACR3, using RT-PCR.

The trade-off between breaking of dormancy of caryopses and revival ability of young seedlings of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum)

The relationship between breaking of dormancy of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) caryopses and revival ability of young seedlings from a long period of desiccation was studied using barley caryopses stored for 2 years at 5°C and freshly harvested caryopses from a semiarid population in Israel. The 2 years of storage at 5°C significantly enhanced the germination percentages, but dramatically decreased the revival ability of the young seedlings from drought stress. There was a negative correlation between the breaking of dormancy of caryopses and revival ability. There were no significant changes in the effects of storage at a high temperature for periods longer than 5 days. The earlier germination occurred, the higher the revival ability of young seedlings from drought. The results suggest that breaking of dormancy might be at the expense of lowering the subsequent revival ability of young seedlings. The general premise is that a trade-off is expected between dormancy release of caryopses and revival ability of seedlings from drought stress, and that a treatment that aims at breaking dormancy must reach some compromise that optimizes the balance between the two traits based on the specific circumstances.Key words: dormancy breaking, caryopses, revival ability, seedlings, Hordeum spontaneum, wild barley.

After the Deluge: Regional Crises and Political Consolidation in Russia by Daniel S. s> Treisman (review)

REVIEWS 779 Treisman, Daniel S. AftertheDeluge.Regional Crises andPoliticalConsolidation in Russia.Universityof Michigan Press,Ann Arbor,MI, 200I. Xii+ 262 pp. Figures.Tables.Notes. Bibliography.Appendices.Index. $2 I.95: ,I 5.50 (paperback). WHAT was obviously an impressive PhD thesis has been transformedinto a quite successfulmonograph and perhaps something more. It addressessome interesting and important issues: namely, why did the Russian Federation, afterthe cataclysmiccollapseof the SovietUnion alongethnic-territoriallines, manage to hold togetherthroughthe stressesof radicaleconomic andpolitical reform? In its ethno-territorial subdivisions and the great diversity and territorialdispersion of its eighty-nine component units, it seemed to mirror its Soviet predecessor, yet President Yeltsin succeeded in avoiding the fragmentationthat many had predictedin the early Iggos. By a clever tour deforce of multiple and logistic regressionanalysis,as well as some judicious qualitative commentaries, Treisman dismisses (rather too facilelyat times)a number of common-sensicalexplanatoryhypothesesfor an alternative explanatory factor which he calls 'selective fiscal appeasement'; that is, buying off the potential secessionistforces by targeted fiscal rewards. What makes the findings especially interesting is that Yeltsin directed the meagre fiscal and other financial enticements not at the most loyal regional leaders but at those most demonstrativelythreatening to secede or otherwise to ignore the requirementsof federal integrity.In short, the author confirms the validityin the chaotic conditions of post-Soviet Russiaof the old Politics I principle that 'the squeakywheel gets the grease'. Yeltsin'sproblem was that therewas not enough 'grease'to go around,so it had to be carefullyrationed. Treisman arguesthat Yeltsin'sflexibilityand bargainingskillin buying the compliance and quiescence of the dissidentrepublicand provincialleadersat a time when the Russian military and police forces were too weak and disorganizedto mount a more assertivedefence of the Federationwere what really held the country together until the economic and political reformshad a chance to establishand institutionalizethemselvesand the organsof law and order were brought up to speed. By the mid-iggos, the great majorityof the regional leaders were convinced (especially after the showdown with parliament in September I993) of the inutilityof antagonizingthe centre. The author is a bit discomfitedby the special case of DjokharDudaev and his fight for the independence of Chechnya. For Dudaev, who had enjoyed the benefits of Yeltsin's largesse since i 99I, the payoff from independence evidentlylooked considerablybetterthanfrom'fiscalappeasement'.Treisman thinks the war in Chechnya was a mistake on Yeltsin'spart a failure of imagination, so to speak. However, subsequent events suggest that from the standpointof Russianleaderslookingto keepthe RussianFederationtogether, therewas no acceptable alternative. This lastpoint raisesa seriousproblem of the book. It was ostensiblysigned off for publication no later than the firsthalf of I998 before the economic collapse of I7 August that year, the subsequent revival of the economy, the advent of Yeltsin'schosen successor,VladimirPutin, and the beginning of the second war in Chechnya. That is, the publication process took three years, 780 SEER, 8o, 4, 2002 during which the Russian Federationbecame quite a differentcountry, with different domestic and foreign policy parameters to those analysed by Treisman.That is certainlynot his faultbut thepublisher's. There are otherproblemswith the book and its often obtrusivereliance on statistical techniques. Treisman uses these to argue that Russia's new democratic electoral norms have become a major factor in compelling regionalleadersto accept 'fiscalappeasement'fromMoscow: that is, pressure for compliance comes from below. Most of the anecdotal evidence suggests, however, thatit is the local leaderswho are able to manipulatepublicopinion, primarilythroughtheircontrol of the local media as well as the distributionof financial benefits, rather than acting as 'dependent variables'. By the use of content analysis of the regional press, Treisman might have been able to designregressionequationsto testthisflow of influence.In general,he ignores the role of the media and the use of 'hired PR guns' to influence political behaviour, for example in the remarkable turnabout in Yeltsin's electoral fortunesin I996. Chapter six representsan admirable effortto apply the lessons of Russia's success in holding together to explain the failure of integrative attempts in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and the USSR, the other major examples of multi-ethnic federations. He concludes, quite rightly, that there was little potential for 'selectivefiscalappeasement'in these cases. In the firstand third cases the ethnic centrifugal forces were considerably stronger than in the Russian case (ethnic Russian accounting for more than...

Interactions between neighbour environments and drought resistance

The effects of neighbours on drought resistance were tested for two perennial bunchgrasses that co-occur throughout a small-scale productivity gradient in a desert grassland in New Mexico. Seedlings of the relatively mesicSporobolus airoides and the relatively xeric Scleropogon brevifolius were grown alone and in intra- and interspecific pairs for 45 days after which they were left unwatered. Time to shoot death and subsequent revival success were monitored. Regardless of treatment, Scleropogon brevifolius was smaller at the end of the pre-drought period, survived longer into a drought and was more likely to revive after apparent above-ground death. Interspecific (but not intraspecific) neighbours strongly influenced relative biomass allocation to roots. It is concluded that the lack of effects of neighbours on total growth does not necessarily indicate that neighbours do not affect fitness by triggering morphological shifts. The study demonstrates the need both for incorporation of competition into studies of the physiology of drought resistance and plasticity and their possible implications in plant competition and community organization.

Phase Structures in the Micromaser Photon Statistics

Abstract In the photon number distribution p(θ,k) of the micromaser, distinct structures are formed by the ridges connecting the peaks in the θ-k space. We refer to these structures as phases. By a simple condition we can distinguish between "semiclassical" and "quantum" regimes of operation near and far above threshold, respectively. In the semiclassical regime, the equations of state of the phases θ= θ(k) are monotonous and coincide with the steady state solutions of the semiclassical theory. They reflect typical features of the micromaser dynamics. The transition jumps, e. g., between the phases decrease with increasing pumping parameter θ, signifying the onset of the Jaynes-Cummings collapse. On increasing 9 further, the phases first disintegrate and then restructure into new kinds of phases in the quantum regime. The equations of state are no longer monotonous. Large single peaks, the quantum island states (QIS), develop in the neighborhoods of minima. The system undergoes oscillations between two kinds of quantum island states, QIS- and QIS+ , as a function of θ. The disintegration and transformation of phases recur periodically as θ is varied, and the phases in the semiclassical region are followed by consecutive phase structures in the quantum regime. The subsequent collapses and revivals of phases are directly connected to the Jaynes-Cummings collapse and revival. The observation of these phase structures and the accompanying QIS is experimentally feasible.

Cool Britannia? ‘In-Yer-Face’ Writing in the British Theatre Today

The appearance of a succession of controversial and attention-catching new plays on the British stage in the 'nineties has led to considerable public discussion – and not a little ostensible outrage. In ‘an interim report’, Aleks Sierz examines the rash of plays about sex, drugs, and violence – notably Trainspotting, Blasted, Mojo, and Shopping and Fucking – by twenty-something authors, and asks whether they have anything in common beyond a flamboyant theatricality and the desire to shock. After showing how Cool Britannia's manifestation on the national stage has provoked arguments for and against this ‘in-yer-face’ drama, he outlines some of the common themes – such as the crisis of masculinity and the postmodern sensibility – that characterize much contemporary new writing. He argues that while these young writers are certainly gifted and mature, only subsequent theatrical revivals of their work will show whether it has anything lasting to say. Aleks Sierz is theatre critic for Tribune, and currently writing a book about ‘in-yer-face’ drama.

John Philip Sousa's El Capitan: Political Appropriation and the Spanish-American War

Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain! These words, which rang throughout the United States during the spring of 1898, reflected the brash mood of a nation on the threshold of global power. Eager to flex its muscle around the world, the United States was especially inclined to view Latin America as a training ground for the principles of Manifest Destiny. To entrepreneurs, the region promised natural resources and cheap labor, to politicians, potential spheres of influence, and to adventure-seeking expansionists, territories to conquer. The propagandistic yellow press influenced decisions made in Washington; indeed, strident jingoism was a major influence in the decision to go to war with Spain over Cuba in 1898. This splendid little war, as the U.S. ambassador to England described it to Teddy Roosevelt, resulted in the forcible and permanent removal of Spanish authority from the hemisphere.' Accompanying the United States' ascent to global power was John Philip Sousa's march Capitan, taken from his 1896 operetta of the same name.2 The operetta, a buffa portrayal of Spanish administration in colonial Peru, was an instant hit, Sousa's first in the theatrical realm.3 El Capitan enjoyed a New York run of 112 performances, followed by a coast-to-coast tour. With subsequent New York revivals in 1897 (when it played throughout the summer in Coney Island)

Variation in arsenic-induced sister chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes and lymphoblastoid cell lines

This study was undertaken to compare the genotoxic effects of arsenite in cultured human lymphocytes and lymphoblastoid cell lines from a group of normal human volunteers. The goal was to determine whether, as found with other genotoxins, subgroups might exist which showed relative high or low sensitivity to induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) by this metal. Primary lymphoblast cultures were established by treatment with phytohemagglutinin (PHA-L). Lymphoblastoid cell lines were established by transformation with Epstein-Barr virus. Cultures were exposed for 40 h to sodium arsenite (AsIII) and SCEs assayed by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation and staining by fluorescence plus Giemsa. SCEs were increased by arsenite in a dose-dependent manner over the concentration range of 10(-7)-10(-5) M. SCEs could not be scored above 10(-5) M because of cytotoxicity. Comparison of SCE frequency in primary lymphocyte cultures among individuals showed substantial variation in sensitivity to arsenite, with some showing no significant effect while others showed a 2-3-fold increase in SCE frequency. In one lymphoblastoid cell line especially sensitive to arsenite, arsenic acid (AsV) or dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) at concentrations up to 10(-5) M did not increase the SCE frequency suggesting that AsIII is the active form of arsenic. When pooled data from the primary lymphocytes was compared to that obtained with the lymphoblastoid cells, the slopes of the dose-response curves for ASIII-induced SCEs were similar. The sensitivity of the majority of the individual primary lymphocyte cultures to SCE induction by arsenite was correlated with the sensitivity of the lymphoblastoid cultures established from the same individual. However, in three individuals no correlation was found. Individual lymphoblastoid cell lines retained their As sensitivity after cryopreservation and subsequent revival. Whether the genotoxic response to As is genetically controlled or the result of phenotypic selection is being explored in these stable lymphoblastoid cell lines.

The Rural Sub-regions of the East-Province in the recent historical Dynamics of Zaïre: from 1960 to 1985 (the Case of the Bas-Ulélé)

This study takes the Sub-Region of the Bas-Ulélé as an example of the recent history of the rural areas in Zaire. It gives a description from an insider's point of view based on local research, results in a testimony relating the complete deterioration of rural potentialities in Zaire. The article describes how in the first years after independence, the rich natural resources and the colonial infrastructure brought prosperous development. From 1964 to 1966, however, the Simba-rebellion ravaged the area, destroying a great deal of the infrastructure and caused large-scale massacres among the local population. After the crushing of the rebellion, the subsequent revival was quickly halted by constant bureaucratic hindrances and interference from Mobutu's MPR. "Zairisation " led to further deterioration of the economic infrastructure. From 1980 on, the Sub-Region was neglected more and more by the central government and even by its elected representatives. Finally, the liberalising of gold- prospecting withdrew farmers, schoolchildren and teachers form their normal activities leading only to more misery in the area.KEY WORDS: Development, Local Administration, Politics, Zaire

Les Sous-Regions Rurales de la Province Orientale Dans la Dynamique de L’histoire Recente du Zaire: De 1960 à 1985 (Cas Du Bas-Uélé)

The Rural Sub-Regions of the East-Province in the Recent Historical Dynamics of Zaïre: from 1960 to 1985 (The Case of the Bas-Uélé) This study takes the Sub-Region of the Bas-Ulélé as an example of the recent history of the rural areas in Zaire. It gives a description from an insider’s point of view based on local research, results in a testimony relating the complete deterioration of rural potentialities in Zaire. The article describes how in the first years after independence, the rich natural resources and the colonial infrastructure brought prosperous development. From 1964 to 1966, however, the Simba-rebellion ravaged the area, destroying a great deal of the infrastructure and caused large-scale massacres among the local population. After the crushing of the rebellion, the subsequent revival was quickly halted by constant bureaucratic hindrances and interference from Mobutu’s MPR. “Zairisation” led to farther deterioration of the economic infrastructure. From 1980 on, the Sub-Region was neglected more and more by the central government and even by its elected representatives. Finally, the liberalising of gold-prospecting withdrew farmers, schoolchildren and teachers form their normal activities leading only to more misery in the area.