Subsequent Consumption Research Articles

Spicing up oak forest restoration: a preliminary report of the protective use of chili peppers in direct seeding of acorns

Direct sowing of acorns is a technique for oak forest restoration, however, high seed predation by mammals can occur and cost‐effective alternatives to protect acorns are therefore required. The present study evaluated the protection provided by chili peppers (Capsicum annuum and Capsicum pubescens) to acorns of Quercus germana, an endangered endemic oak tree of the cloud forests. Greenhouse and field experiments were established to evaluate the effect of chili peppers on acorn removal, germination, and seedling emergence. These processes were related to the prevalent microhabitat characteristics where the acorns were introduced, and the fauna that consumed chili peppers and acorns was identified using camera traps. In the greenhouse trial, more seedlings emerged from acorns covered by fruits of C. pubescens (65.71 ± 8.14) and C. annuum (57.14 ± 8.49%) compared to unprotected acorns (31.43 ± 7.96%). Contrary to expectation, acorn removal in the field was greater using C. pubescens than the unprotected acorns, particularly in microsites with lower tree cover and higher grass dominance. Acorn removal was similar among chili pepper treatments. These results are explained by the camera trap records, which showed bird species consuming Capsicum fruits, thus exposing the acorns to subsequent removal and/or consumption by rodents. The studied Capsicum fruits had no negative effect on acorn germination and seedling emergence under greenhouse conditions, and future practices could, therefore, involve the use of different techniques to prevent the discovery of chili peppers by birds; for example, using green chili peppers for camouflage, or hiding them under litter or herbaceous vegetation.

Effects of typhoons on primary production and dissolved oxygen in the East China Sea

Previous investigations confirm that typhoons deliver both dissolved oxygen and nutrient sources via promoting vertical/lateral exchanges between water masses. The former one replenishes oxygen for the bottom water and prevents persistent oxygen depletion, while the latter one facilitates primary production and subsequent subsurface oxygen consumption. However, it is left unknown if typhoons ultimately result in net gain or loss of dissolved oxygen during the passage. Tropical cyclone information, satellite observations, and numerical simulations were used to investigate the response of primary production and dissolved oxygen dynamics to typhoons. Results imply that both typhoon intensity, and distance between typhoon track and the Changjiang estuary control the magnitude of responses in primary production, air-sea oxygen flux, advection-induced oxygen variation, and oxygen consumption variation. The model-based oxygen budget analysis indicated that oxygen content increased after the passage of all typhoons occurred between 2011-2020. The findings in this study suggest that typhoons ultimately result in net gain of oxygen. The increased strength and frequency of typhoon in the warming future would play an important role in counteracting deoxygenation, which is likely to slow down the pace of deterioration of the seasonal hypoxia in this region.

Early Drinking Onset and Subsequent Alcohol Use in Late Adolescence: a Longitudinal Study of Drinking Patterns

PurposeThe age of drinking onset is a central concept for both policy and prevention of alcohol-related harm, yet evidence on the predictive value of the age of onset is lacking. This study compares alcohol outcomes of adolescents who started to drink early with those who started later, and tests if associations are moderated by other explanatory factors. MethodsData from a two-wave longitudinal prospective cohort survey with a Swedish nationwide sample of 4,018 adolescents aged 15/16 years at baseline (T1) and 17/18 years at follow-up (T2) were used. Outcome variables at T2 were Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)–C, risky drinking, and binge drinking monthly or more often. A vast number of explanatory factors at T1 were controlled for. ResultsEarly drinking onset predicted later higher AUDIT-C scores (β = 0.57, p value < .001), and higher probability of risky drinking (odds ratio = 1.95, 95% confidence interval = 1.56–2.44), and binge drinking (odds ratio = 1.38, confidence interval = 1.06–1.81), controlled for other explanatory factors. If binge drinking frequency at T1 was included, the associations remained for AUDIT-C and risky drinking, but not for binge drinking at T2. No significant interactions between early drinking onset and the explanatory factors were found. DiscussionEarly drinking onset predicts subsequent higher alcohol consumption in late adolescence. Adolescents who had an early drinking onset drank more after 2 years than their peers who started later. The age of drinking onset is an independent predictor of alcohol use outcomes, beyond the effect of age of binge drinking onset.

Influence of Liner Surface with Parameterized Pit Texture on the Friction Characteristics of Piston Rings

The arrangement of a pit-shaped surface texture on the surface of a cylinder liner significantly affects reductions in piston ring friction, and the influence of the structural parameters and spatial distribution on piston ring friction power consumption is unclear. In this paper, the diameter, depth, axial spacing distance, and radial spacing distance of the pits on the inner surface of a cylinder liner were used as variable parameters to process the surface textures of different schemes, and then a friction and wear test was carried out on UMT piston ring–cylinder liner specimens, several texture schemes with the best anti-friction effect were selected, an engine bench test was carried out by comparing these texture schemes with non-texture schemes, and the frictional torque and fuel consumption of the engine were studied at different oil temperatures. The results show that the depth of the pits in the surface texture of a cylinder liner has a greater influence on the friction reduction effect, followed by the radius. The higher the oil temperature in the engine bench test, the greater the impact of the surface texture. The reduction in fuel consumption was greater in the lower-speed region after structuring the textured cylinder liner compared to the non-textured cylinder liner. Specifically, the friction coefficient was mainly affected by the depth of the pits, and the depths of the pits in the texture schemes with good friction reduction effect were all 17–19 μm. The best friction reduction could be achieved when the pit radius is around 50 μm, with little difference in pit depth. When the oil temperature was 95 °C, the average drag torque reduction was about 1.69 Nm; when the oil temperature was 105 °C, the decrease was about 2.54 Nm; and when the oil temperature was 105 °C, the decrease was about 4.53 Nm. After adding the surface texture of the cylinder liner, the fuel consumption rate of the engine equipped with the structured cylinder liner was generally reduced compared with that of the original cylinder liner engine. Among them, the average and subsequent consumption rate of surface assembly scheme 11 decreased the most, with a value of 1.3 g/kwh.

Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth of GaN/InGaN Heterostructures under In‐Bilayer Stabilized Conditions

Molecular beam epitaxy is applied for the GaN/InGaN growth under In‐bilayer stabilized conditions, which require substrate temperatures above 580 °C for sufficient indium desorption. Under these conditions the indium content is limited to , as determined by a novel reflection high energy electron diffraction technique, which is based on indium adsorption and subsequent consumption at varying gallium flux. As‐grown structures show degraded surfaces after indium desorption. This effect is eliminated by applying excess gallium before and after InGaN growth, which results in morphologies and dislocation densities comparable to GaN/AlGaN structures.

Control of feeding by a bottom-up midbrain-subthalamic pathway

Investigative exploration and foraging leading to food consumption have vital importance, but are not well-understood. Since GABAergic inputs to the lateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (l/vlPAG) control such behaviors, we dissected the role of vgat-expressing GABAergic l/vlPAG cells in exploration, foraging and hunting. Here, we show that in mice vgat l/vlPAG cells encode approach to food and consumption of both live prey and non-prey foods. The activity of these cells is necessary and sufficient for inducing food-seeking leading to subsequent consumption. Activation of vgat l/vlPAG cells produces exploratory foraging and compulsive eating without altering defensive behaviors. Moreover, l/vlPAG vgat cells are bidirectionally interconnected to several feeding, exploration and investigation nodes, including the zona incerta. Remarkably, the vgat l/vlPAG projection to the zona incerta bidirectionally controls approach towards food leading to consumption. These data indicate the PAG is not only a final downstream target of top-down exploration and foraging-related inputs, but that it also influences these behaviors through a bottom-up pathway.

A Noniterative Supervised On-Chip Training Circuitry for Reservoir Computing Systems.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) is an exponentially growing field, mainly because of its wide range of applications to everyday life such as pattern recognition or time series forecasting. In particular, reservoir computing (RC) arises as an optimal computational framework suited for temporal/sequential data analysis. The direct on-silicon implementation of RCs may help to minimize power and maximize processing speed, that is especially relevant in edge intelligence applications where energy storage is considerably restricted. Nevertheless, most of the RC hardware solutions present in the literature perform the training process off-chip at the server level, thus increasing processing time and overall power dissipation. Some studies integrate both learning and inference on the same chip, although these works are normally oriented to implement unsupervised learning (UL) [with a lower expected accuracy than supervised learning (SL)], or propose iterative solutions (with a subsequent higher power consumption). Therefore, the integration of RC systems including both inference and a fast noniterative SL method is still an incipient field. In this article, we propose a noniterative SL methodology for RC systems that can be implemented on hardware either sequentially or fully parallel. The proposal presents a considerable advantage in terms of energy efficiency (EE) and processing speed if compared to traditional off-chip methods. In order to prove the validity of the model, a cyclic echo state NN with on-chip learning capabilities for time series prediction has been implemented and tested in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Also, a low-cost audio processing method is proposed that may be used to optimize the sound preprocessing steps.

Sponsored Product-Based Competition and Customer Engagement: A Study of an Esports Competition in the Video Game Industry

The sponsorship of sports or entertainment events is a long-established marketing promotion technique. The goals of sponsoring these events are to generate exposure and to transfer brand equity. A more assertive type of sponsored competition is when the competition is built around the products and brands of the sponsoring firm. The number of firms using sponsored product-based competitions (SPCs) is rising. Firms invest in these competitions to create content that highlights the capabilities of their products and build committed fan bases. However, evaluating the economic value of this type of sponsorship activity is challenging due to the absence of a direct link between event viewing and subsequent product consumption. We present an empirical approach to investigate the impacts of SPC on customer engagement using esports viewing and video game consumption data. We find that sponsored competitions provide firms with substantial benefits. Specifically, the results suggest that viewing an SPC event (i.e., esports competition) reduces consumers’ time between game plays by 3.2% (i.e., increased visit frequency), increases per-visit duration by 3.5%, and boosts the paid content purchase rate by 26%. These findings are corroborated using an alternate dataset from a second esports event from the game publisher. We find that the effect of an SPC event viewing is a nonlinear function of consumer expertise and is more pronounced among customers less familiar with the video game product category. In a supplementary analysis, we also identify an educational role of SPC that may explain the observed incremental consumption. The analyses reveal that esports audiences tend to choose frequently featured game characters with superior performance during the event. In addition, we find that when event viewers play the game with these characters, their performance improves. The results have substantial implications for event sponsorship management and follow-up product promotions.

Understanding nitrogen dynamics in the Brazilian beef industry: A comprehensive decadal analysis

Brazil stands as a prominent beef producer and exporter, witnessing major transformations and expansions in its production chain over the past 20 years. These changes have prompted concerns regarding waste generation and environmental pressure. This study employs material flow analysis (MFA) to quantify nitrogen flows throughout the cattle slaughter process and subsequent beef consumption in Brazil, spanning from 2011 to 2021. The analysis encompasses co-production streams like leather, tallow, viscera, and blood. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and the nitrogen cascade indicator (NCI) were used to evaluate efficiency and nitrogen accumulation in the production chain. Nitrogen inputs in the system increased by 8.47 %, while beef production rose by 7.29 %. In contrast, per capita beef consumption decreased by 1.29 kg, despite an overall consumption increase of 2.84 %, attributed to population growth in Brazil. Beef exports witnessed a notable surge of 86.03 %. Conversely, human excreta and food waste losses experienced increments of 10.88 % and 2.84 %, respectively. Examining NUE reveals the highest values during the slaughter phase (90 %), followed by processing, transportation, and storage stages (79–88 %). The consumption phase exhibited the lowest NUE values (29–34 %). Regarding the cumulative nitrogen effect, the NCI varied between 77 % and 82 % throughout the study period. This highlights opportunities for enhancing nitrogen use efficiency, particularly by addressing food waste at the consumer level. Notably, the study observes nitrogen accumulation across the Brazilian beef production chain, potentially contributing to the nitrogen cascade effect and heightening environmental pressure. Recognizing these dynamics provides avenues for targeted improvements, emphasizing the need to address nitrogen-related challenges and enhance sustainability in the beef production and consumption landscape.

Accessing the Efficacy of Sargassum-Based Aqueous Phase Products Derived from Hydrothermal Carbonisation and Hydrothermal Liquefaction on Plant Growth

Mass Sargassum inundations have created opportunities for readily available biomass to be used as a crop enrichment application. However, the heavy metal contents of Sargassum pose serious concerns for crop administration and subsequent human consumption. Hydrothermal processing can break the feedstock components, allowing heavy metals to be partitioned, through the utilisation of high temperatures and pressures. As a result, seemingly nutrient-rich phases can be produced. Elemental analyses showed that Sargassum-derived fractions contain important macro- and micronutrients for plants, particularly ammonium, orthophosphate, and potassium, making them potential nutrient sources for plant growth. To date, no research has investigated the plant growth potential of hydrothermally processed Sargassum products from a bioavailability or biotoxicity perspective. We seek to determine if the aqueous phase products derived following Sargassum processing by hydrothermal carbonisation and liquefaction are toxic to higher plants, and if they can support plant growth. Aqueous phase products in ≥1% concentrations inhibit root growth and lateral root formation in Arabidopsis plants, likely from the presence of inhibitory compounds. However, aqueous phase products in ≤0.1% concentrations paired with an established nutrient mix may provide improved leaf and root growth. Both HTC and HTL were capable of eliciting improved foliage growth, while only HTC induced improved root growth. Conclusively, aqueous phase products lack nutrient potency to allow high dilutions for fertiliser application on their own and may contain inhibitory compounds that deter plant growth at high concentrations. However, they might have a purpose as an additive extract. The recovery of important elements needed for plant growth draws a promising path for future applications of hydrothermal processing with different feedstocks.

The impact of privacy violations on subsequent consumer preferences for anthropomorphized products

In the mobile Internet era, the widespread use of portable devices seamlessly connects consumer decision-making scenarios, potentially leading to the spillover of the impact of privacy violations into subsequent consumption decisions. Results from five experiments demonstrate that those consumers who experience a privacy violation (vs. a non-privacy violation) exhibit a lower purchase intention and preference for anthropomorphized (vs. non-anthropomorphized) products due to the symbolic meaning of “social others” embedded within the product and messages. Perceptual boundary invasion and social avoidance tendency are sequential mediators in this process. Yet, the negative effect diminishes when a product is anthropomorphized as a family member (vs. anthropomorphized with a general social role). The findings provide valuable managerial insight into comprehending and mitigating the spillover effects of privacy violations in anthropomorphized product design and online encounters.

Evaluating distress as a moderator of the relationship between drinking identity and hazardous drinking during the post-college transition

Drinking identity (the extent to which one associates the self with drinking alcohol) is a robust predictor of young adult hazardous drinking (HD; heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems), and decreases in drinking identity have been linked to the decline in HD that often occurs following college graduation. Identifying moderators is key to recognizing who is most at risk for continued HD given a drinking identity vulnerability. Using data from a longitudinal study of graduating college students from the U.S., we evaluated distress (depression, anxiety, stress symptoms) as a potential moderator. Between- and within-person components of drinking identity and distress were evaluated to consider both individual differences and variations within a person across time and changing contexts. Study hypotheses and data analysis plan were preregistered. Graduating college students who met HD criteria (N = 422) completed implicit and explicit drinking identity measures (assessed using reaction time and self-report measures, respectively), distress symptom questionnaires, and self-reported alcohol consumption and problems at four-month intervals for 2.5 years. Results supported moderation at the between-person level for alcohol consumption, with higher levels of implicit drinking identity and distress linked to greater subsequent alcohol consumption. Only between-person main effects for (explicit) identity and distress were linked to more subsequent alcohol-related problems. Though moderation findings were mixed, having a stronger drinking identity and/or greater distress was linked to continued HD risk in this sample. Individuals with these risk factors may benefit from enhanced prevention efforts to help graduates transition out of HD post-college.

Stress inoculation during adolescence attenuates social stress-induced increase in ethanol intake in adult male mice

Social stress exposure heightens the risk of substance abuse disorder development, especially when endured during adolescence, influencing long-term mental health. This study investigates early-life stress's potential to confer resilience against later-life stressors. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the impact of a single social defeat (SD) incident during adolescent mice's lives on subsequent voluntary ethanol consumption following repeated adult social stress exposure. Half of the adolescent mice experienced SD at postnatal day 28. Three weeks later (postnatal day 49), defeated groups encountered four confrontations with aggressive residents every 72 h, while control groups were exposed to non-resident exploration. A day after the last SD, defeated mice were classified as resilient or susceptible based on their response to a social interaction test (SIT), a model for depressive behavior. To assess ethanol consumption during young adulthood, researchers used the ‘drinking in the dark’ and oral ethanol self-administration paradigms. Stress inoculation (IS) slightly increased resilient animals in the SIT. In mice without IS exposure during adolescence, susceptible defeated mice displayed higher ethanol consumption and motivation than control and resilient mice. IS in adolescence effectively counteracted this effect, as IS-SD groups, whether resilient or susceptible, showed no increase in ethanol intake. These groups also exhibited similar motivation to control, measured by the progressive ratio. Notably, elevated IL-6 levels seen in SD-S mice were absent in IS-exposed mice. Additionally, IS-exposed groups had lower prefrontal cortex IL-6 and CX3CL1 levels. These findings support the hypothesis that IS, induced by moderate-intensity stress during adolescence, can enhance resilience to more severe stressors in adulthood.

Quasi-in-situ investigation on complete lamellar fragmentation of β-solidified TiAl alloy during uniaxial isothermal compression

The coarse as-cast lamellar microstructure in TiAl alloys is difficult to be broken completely by thermomechanical processing. Some remnant lamellar colonies in the deformed microstructure seriously affect the microstructural homogeneity and deteriorate the properties. In this study, it is found that by isothermal compression at 1230 °C and 1250 °C, the lamellar colonies of Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B (TNM) alloys can be completely broken. This is attributed to the weakened anisotropic deformation behavior of the lamellar colonies due to the isothermal holding treatment before deformation. The deformation behavior at 1230 °C was investigated by quasi-in-situ experiments. It is observed that the regions near lamellar colony boundaries first undergo dynamic recrystallization at small strain, while the lamellar colonies gradually break down with increasing strain. The adequate fragmentation of lamellar colonies mainly depends on the recrystallization of α lamellae (αL). The isothermal holding at 1230 °C leads to an increase in the content and thickness of αL, which allows it to assume more deformation and promotes its recrystallization by reaching critical strain. The interrupted γ lamellae (γL) formed by decomposition during isothermal holding facilitates the occurrence of α recrystallization within the lamellar colonies by hindering dislocation movement. In addition, recrystallized γ grains (γR) are gradually dissolved by the formation of α precipitates inside them through the γ → α phase transformation and the subsequent consumption of α precipitates by the recrystallized α grains.

Driven to Snack: Simulated Driving Increases Subsequent Consumption

When individuals eat while distracted, they may compensate by consuming more afterwards. Here, we examined the effect of eating while driving, and explored potential underlying mechanisms. Participants (N = 116, 73.3% female) were randomly allocated to complete a driving simulation (distraction condition) or to watch someone else drive (control condition) while consuming 10g (50.8 kcal) of potato chips. Afterwards, participants rated the taste intensity and hedonic experience, reported stress levels, and were then given the opportunity to eat more chips. As hypothesized, participants consumed more chips after the driving simulation. Stress levels were higher in the driving compared to control condition, but were inversely related to consumption amount, ruling out stress as explanatory mechanism. Saltiness ratings differed between the driving and passive viewing condition, only when controlling for stress. The current findings converge with earlier work showing that distracted eating can drive overconsumption, which in turn can lead to long-term health implications. Limitations, implications and potential directions are discussed.

Environmental Concerns, Sustainable Consumption, and COVID-19 Fear in Online Consumers: A Research Exploration

As a conceptual paper, this study examines the nuanced relationships between consumers’ environmental orientations (egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric) and their sustainable consumption patterns, particularly emphasizing the prevailing influence of COVID-19 fear. Utilizing a targeted survey approach, responses from online Taiwanese and Thai consumers are gathered and analyzed through a Structural Equation Model, incorporating diverse analytical avenues such as path, mediation, moderation, and multi-group analyses. The study aims to describe prosocial consumers by their distinct environmental concerns and subsequent sustainable consumption behaviors. Furthermore, the study sheds light on how the COVID-19 pandemic has modulated the dynamic between environmental considerations and tangible sustainable consumption actions. In a post-pandemic setting, the study contributes to academic discourse by highlighting the confluence of environmental consciousness and sustainable consumption. It also provides pragmatic implications for businesses, directing them towards eco-centric product offerings and cultivating a deeper ecological awareness among consumers, fostering sustainable purchase intention and behaviors.

Unveiling the Impact of Short Videos: Consumption Behavior and Decision-Making in the Digital Age

The rapid proliferation of short videos has transformed the media landscape and profoundly impacted individuals' consumption behavior. This study explores the dynamic interplay between short videos and consumer preferences, shedding light on the evolving nature of media engagement and its implications for businesses and marketers. Through a questionnaire survey method, this research delves into the factors that drive people's engagement with short videos and their subsequent consumption choices. The data is then analyzed using R programming to uncover key insights into the effects of short videos on various aspects of consumer behavior. The findings suggest a significant correlation between short video exposure and increased product awareness, information-seeking behavior, and brand perception. The study identifies that short videos have the potential to influence purchase intent and decision-making processes. As individuals increasingly rely on digital platforms for information and entertainment, understanding the intricate relationship between short videos and consumption behavior becomes imperative. This research contributes to the growing body of literature by providing empirical evidence of the transformative impact of short videos on consumer decision-making.

Carbon nanosheets composited with MgO/CaO prepared by one-step co-pyrolysis strategy for efficient H2S oxidation at room temperature

Carbon nanosheets have promising application in desulfurization but are challenged by high cost and cumbersome preparation process. In this work, carbon nanosheets composited with CaO and MgO (MgxCay/C) were fabricated by one-step co-pyrolysis of magnesium gluconate and calcium gluconate. This carbon nanosheets material enables the efficient room temperature H2S oxidation in a moist atmosphere. The characterization results indicate that this co-pyrolysis strategy produces defect-rich carbon nanosheets with uniformly distributed oxides nanoparticles for the adsorption and activation of H2S as well as O2. Significantly, numerous nanoholes with a size of 5–20 nm are obtained on the carbon nanosheets, which serve as S storage space to form S polymer resistant to further oxidation, inhibiting the formation of H2SO4 and its subsequent consumption of active components. As a result, the Mg1Ca9/C shows a tremendous H2S capacity of 858.5 mg/gcat.. In addition, the processes of H2S oxidation over the MgxCay/C and its deactivation are also detailly illustrated. This study contributes to providing a low-cost and facile preparation approach for carbon nanosheets in desulfurization and other diverse applications.

Gestational environmental enrichment prevents chronic social stress induced anxiety- and ethanol-related behaviors in offspring

Epidemiological surveys have shown a strong relationship between maternal stress and offspring's mood disorders. Growing evidence suggested that environmental enrichment (EE) improves cognitive function in models of psychiatric and neurological disorders. However, the potential protective effects of gestational EE on social stress-elicited mood disorders in offspring have not been studied. Knowing that the undeveloped brain is more sensitive to gestational environmental stimuli, we hypothesized that initiating cognitive stimulation, during gestation, would protect against social stress-induced behavioral alterations in adulthood. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of gestational EE on social stress-elicited anxiety- and ethanol-related behaviors in adult offspring. EE consisted of free access, of dams, to tubular devices of different shapes, colors, and sizes that were changed regularly. After birth and weaning, young adult offspring were exposed to 19 days of social stress and anxiety-like behavior was evaluated by elevated plus maze, open field, and marbles burying tests. The two-bottle choice (TBC) drinking paradigm was used to assess stress-induced ethanol intake. Results showed that gestational EE prevented social stress-elicited anxiogenic-like effects with no differences in spontaneous locomotor activity. Moreover, in the TBC paradigm, mice pre-exposed to EE consistently showed a significantly decreased consumption and preference for ethanol with no effects on tastants' intakes. Interestingly, gestational EE increased serum BDNF levels, which showed a correlation with measures of anxiety- and ethanol-related behaviors. These findings indicate that some neurodevelopmental changes associated with prenatal EE may counteract adult social stress-induced behavioral alterations through a BDNF mechanism. Therefore, we propose that gestational EE has significant protective and beneficial effects on social stress-induced cognitive impairment. It can also alleviate anxiety-like behavior and subsequent excessive alcohol consumption.

Impact of Non-Immune Factors on Platelet Transfusion Responses in an Allo-Immunized Cohort

Background: Patients with hematologic malignancies and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients often require platelet transfusion support for extended periods. This can result in platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR) from HLA alloimmunization in up to 30% of individuals. These medically complex patients may also have splenomegaly, fevers and other factors which contribute to PTR. Consequently, they may demonstrate variability in immediate platelet recovery (at 0-2 hours post-transfusion), and in subsequent platelet consumption (at 18-24 hours) despite receiving HLA-selected platelet products. We sought to examine patient and product related factors which impacted platelet transfusion response in a cohort of HLA-alloimmunized platelet transfusion refractory patients. Methods: From April 2021 to June 2023, HLA-alloimmunized (PRA &amp;gt;50%) subjects who required three or more HLA selected platelet units were identified at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center/University of Washington. Data were obtained on patient demographics, diagnoses, Panel Reactive Antibodies (PRA %) and factors shown to be associated with poor platelet responses (spleen size, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), bleeding, selected medications, history of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and/or graft versus host disease (GVHD), ABO compatibility, and product age). Platelet corrected count increments (CCI) were calculated for each transfusion. Non-HLA factors potentially contributing to CCIs at 0-2 and 18-24 hours post-transfusion were compared among HLA-compatible (either 4/4 HLA matched without HLA antigen mismatches, or with permissive mismatches (defined as cumulative a mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) &amp;lt;10,000 on the Luminex donor specific HLA antibody testing platform)) and HLA incompatible transfusions (cumulative MFI &amp;gt;10,000 or random donor apheresis products). Results: Of the 420 patients screened, 75 had sufficient records for inclusion. These subjects received 2729 platelet transfusions, an average of 36 transfusions per patient over 5.2 (± 4.1) months. Post transfusion platelet counts were available for 1528 transfusions. All platelet products were leukoreduced, irradiated, single donor apheresis products. Patients were predominantly Caucasian (70.7%; n=53/75), female (82.7%; n=62/75), aged 57 (±14.9) years. The primary diagnosis was Acute myelogenous leukemia or myeloproliferative disorder in most cases (88%; n=66/75). 58.7% (n=44/75) of patients were HSCT recipients (3 auto-; 41 allo-HSCT). Average PRA among patients was 72.4%±22.2%. 25 patients had splenomegaly. Among HLA-compatible transfusions, average CCIs at 0-2 and 18-24 hours were 17,088 and 6,666. In HLA-mismatched/random donor transfusions, average CCIs at 0-2 and 18-24 hours were 11,489 and 2,786; HLA compatible products increased CCIs by 5,599 and 3880 at 0-2 and 18-24 hours. In both groups splenomegaly had the most consistent association with poor CCI at both time intervals (Figures A and B). Conclusions: In this cohort of individuals with HLA-alloimmunization mediated PTR, the administration of HLA-compatible products offset the impact of other detrimental factors generating adequate CCIs at 0-2 and 18-24 hours. Among patients with splenomegaly, CCIs were lower despite HLA compatible product administration. In the same individuals, HLA-incompatible/random donor products negatively impacted CCIs overall and the negative effect of other concomitant non-immune/product-related factors was additive.Our data highlights the need to account for non-HLA related conditions while evaluating CCI response following each HLA-selected product transfusion, and to further explore any interactions among such factors. Next steps include conducting a multivariate analysis and developing a predictive model for platelet transfusion response in HLA-alloimmunized recipients who have concomitant non-immune or product related risk factors.