Subsequent Annealing Treatment Research Articles

In-situ welding and thermal activation enabled robust nanofibers based triboelectric nanogenerator for sustainable energy harvesting

Nanofiber-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) show great promise in energy harvesting and sensing applications. However, the poor strength and the instability of the nanofiber structures lead to the constraints on the durability and the lack of stability in the output performance. In this study, BaTiO3@PVDF-HFP nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning, in which BaTiO3 nanoparticles enhanced the charge trapping ability of the nanofibers and provided nucleation sites for β-phase growth. Subsequent solvent and annealing treatment in-situ welded the nanofibers, which greatly improved the mechanical strength and stability of the nanofiber membranes. The annealing process further thermally activated the electroactive β-phase in the PVDF-HFP, which increased the surface charge density of the nanofibers. A flexible TENG based on BaTiO3@PVDF-HFP-p nanofiber was prepared to harvest mechanical energy, which could achieve a maximum output of 482.5V and 1.9Wm-2, the voltage is more than 1.2 to 1.5 times higher compared to uncrosslinked nanofibers. The BaTiO3@PVDF-HFP-p-based TENG maintains ultra-stable Voc generation over 7000 cycles compared to the nanofibers without solvent and annealing treated. Finally, its practical application in harvesting ambient mechanical energy was demonstrated, which can harvest wind energy to power LEDs and small electronic devices such as temperature and humidity sensors.

Effect of different quenching holding times on microstructure, texture and electrical resistivity of NiCrAlFe alloy

Quenching treatment can provide microstructure for subsequent tempering treatment in the production process of NiCrAlFe precision resistance alloy. However, the recrystallization texture formed during quenching will be inherited into the tempered alloy, causing anisotropy of resistance and affecting the final performance of precision resistors. In order to investigate the evolution of the texture and its influence on the anisotropy of resistance, the effect of various quenching holding times on the alloy were studied. The results indicate that certain rolling deformation texture is gradually transformed into recrystallization texture and the texture intensity decreases significantly during the holding process. At the same time, the formation of a large number of twins promotes the formation of Brass-R {111}<112> texture at twin boundaries. The electrical resistivity of the alloy changes from 1.360 μΩ·m to 1.427 μΩ·m, and it shows an increasing trend with the holding time. The large number of supersaturated vacancies generated by quenching is the main reason for the increase in alloy electrical resistivity, but there is no correlation between the orientation density of texture and the electrical resistivity, however the type and intensity of textures exhibit significant influence on the anisotropy of the electrical resistivity. The electrical resistivity of direction rolling, direction 45°, and direction 65° are mainly influenced by Goss {110}<001> texture, Goss {110}<001> texture and Brass-R {111}<112> texture, and S {123}<634> texture and R {124}<211> texture, respectively.

Laser remelting of a novel carbide-reinforced Ni-Co-Cr-Hf-C alloy with ultra-fine HfC dispersion

The dispersion of stable nano-particles is essential for improving the high temperature creep properties of Ni-base alloys. Additive manufacturing by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) offers novel means to tailor particle distributions taking advantage of the fast and directional solidification inside travelling melt pools. To benefit of this opportunity, a novel in-situ carbide reinforced alloy Ni − 32Co − 28Cr − 3.5Hf − 0.25C (wt. %) was developed. In a first rapid approach laser remelting of a cast alloy block was used to mimic LPBF solidification conditions. After a subsequent annealing treatment at 1150 °C for 6 h, an ultra-fine and intragranular dispersion of nano-sized HfC particles was obtained. The HfC particles have an average size of 54 nm and a mean inter-particle distance of 326 nm, which is an exceptional refinement compared to the as-cast microstructure. The number density of HfC particles ranges around 1 × 1012/m2 in 2D and is estimated to be 2 × 1019/m3 in 3D.

Nitrogen-doped MoO2/Cu heterojunction electrocatalyst for highly efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction

Metal/metal-(hydr)oxide heterojunction has been proposed as an efficient means to enhance the kinetics of alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the poor electronic conductivity of metal-(hydr)oxides hinders the transport of electrons and the inappropriate electronic structure of the constituent phases would lower the HER activity. Herein, a nitrogen-doped MoO2/Cu heterostructure nanosheets was prepared by a simple hydrothermal and subsequent annealing treatment, acting as a model catalyst for element-doped modified metals/metal-oxides composite towards alkaline HER. Experimental results revealed that the HER catalytic activity of the catalyst was effectively improved by the nitrogen doping and the hetero coupling effect. The obtained N–MoO2/Cu catalyst exhibited a low overpotential of 40 and 363 mV to drive the current densities of 10 and 1000 mA cm−2, respectively, and showed high stability in the constant-current test of 50 h at 10 mA cm−2, 100 mA cm−2 and 1000 mA cm−2. Impressively, the N–MoO2/Cu catalyst coupled with Ni–Fe LDH to assemble an alkaline electrolyzer only require a voltage of 1.49 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2, and could be actuated by wind power to continuously produce hydrogen.

Mechanical and electrical performances of ternary Cu-2.8%Ni-0.7%Si alloy modulated by ultrasonic solidification

One-dimensional (1D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasounds were introduced into the solidification process of ternary Cu-2.8wt%Ni-0.7wt%Si alloy together with the in-situ measurements of acoustic fields. In the case of 1D ultrasound, stable cavitation was the main form of acoustic energy transmission. The grain size of α-Cu dendrites was reduced because stable cavitation improved the wetting between impurities and alloy melt, which further promoted nucleation process. When 3D ultrasounds were applied, transient cavitation was the dominant mode of acoustic energy dissipation. This induced local high undercooling in alloy melt, causing a significant increase in bulk nucleation rates and the formation of numerous tiny α-Cu equiaxed grains. Meanwhile, as ultrasonic dimension increased, the strengthened acoustic streaming accelerated solute and thermal diffusion and weakened the preferred orientation of growing α-Cu grains. The proportion of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) increased consequently, which suppressed the nucleation and growth of δ-Ni2Si discontinuous precipitates (DPs) during subsequent annealing treatment. The tensile strength and electrical conductivity of 3D ultrasonically solidified alloy after annealing reached 688.2 MPa and 2.7×107 S/m respectively, showing obvious advantages in synergetic mechanical and electrical performances.

Direct evidence of melting and decomposition of TiC particles in laser powder bed fusion processed 316L-TiC composite

Recent advancements have shown the effectiveness of strengthening 316L with TiC particles addition through the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. However, the question remains whether TiC undergoes decomposition into Ti and C atoms, primarily because of the challenges associated with measuring C at low concentrations. In this study, we employed atom probe tomography (APT) to provide evidence of decomposition by observing the presence of Ti and C atoms in the 316L matrix. The fast cooling rate of the LPBF process results in the supersaturation of Ti and C in the 316L matrix. Adding 3 wt% TiC particles increased the yield strength of LPBF-processed 316L from 599 MPa to 832 MPa. The subsequent annealing treatment resulted in the formation of more TiC nanoparticles as a result of precipitation from the supersaturated Ti and C in the 316L matrix. Consequently, the yield strength was further enhanced to 959 MPa after annealing at 700 °C for 1 h. This study marks the first direct demonstration of the decomposition of TiC in metal matrix composites.

Vanadyl Sulfate Based Hole‐Transporting Layer Enables Efficient Organic Solar Cells

Comprehensive SummaryIt remains an urgent task to develop alternative hole‐transporting layer (HTL) materials beyond commonly used PEDOT:PSS to increase the shelf‐life of organic solar cells (OSCs). Inorganic metal oxide type materials, such as NiOx, CoOx and VOx, with suitable work functions have attracted numerous research attention recently. In this work, more abundant and easily accessible oxygenated salt, vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4) has been demonstrated to be excellent choice as HTL for OSCs. The VOSO4‐based HTL can be readily processed by spin‐coating from the precursor solution with subsequent thermal annealing and UVO treatment. As a consequence, a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.72% can be achieved for PM8:L8‐BO based OSCs with the VOSO4‐based HTL. High transmittance, smooth film surface, suitable energy level and high conductivity were revealed to contribute to the high OSC performance. More importantly, compared to device with PEDOT:PSS, VOSO4‐based OSCs exhibit improved stability when stored in the N2 filled glove box. After being stored for 600 h, VOSO4‐based device can retain 89% of its initial efficiency. Notably, VOSO4 can be used as general HTL in PM6:BTP‐BO‐4Cl and PM6:IT‐4F based OSCs, yielding high PCEs of 17.87% and 13.85%, respectively.

Surface-Enriched Single-Bi-Atoms Tailoring of Pt Nanorings for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells with Ultralow-Pt-Loading.

Single-atom decorating of Pt emerges as a highly effective strategy to boost catalytic properties, which can trigger the most Pt active sites while blocking the smallest number of Pt atoms. However, the rational design and creation of high-density single-atoms on Pt surface remain as a huge challenge. Herein, a customized synthesis of surface-enriched single-Bi-atoms tailored Pt nanorings (SE-Bi1 /Pt NRs) toward methanol oxidation is reported, which is guided by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggesting that a relatively higher density of Bi species on Pt surface can ensure a CO-free pathway and accelerate the kinetics of *HCOOH formation. Decorating Pt NRs with dense single-Bi-atoms is achieved by starting from PtBi intermetallic nanoplates (NPs) with intrinsically isolated Bi atoms and subsequent etching and annealing treatments. The SE-Bi1 /Pt NRs exhibit a mass activity of 23.77 A mg-1 Pt toward methanol oxidation in alkaline electrolyte, which is 2.2 and 12.8 times higher than those of Pt-Bi NRs and Pt/C, respectively. This excellent activity endows the SE-Bi1 /Pt NRs with a high likelihood to be used as a practical anodic electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells （DMFCs） with high power density of 85.3mW cm-2 and ultralow Pt loading of 0.39 mg cm-2 .

Ultrastrong Nanocrystalline Inconel 718 Fabricated by Powder High‐Pressure Torsion and Annealing

In this study, bulk nanocrystalline material is fabricated from Inconel 718 powder through a process of powder high‐pressure torsion (HPT) and subsequent annealing heat treatment. Numerous dislocations generated during the powder HPT process successfully produced bulk Inconel 718 with nanocrystalline grains during the post‐annealing treatment. In addition, the Inconel 718 exhibited additional strengthening contributions such as dislocation strengthening by high pre‐existing dislocation density and precipitation strengthening from randomly distributed precipitates. As a result of these strengthening effects, the Inconel 718 showed ultrastrong yield strength of 1.40 GPa and ultimate tensile strength of 1.53 GPa. Although the elongation of 12.0% did not indicate good ductility, the proposed Inconel 718 boasted improved mechanical properties compared to previous studies of Inconel 718 fabricated by various processing methods. The prepared Inconel 718 and its fabrication technique suggest the potential for manufacturing ultrahigh‐strength bulk nanocrystalline materials not only for Inconel 718 but also for various metallic materials using powder metallurgy.

Formation mechanism of α-phase CsPbI2Br induced by excessive CsBr without an annealing treatment

For the evaporation preparation of CsPbI2Br films, when the two precursors of CsBr and PbI2 follow the stoichiometric ratio, an additional annealing treatment is necessary to obtain a stable α-phase CsPbI2Br. However, it is found that as the evaporation rate ratio of precursor CsBr to PbI2 is increased, the α-phase CsPbI2Br can be observed in the generated film without an annealing treatment. Adjusting the evaporation rate ratio of Cs to Pb to about 1.2:1, the prepared film has the best morphology and crystallinity. Compared to the α-phase CsPbI2Br films generated by following the stoichiometric ratio and subsequent annealing treatment, the ones prepared here present similar photoelectric properties and even better environmental stability. In addition, photodetectors based on the latter exhibit better optoelectronic performance. To explain the role of excessive CsBr in the formation of α-phase CsPbI2Br, we propose a ‘hollow-perovskite’ structure model. The excessive CsBr is doped into the perovskite structure by replacing the [PbI6]- octahedral structure, and the cubic structure of the original perovskite is not significantly changed. Moreover, the results of DFT calculations also indicate that when Cs (or CsBr) is excessive, the system has lower formation energy, so, is easier to form and has better stability at room temperature. This work is valuable for the study of the preparation and working mechanism of all inorganic perovskite.

TEM Image Analysis and Simulation Physics for Two-Step Recrystallization of Discretely Amorphized C3H5-Molecular-Ion-Implanted Silicon Substrate Surface

In this study, we investigate the initial rapid recrystallization of a discretely amorphized C3H5-molecular-ion-implanted silicon (Si) substrate surface in the subsequent thermal annealing treatment through the analysis of plan-view transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and technology computer-aided design (TCAD) process simulation. In the approach of the analysis of the plan-view TEM image of the Si substrate surface, we found that initial rapid recrystallization occurs in the intermediate regions between the residual crystalline and discrete amorphous regions formed in the C3H5-molecular-ion-implanted Si substrate surface. In addition, the TCAD process simulation results indicate that the intermediate regions correspond to the amorphous pockets formed around the discrete amorphous regions in the C3H5-molecular-ion-implanted Si substrate surface and are recrystallized preferentially during the short thermal annealing time. These plan-view TEM image analysis and TCAD process simulation results reveal a two-step recrystallization of the discretely amorphized C3H5-molecular-ion-implaned Si substrate surface. After the initial rapid recrystallization of amorphous pockets in the 1st step, the recrystallization of discrete amorphous regions starts in the 2nd step. The incubation period between the 1st and 2nd steps is the time required to recrystallize the amorphous pockets around the discrete amorphous regions completely and redefine the amorphous/crystalline interface.

Effects of KoBo-Processing and Subsequent Annealing Treatment on Grain Boundary Network and Texture Development in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) AlSi10Mg Alloy

It is well known that the properties of polycrystalline metals are related to grain boundaries (GBs), which are fundamental structural elements where crystallographic orientations change abruptly and often exhibit some degree of symmetry. Grain boundaries often exhibit unique structural, chemical, and electronic properties that differ from bulk crystalline domains. Their effects on material properties, including mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and electrical conductivity, make grain boundaries a focus of intense scientific investigation. In this study, the microstructural transformation of an AlSi10Mg alloy subjected to KoBo extrusion and subsequent annealing is investigated. A notable discovery is the effectiveness of a strain-annealing method for grain boundary engineering (GBE) of the LPBF AlSi10Mg alloy. In particular, this study shows a significant increase in the population of coincidence site lattice boundaries (CSL), which embody the symmetry of the crystal lattice structure. These boundaries, which are characterised by a high degree of symmetry, contribute to their special properties compared to random grain boundaries. The experimental results emphasise the crucial role of strain-induced boundary migration (SIBM) in the development of a brass texture in the microstructure of the alloy after annealing. In addition, the presented results demonstrate the feasibility of applying GBE to materials with high stacking fault energy (SFE), which opens up new possibilities for optimizing their properties.

Fatigue behavior of SMA490BW welded components considering AHT with traction structural stress

Quantitative characterization on fatigue properties of SMA490BW welded components with annealing heat treatment is very significant for steel structure service. In this work, the relief of residual stress during welding and the subsequent annealing heat treatment process of plate and tube-to-plate components is simulated using the finite element method with the Norton-Bailey creep model. Traction structural stress is used to evaluate the fatigue life of SMA490BW plates and tube-to-plate components under two annealing heat treatment processes by considering residual stress. It is found that the residual stress distribution state of welded components keeps the same tendency by annealing heat treatment, while the peak value of longitudinal and transverse residual stress is decreased significantly due to the increase of equivalent creep strain with the width of the welded plate exceeding 6 times the thickness. The fatigue data for two annealing heat treatment processes and welding of plate and tube-to-plate components are within a 95% confidence interval of the ASME Master SN curve. The influence of load range on fatigue life is more significant than that of welding residual stress. By quantifying the residual stress in the load ratio correction, the standard deviation of fatigue data for different full-scale components more convergent.

Application of dandelion-like Sm2O3/Co3O4/rGO in high performance supercapacitors.

Novel 2D material-based supercapacitors are promising candidates for energy applications due to their distinctive physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties. In this study, a dandelion-like structure material comprised of Sm2O3, Co3O4, and 2D reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on nickel foam (NF) was synthesised using a hydrothermal method followed by subsequent annealing treatment. This dandelion composite grows further through the tremella-like structure of Sm2O3 and Co3O4, which facilitates the diffusion of ions and prevents structural collapse during charging and discharging. A substantial number of active sites are generated during redox reactions by the unique surface morphology of the Sm2O3/Co3O4/rGO/NF composite (SCGN). The maximum specific capacity the SCGN material achieves is 3448 F g-1 for 1 A g-1 in a 6 mol L-1 KOH solution. Benefiting from its morphological structure, the prepared composite (SCGN) exhibits a high cyclability of 93.2% over 3000 charge-discharge cycles at 10 A g-1 and a coulombic efficiency of 97.4%. Additionally, the assembled SCGN//SCGN symmetric supercapacitors deliver a high energy density of 64 W h kg-1 with a power density of 300 W kg-1, which increases to an outstanding power density of 12 000 W kg-1 at 28.7 W h kg-1 and long cycle stability (80.9% capacitance retention after 30 000 cycles). These results suggest that the manufactured SCGN electrodes could be viable active electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors.

Enhanced photocatalytic efficiency of porous ZnO coral-like nanoplates for organic dye degradation.

ZnO nanomaterials have been extensively used as photocatalysts for the removal of pollutants in aqueous environments. This study explores the enhanced photocatalytic performance of porous ZnO coral-like nanoplates synthesized via a one-pot wet-chemical method and subsequent annealing treatment. Characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements confirmed the nanoplates' porous structure, single-crystal structure, 100 nm thickness, and 80 nm pore size. These unique structural characteristics of the ZnO coral-like nanoplates enabled effective photodegradation of the organic dye rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation. Under simulated sunlight, the ZnO photocatalyst exhibited exceptional performance, achieving a 97.3% removal rate of RhB after 210 minutes of irradiation. The prepared ZnO photocatalyst also showed remarkable photostability and regeneration capability for RhB photodegradation with a decreased efficiency of less than 15% after eight testing cycles. The potential mechanism of the ZnO photocatalyst toward RhB degradation was also studied and is discussed in detail.

Kirkendall effect induced ultrafine VOOH nanoparticles and their transformation into VO2(M) for energy-efficient smart windows.

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) has received widespread attention for application in energy-efficient smart windows because of its distinct thermochromic property in the near-infrared region during the reversible metal-insulator phase transition. In this study, lepidocrocite VOOH ultrafine nanoparticles (NPs) with a diameter less than 30 nm were prepared by a mild and efficient hydrothermal method, and the Kirkendall effect played a vital role in the growth of the VOOH NPs. It was found that VOOH could be transformed into VO2via a subsequent annealing treatment during which the size and morphology of VOOH are well preserved even though the annealing temperature is up to 500 °C. The ultrafine VO2 NPs are crucial for achieving excellent nanothermochromic performance with a luminous transmittance (Tlum) up to 56.45% and solar modulation ability (ΔTsol) up to 14.95%. The environmental durability is well improved by coating VO2 NPs with an SiO2 shell as confirmed via progressive oxidation and acid corrosion experiments. Meanwhile, the Tlum of the VO2@SiO2 film is further increased from 56.45% to 62.29% while the ΔTsol remained unchanged. This integrated thermochromic performance presents great potential for the development of VO2-based smart windows.

Gamma prime formation in nickel-based superalloy IN738LC manufactured by laser powder bed fusion

Complex components for high-temperature gas turbine applications require materials that offer a combination of excellent high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance. Nickel-based superalloys with high gamma prime (γ´) volume fractions are particularly suited for these applications, especially combined with additive manufacturing for intricate geometries. Despite the complex thermal history that these materials experience during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processing, γ´formation is suppressed when manufacturing IN738LC, which has a medium equilibrium γ´content of about 40–50 vol%. This study follows γ´formation in LPBF IN738LC during subsequent annealing treatments at temperatures ranging from 745 °C to 865 °C, creating an experimentally determined TTT (temperature-time-transformation) diagram. This diagram is largely based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging supported by Vickers hardness measurements and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) bright field imaging. Atom probe tomography (APT) of the as-built material indicated nm-sized regions depleted in Cr and enriched in Ni, Al, and Ti, but show no characteristic superlattice patterns in TEM diffraction. APT and TEM diffraction analysis of material annealed at 850 °C for 3 min confirmed the presence of the γ´phase but indicated that γ´had formed through spinodal decomposition instead of precipitation.

Fabrication, microstructures and optical reflectivity of TiAlN/NiCr composite coating

In this work, TiAlN/NiCr composite coatings were prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering technique. Firstly, a single absorber layer was prepared, and at the substrate temperature of 300 °C, a “prismatic” structure is formed on the surface of the TiAlN film, which has good light absorption properties under these conditions. In order to further improve its absorption, the TiAlN/NiCr bilayer coating was designed, and the effects of etching in two different solutions and subsequent annealing treatments on the surface microstructure and reflectivity of the bilayer coating were investigated. These results show that TiAlN/NiCr bilayer coatings fabricated in various etching solutions can further improve light absorption performance, with the TiAlN/NiCr-CAN coating showing particularly good thermal stability and exhibiting further improvements in absorption performance after 500 °C/2 h of annealing. Low-temperature applications are the only ones for which the TiAlN/NiCr–HF coating is suitable, since it fails at the annealing condition of 300 °C/2 h.

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of an additively manufactured high-strength steel

In this study, the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a new type of steel fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) with subsequent tempering treatment were discussed. The as-built sample consisted of cellular structures, lath martensite accompanied by carbides and little residual austenite. After tempering at 560℃ for 2 h, the matrix transformed from the supersaturated martensite to the tempered lath martensite, followed by residual austenite complete dissolution and more carbides precipitation. The as-built sample showed a high strength (yield strength:1335 ± 10 MPa, ultimate tensile strength:1555 ± 2 MPa) and a considerable ductility (elongation to failture:7.7 ± 1.4 %). The outstanding strength was attributed to fine grains and high number density of dislocations. A superior mechanical properties, including the yield strength of 1762 ± 25 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 1850 ± 39 MPa and elongation of 5.6 ± 0.8 % have been achieved in the SLMed steel after tempering. The as-built sample exhibits a higher uniform elongation (∼7.0 %) compared with tempered 560℃ sample(∼2.6 %), which may be attributed to its excellent work hardening behavior.

Synthesis of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3O2 as an Intended Cathode Material for Li-Ion Battery

In the present work, we report the synthesis and characterization of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3O2 as cathode material for Li-ion batteries. LiNi1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3O2 was synthesized using a very simple and low-cost sol-gel method and subsequent annealing treatment. The Structural, morphological, and electrochemical performance of the synthesized materials is investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Cyclic voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (GCD) and Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS), respectively. The XRD results revealed the formation of layer structure with a pure α-NaFeO2 hexagonal phase, space group R3¯m. Moreover, these results show negligible cation mixing, which suggests well order layer structure. Raman spectrum of the synthesized sample shows structural fingerprints at 609 and 503 cm-1, which also confirms the R3¯m space group. Raman results support the XRD results. The non-uniform microsphere-like morphology with an average particle size of around 200-300 nm was revealed using FE-SEM. The electrochemical properties of the synthesized products were evaluated in rechargeable Li-ion half cells using a non-aqueous organic electrolyte (1 M LiPO4). The cyclic voltammetry shows that redox reactions occur at the surface of the electrode, which is attributed to Mn3+/Mn4+ and Fe3+/Fe4+. The EIS of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3O2 exhibits a lower charge transfer resistance, which indicates a shorter path to move the ions. Further, the electrochemical performance of the synthesized material will be discussed in detail.