Subscriber Identity Research Articles

A novel authentication scheme for long-term evolution mobility management: A security investigation

Long-term evolution in wireless broadband communication aims to provide secure communication for users and a high data rate for a fourth-generation network. Even though the fourth-generation network provides security, some loopholes lead to several attacks on the fourth-generation network attacks. The denial-of-service attack occurs when the user communicates with a rogue base station, and the radio base station in fourth-generation long-term evolution networks ensures that the user is attached to the rogue node assigned network. The location leak attack occurs when the packets are sniffed to find any user’s location using its temporary mobile subscriber identity. Prevention of rogue base station and location leak attacks helps the system achieve secure communication between the participating entities. Earlier works in long-term evolution mobility management do not address preventing attacks such as denial-of-service, rogue base stations and location leaks and suffer from computational costs while providing security features. Hence, the present paper addresses the vulnerability of these attacks. It also investigates how these attacks occur and exposes communication in the fourth-generation network. To mitigate these vulnerabilities, the paper proposes a novel authentication scheme. The proposed scheme is simulated using Network Simulator 3, and the security analysis of the proposed scheme is shown using AVISPA –a security tool. Numerical analysis demonstrates that the proposed scheme significantly reduces communication overhead and computational costs associated with the fourth-generation long-term evolution authentication mechanism.

Enhancing Wireless Security and Privacy: A 2-Way Identity Authentication Method for 5G Networks

The communication network would have potential uses dependent on the infrastructure once the fifth generation (5G) network is fully commercialized. Subscriber Identification Module (SIM) authentication is a well-known mechanism for safeguarding the confidentiality of wireless device users. Fifth-generation computer technologies are very advanced in certification based on geolocation, regular confirmation, and authentication mechanisms. The clonable authentication feature solves the issue of authentication using duplicate modules. In highly dynamic environments, the problem poses a risk to privacy protection, adaptiveness, self-organization, information leakage, and the reliability of services. The article introduces a 2-way identity authentication method (2WIAM) using a Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) to address the issue above. The suggested technique for detecting module clones depends on user-provided authentication and geolocation data. The 2-way mutual authentication used in the suggested technique is a clever way to combine the many wireless technologies accessible to a given network node and enable the creation of wireless on-demand service providers and networks. The initial stage involves immediate passcode authentication, and the second is verifying the identity of the mobile equipment and any shifts or copies in its physical position. A new-cross authentication is then carried out to determine the identity of the clone's physical counterpart. In prior authentication situations, the choice to provide authorization or ban the clone was made fairly and objectively. The experiment results show that the users' privacy is protected, enhanced adaptiveness and the amount of data lost is limited.

Embedded-SIM (E-SIM) an Overview in Latin America: Implementation, Availability, Advantages and Disadvantages

Search new forms for data management and security is a continuous tendency for mobile operators. Proof of this is the trend of the latest technology related to the Embedded Subscriber Identity Module or Embedded-SIM (E-SIM). Recently there was an increase in the number of devices that offer this technology as a security element for the access to the network, however, it is clear the lack of consistent information for the implementation of this technology within Latin America. This research presents a current overview about the evolution of the embedded subscriber identity module, aiming to present the general characteristics that are part of the network, evaluate the current status of implementation and adoption with Latin America carriers, showing the obstacles in the process of acceptance of new technology by users as well as the advantages, disadvantages of E-SIM in relation to the traditional SIM Card. The investigation was carried out through documentary surveys and field research, the data was collected to demonstrate the current perspective of the implementation of E-SIM and adoption by customers and network operators in Latin America. The observed results showed that the adoption of E-SIM in Latin America has been increasing, it was observed that most countries have at least one carrier that makes available and offers this service. Regarding the advantages and disadvantages, evidence has been observed place E-SIM like a better technology than a SIM Card.

Finding women in fishing communities around Lake Victoria: "Feasibility and acceptability of using phones and tracking devices".

Women in fishing communities have both high HIV prevalence and incidence, hence they are a priority population for HIV prevention and treatment interventions. However, their mobility is likely to compromise the effectiveness of interventions. We assessed the acceptability, feasibility and of using phones and global positioning system (GPS) devices for tracking mobility, to inform future health research innovations. A mult-site formative qualitative study was conducted in six purposively selected Fishing Communities on the shores of Lake Victoria in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Participants were selected based on duration of stay in the community and frequency of movement. Sixty-four (64) women participated in the study (16 per fishing community). Twenty-four (24) participants were given a study phone; 24 were asked to use their own phones and 16 were provided with a portable GPS device to understand what is most preferred. Women were interviewed about their experiences and recommendations on carrying GPS devices or phones. Twenty four (24) Focus Group Discussions with 8-12 participants were conducted with community members to generate data on community perceptions regarding GPS devices and phones acceptability among women. Data were analyzed thematically and compared across sites/countries. Women reported being willing to use tracking devices (both phones and GPS) because they are easy to carry. Their own phone was preferred compared to a study phone and GPS device because they were not required to carry an additional device, worry about losing it or be questioned about the extra device by their sexual partner. Women who carried GPS devices suggested more sensitization in communities to avoid domestic conflicts and public concern. Women suggested changing the GPS colour from white to a darker colour and, design to look like a commonly used object such as a telephone Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, a rosary/necklace or a ring for easy and safe storage. Women in the study communities were willing to have their movements tracked, embraced the use of phones and GPS devices for mobility tracking. Devices need to be redesigned to be more discrete, but they could be valuable tools to understanding movement patterns and inform design of interventions for these mobile populations.

Security Improvement of Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Subscriber Identity

Security Improvement of Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Subscriber Identity

Safeguarding the IoT: Taxonomy, security solutions, and future research opportunities

AbstractWith the advancement of innovative technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT) has become quite popular in various applications such as smart homes, smart cities, agriculture, healthcare, and so forth. However, the heterogeneity of IoT protocols can pose security challenges to wireless networks. Thus, we have presented a systematic review of IoT technologies such as ZigBee, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Bluetooth, WiFi, Ethernet, AR, embedded subscriber identification modules (E‐SIM), and smart sensors, along with their communication protocols, which are part of the IoT‐layered architecture. We have bifurcated the IoT‐layered architecture into the perception, network, and application layers. Furthermore, we have presented IoT security attacks associated with the perception, network, and application layers of the IoT‐layered architecture. Moreover, we have discussed several IoT security solutions, open issues, and research challenges dedicated to the security of IoT networks. IoT security solutions can provide secure and efficient data communication over wireless networks.

Application System Development of Accident Prevention and Safety Assistance using IoT Application

The number of road accidents in Malaysia shows a steady increment from 2010 to 2019, reported by the Ministry of Transport Malaysia. This project aims to develop a system to prevent an accident by detecting aggressive driving. If an accident occurred, this system would send an alert for an immediate response, which is crucial to reduce the fatality rate. An accelerometer is utilized to detect aggressive driving and accident events. The method to detect aggressive driving is by determining an abrupt change in acceleration. For accident detection, the vehicle tilt angle and acceleration are monitored. An ESP32 SIM800L microcontroller processes the inputs and alert a web-based cloud service and a set phone number by Short Message Service (SMS). The microcontroller is used due to the embedded Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and other wireless communication modules. The small form factor gives an advantage in terms of mounting location flexibility. The alert contains the type of event, time, and location. This report contains the development of the proposed system, which includes the simulation for the system circuit and motion simulation. Accident detection, falls, SMS alerts and online alerts are consistently successful, while aggressive driving detection is inconsistent. Live tracking does not directly work during these detections. In conclusion, this project successfully detects accidents and sends alerts via SMS and internet using a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card.

Multicriteria Decision Making for the Choice of the Global System for Mobile Telecommunication

When multiple conflicting criteria are available and must be considered, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), a subfield of operations research, aids the decision maker in addressing the problem. The use of MCDM, a valuable and effective technique that may be applied in situations of certainty or uncertainty, makes it easier to integrate quantitative and qualitative assessments into scientific procedures. However, many Nigerians are found to retain more than one Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) in response to which of the network providers is best suited to meet their needs. This will help to minimize the number of SIM cards each person will carry, consequently reducing the cost of maintaining them. The aim of this study is to recognize and prioritize the most important mobile service provider criteria in the telecom industry in Borno State, Nigeria. Seven attributes were selected from the literature and customers. Questionnaires were systematically distributed, utilizing convenience and deliberate sampling, to 1200 customers. MTN and AIRTEL are the two most preferred service providers over the other operators within the competitive environment. It is advised that to increase their customer base, service providers in the research region enhance network connectivity, low call rates, and voice clarity.

An eSIM-based remote credential provisioning and authentication protocol for IoT devices in 5G cellular network

Embedded Subscriber Identity Module (eSIM) offers more flexibility compared to Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM). Unlike USIM, eSIM enables the operator to remotely provision security credentials in the devices. Therefore, in future deployments of IoT over cellular networks, eSIMs are more likely to be used in comparison to USIMs. In anticipation, the 3rd generation partnership project (3gpp) has recently published a mechanism for remote credential provisioning of eSIM-enabled IoT devices in 5G cellular networks (Technical Specification: TS 33.899, Release 14, Section 12.2). However, this technical specification does not include an authentication protocol, which is an indispensable part of any secure communication. In this paper, we propose a novel authentication protocol to complement the remote credential provisioning mechanism published in TS 33.899. While developing the protocol, due consideration to resource constraints of IoT devices is given by using lightweight cryptographic techniques like elliptic curve cryptography, one-way hash functions, XOR operations, etc. Security analysis of the proposed protocol using BAN logic and AVISPA shows the protocol to be secure. Performance analysis, involving the execution of the protocol in Arduino Uno Rev3 microcontroller board and a workstation, shows the protocol to be efficient in comparison to other similar proposals.

Pricing eSIM Services: Ecosystem, Challenges, and Opportunities

The adoption of embedded subscriber identity module (eSIM) is accelerating rapidly and is anticipated to prevail over conventional physical SIM cards in the next few years. With several phone vendors switching to eSIMs and eSIM-only devices being launched in the market, a new ecosystem for offering and pricing cellular services will be created. The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), expanding 5G roll-out, and upcoming enhancements available with beyond 5G (B5G) networks will further add to the complexity of this ecosystem. In this paper, we outline the disruptive effects of eSIM on pricing and business models and discuss several challenges and opportunities that will arise with its adoption. In particular, the possibility of seamless switching between providers will result in higher competition and increased churn, giving rise to interesting pricing strategies. We describe one such strategy, personalized pricing, and illustrate its advantages over traditional approaches.

Unveiling the Insecurity of Operational Cellular Emergency Services (911): Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Countermeasures

The cellular network offers a ubiquitous emergency call service with its pervasive coverage. In the United States, it can be consumed by dialing 911 for cellular users, and the emergency call is forwarded to the public safety answer point (PSAP), which handles emergency service requests. According to regulatory authority requirements [1,2,3] for cellular emergency services, anonymous user equipment (UE) is allowed to access them without a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card, a valid mobile subscription, or a roaming agreement with the visited cellular network. Such support of the cellular emergency services requires different operations from conventional cellular services, thereby increasing the attack surface of the cellular infrastructure.

Improved SRP algorithm and bidirectional heterogeneous LTE‐R authentication key

AbstractDue to the problems that International Mobile Subscriber Identity is not encrypted during transmission, key disclosure, and high authentication overhead in Evolved Packet System‐Authentication and Key Agreement, the next generation of high‐speed railway Long‐Term Evolution for Railway train ground authentication protocol, this paper describes the improved Secure Remote Password algorithm and two‐way heterogeneous Long‐Term Evolution for Railway authentication key agreement scheme. First, the improved Secure Remote Password algorithm is used to encrypt the message transmission between User Equipment and Mobility Management Entity, solving the problem of International Mobile Subscriber Identity being not encrypted during transmission. Then, a two‐way heterogeneous digital signature method of Public Key Infrastructure and Identity‐Based Cryptosystem is proposed to authenticate and negotiate with the Mobility Management Entity and Home Subscriber Server, which improves the security of the root key and can effectively prevent man in the middle, replay and other attacks. Finally, in the research results, the random oracle model is used to verify, and the results show that our method is superior to the comparison method in security and authentication cost, and can meet the Long‐Term Evolution for Railway communication requirements.

Analysis of Public Interest in Telkomsel Cards Using the Decision Tree Method

SIM card (Subscriber Identification Module) card is a physical electronic device that is the integrated circuit of the internet. Sim cards are used by the public as a place to store quotas for internet, phone calls and SMS. There are many types of SIM cards that are used by the public, such as Telkomsel cards, XL cards, Exis cards and Smartfren cards. There are some people who are interested and use Telkomsel cards, because the network is good. But there are some people who don't use Telkomsel cards, because the quota price is quite expensive. Therefore, the Penlus will make research about people's interest in Telkomsel cards. This study aims to determine the amount of public interest in the Telkomsel card. To conduct this research, the authors used 42 community data which would be classified using the decision tree method. The data used by the author was obtained by distributing a questionnaire to the public. After classifying using the decision tree method, the result is that the people who are interested in the Telkomsel card are 33 people who are interested in the Telkomsel card (for the representation results it is 78.5%) and the results obtained are that the people who are not interested in the Telkomsel card are 9 people (for its representation results of 21.4%). From the results of the study, many people are interested in Telkomsel cards, even though the internet, call and SMS quota prices are quite expensive.

Noise-resistant algorithm of speech signal segmentation in subscriber identification systems

Noise-resistant algorithm of speech signal segmentation in subscriber identification systems

Design and Construction of a Modified SMS-Based Electronic Notice Board

This research aims to design and construct an electronic notice as an alternative to the traditional signpost parting on walls and billboards by providing practical, reliable and proper information dissemination. They consist of the following units, the power supply, voltage regulators, GSM modules, microcontroller, LED dot matrix display board, counter and subscriber identity module (SIM). The power supply comprises a 240/9 v ac 50 Hz step-down transformer rectifier filter and voltage regulations. AT89852, a low-power, high-performance CM05 8-bit microcontroller with 8 k bytes in-system programmable flash memory, is used in this design. A constant five v de is required to power microcontrollers and their associated input/output channel. GSM Modern is a wireless device that works with a GSM wireless network. The counter circuit of the device used to achieve this type of counting is the 5-stage Johnson decade counter. It is a typical chip in the 74HC555, with ten decoded outputs that go high one at a time. The assembler used for this research is MLAB version 5.7, downloaded from the microchip website. This window-based integrated development environment (IDE) software supports the PIC and other microcontrollers. The project constitutes both the software and hardware section for successful implementation. Operation more focus was given to the contribution of the system hardware. For verification of proper functionality of the message board, variation tests carry out and their results. Each component was carefully tested, and hardware troubleshooting and software debugging were carried out. The message was sent, and it appeared and started moving from left to right. In conclusion, by introducing the concept of wireless technology in communication, we can make our communication more efficient and faster with excellent efficiency, and the message can be displayed with less error and maintenance. This model can be used efficiently in establishments like colleges where in-order and special discounts can be displayed simultaneously at all branches. It is therefore recommended as a conventional model can say more than one message at a time LEDS have a limitation on size and a good number of characteristics. These can be replaced with large LED display boards, which not only catch bulb display attributes in a moving position one after another.

Intruder Alert System

Abstract: In this paper, we present an intruder alert system that detects and classifies potential intruders in a given environment using computer vision and machine learning. A network of cameras and a central processing unit run an object detection algorithm and a machine learning classifier in the system. This project was designed and built with an Arduino mega microcontroller, system connected to a GSM module with SIM (subscriber identification module) from a network provider (LDR) sensor which is used in this project is connected to a microcontroller unit, GSM module, and other electronic devices which thus detect any intruder in a classified area, activates the alarm system, and sends text message notifications to the house owner specifying the location and time of intrusion to the house owner's programmed phone number. The design worked in real-time in an area with good network coverage, as expected, according to preliminary testing. It has a wide range of applications in surveillance, particularly in industrial and home security, where internet connectivity is unavailable. The findings demonstrate that the system is capable of accurately identifying and categorizing possible intruders with low rates of false positives.

Identification of operational risk of embedded Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) technology based on ISO 31000: Systematic Literature Review

In the current digital era, telecommunications industry technology is growing rapidly, impacting the demands for innovation in the telecommunications operator business. One of them is the change in the size of the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card model, which is getting smaller, and the use of embedded SIM (eSIM) technology on smartphones. This study aims to identify operational risk factors from the change in SIM card technology to eSIM. The research method used is the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. This study documents and reviews scientific journal papers from scientific databases published from 2015 to 2022 on risk management in the information technology field, following this research's objectives. The results obtained from this study showed that there were 43 journals studied, of which four had the theme of technology-embedded subscriber identity module (eSIM), and 13 discussed risk operations technology

Studying Vaccination Coverage and Design of Short Message Service Based Reminder to Improve Children Vaccination Coverage in Hawassa; Sidama Region; Ethiopia

A vaccine is a kind of remedy that trains the body’s protection system so that it can combat an infection. The national routine immunization coverage in Ethiopia is low. Among the main reason for defaulting children vaccinations are disremembering the appointment date, communication gap between service providers and the community, knowhow about vaccination and etc. This work is to investigate vaccination coverage in Hawassa city and main reasons of vaccination drop out, and then provide a solution for that main reason. Data was collected from 360 children whose age is between 1 to 2 years who live in Hawassa city. The data analysis result showed that only 51% of the children are fully vaccinated; and the main reason for vaccination dropout which weighs 57% was found to be disremembering the appointment date. Providing a solution to not only one of the main reasons but also for the one which weighs the most in the city of this study will improve the vaccination coverage. As the main reason is found to be disremembering the vaccination appointment date, this work provides a Short Message Service (SMS) based automatic reminding system. The design part uses database, OzekiNG network gateway and global system for mobile communication modem with active subscriber identity module. In this system the health extension workers will register the clients’ detailed information including appointment dates during the birth of baby that will be accessed periodically by the OzekiNG to send the reminder SMS to the mothers one day a head to the day of vaccination. After automatic reminding mechanism was developed and implemented, coverage of fully vaccinated children increases from 51% to 71% and the problem of forgetting appointment date decreases from 57% to 14%. The efficiency of the developed system is found to be 85%. From the above-mentioned results and the current available communication mechanisms, it can be concluded that the reminding system can be simply implemented to improve the child vaccination coverage by bridging the gap due to disremembering the vaccination appointment date.

Studying Vaccination Coverage and Design of Short Message Service Based Reminder to Improve Children Vaccination Coverage in Hawassa; Sidama Region; Ethiopia

A vaccine is a kind of remedy that trains the body’s protection system so that it can combat an infection. The national routine immunization coverage in Ethiopia is low. Among the main reason for defaulting children vaccinations are disremembering the appointment date, communication gap between service providers and the community, knowhow about vaccination and etc. This work is to investigate vaccination coverage in Hawassa city and main reasons of vaccination drop out, and then provide a solution for that main reason. Data was collected from 360 children whose age is between 1 to 2 years who live in Hawassa city. The data analysis result showed that only 51% of the children are fully vaccinated; and the main reason for vaccination dropout which weighs 57% was found to be disremembering the appointment date. Providing a solution to not only one of the main reasons but also for the one which weighs the most in the city of this study will improve the vaccination coverage. As the main reason is found to be disremembering the vaccination appointment date, this work provides a Short Message Service (SMS) based automatic reminding system. The design part uses database, OzekiNG network gateway and global system for mobile communication modem with active subscriber identity module. In this system the health extension workers will register the clients’ detailed information including appointment dates during the birth of baby that will be accessed periodically by the OzekiNG to send the reminder SMS to the mothers one day a head to the day of vaccination. After automatic reminding mechanism was developed and implemented, coverage of fully vaccinated children increases from 51% to 71% and the problem of forgetting appointment date decreases from 57% to 14%. The efficiency of the developed system is found to be 85%. From the above-mentioned results and the current available communication mechanisms, it can be concluded that the reminding system can be simply implemented to improve the child vaccination coverage by bridging the gap due to disremembering the vaccination appointment date.

Studying Vaccination Coverage and Design of Short Message Service Based Reminder to Improve Children Vaccination Coverage in Hawassa; Sidama Region; Ethiopia

A vaccine is a kind of remedy that trains the body’s protection system so that it can combat an infection. The national routine immunization coverage in Ethiopia is low. Among the main reason for defaulting children vaccinations are disremembering the appointment date, communication gap between service providers and the community, knowhow about vaccination and etc. This work is to investigate vaccination coverage in Hawassa city and main reasons of vaccination drop out, and then provide a solution for that main reason. Data was collected from 360 children whose age is between 1 to 2 years who live in Hawassa city. The data analysis result showed that only 51% of the children are fully vaccinated; and the main reason for vaccination dropout which weighs 57% was found to be disremembering the appointment date. Providing a solution to not only one of the main reasons but also for the one which weighs the most in the city of this study will improve the vaccination coverage. As the main reason is found to be disremembering the vaccination appointment date, this work provides a Short Message Service (SMS) based automatic reminding system. The design part uses database, OzekiNG network gateway and global system for mobile communication modem with active subscriber identity module. In this system the health extension workers will register the clients’ detailed information including appointment dates during the birth of baby that will be accessed periodically by the OzekiNG to send the reminder SMS to the mothers one day a head to the day of vaccination. After automatic reminding mechanism was developed and implemented, coverage of fully vaccinated children increases from 51% to 71% and the problem of forgetting appointment date decreases from 57% to 14%. The efficiency of the developed system is found to be 85%. From the above mentioned results and the current available communication mechanisms, it can be concluded that the reminding system can be simply implemented to improve the child vaccination coverage by bridging the gap due to disremembering the vaccination appointment date.