Design Submission Research Articles

Application of estimand framework to the design and analysis of multi-regional clinical trials

ABSTRACT With the increasing globalization of drug development and the publication of the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) E17 guideline (ICH International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use 2017), multi-regional clinical trials (MRCTs) have become a preferred option to accelerate the availability of new medical products by design, execution and simultaneous submission under one protocol. MRCTs, with the participation of all major regions including countries from both developed and emerging markets, surely make new drug development more efficient. Even though the proposed estimand framework (ICH E9 (R1) (2019), came later in 2019 and was not mentioned in ICH E17, the application of the estimand framework has the potential to enhance the design, execution, and analysis in MRCTs. Defining an estimand within the regional context in MRCTs is an important issue that requires careful consideration. Given that consistency evaluation of treatment effects across regions is critical in MRCTs, the utilization of the estimand framework for regional consistency evaluation is also worth discussion. This paper aims to address these two questions. The five attributes of the estimand definition are discussed within a multi-regional context. It is imperative to thoroughly consider regional intrinsic/extrinsic factors when planning the estimand and estimation of MRCTs. A holistic approach is summarized to conduct consistency evaluation. When a regional inconsistency is observed, the possible reasons need to be further explored under five attributes of the estimand framework. Two real case studies are discussed to illustrate the application of the estimand framework in the consistency evaluation.

Validation of the 65 nm TPSCo CMOS imaging technology for the ALICE ITS3

During the next Long Shutdown (LS3) of the LHC, planned for 2026, the innermost three layers of the ALICE Inner Tracking System will be replaced by a new vertex detector composed of curved ultra-thin monolithic silicon sensors. The R&D initiative on monolithic sensors of the CERN Experimental Physics Department, in cooperation with the ALICE ITS3 upgrade project, prepared the first submission of chip designs in the TPSCo 65 nm technology, called MLR1 (Multi Layer Reticle). It contains four different test structures with different process splits and pixel designs. These proceedings illustrate the first validation of the technology in terms of pixel performance and radiation hardness.

Comparison in terms of Material Quantity Between Non-Seismic and Seismic Design for Selected Buildings in Malaysia

Almost all buildings in Malaysia were previously designed for non-seismic loading. As such, the need to consider seismic load poses challenges for the engineers and project owners. In order to enlighten the stakeholders on the effect of adopting seismic design, the impact on building material cost and quantities must be investigated in advance. Although many studies have been conducted, the use of hypothetical building models and not considering the actual soil factors in Malaysia may yield unrealistic results. As such, this study is conducted with the aim to evaluate the change in the material quantities of the main frame members using six existing building models subjected to peak ground acceleration of 0.16g and situated on soil type D. The analysis, design and taking-off were conducted with the aid of Tekla Structural Designer software. The results showed significant increase in terms of the material quantity required for the main frame members when seismic design was considered. The increase in the concrete volume and reinforcement tonnage was calculated to be in the range of 6.92% to 404.86% and 3.23% to 563.94%, respectively. The development of high base shear force, the amplification of the seismic force by the soft soil, and relatively stringent detailing in DCM were identified as the contributing factors. With a broader spectrum of results, the stakeholder can anticipate the increase in the material cost for adopting seismic design that can be useful for design submission and project cost estimation.

HULLFORM & HYDRODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF THE UK FUTURE AIRCRAFT CARRIER (CVF)

An overview is provided of the manner in which hydrodynamic and hullform-related design considerations were addressed in the development of the BAE SYSTEMS team’s design proposal for the UK Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF). It also outlines how broader design considerations such as aviation, survivability and supportability requirements influenced these aspects of the design. A summary is also provided of some of the more detailed requirements development, option assessment and performance evaluation work that has been undertaken. The aircraft carrier designs discussed in this paper correspond to the BAE SYSTEMS team’s final design submission as it stood in January 2003, at the time it was discontinued by the UK Ministry of Defence, in favour of the rival Thales / BMT team design that has since been developed into the UK Royal Navy’s new ‘Queen Elizabeth’ class aircraft carrier. This final BAE SYSTEMS design submission consisted of two distinct design variants - one configured to operate a CTOL-based air group, the other configured to accommodate a STOVL air group. Both variants were based on a common ‘core’ ship design. The discussion presented in this paper is applicable to both variants.

Analysis and development of company business processes using business process model notation (case study of PT Datacomm Diangraha)

Companies in supporting activities that can achieve competitive advantage require a description of the right activities or commonly called business processes. To evaluate existing business processes so as to improve business productivity performance, every company needs to conduct business process analysis so that it is easy to understand the ongoing business processes and can improve them if needed. An important stage of business process analysis is modeling. The purpose of writing this journal is to identify business processes at PT Datacomm Diangraha and make modeling of ongoing business processes (As-Is Model). The Business Process Model Notation (BPMN) method which is a technique or method for understanding, designing and analyzing a business process is used in this research. This study uses observation, interviews and literature review to obtain data. The results obtained are the business processes at PT Datacomm consisting of the contract making process, the work design submission process, the process of paying service fees in stages (30%, 60%, 10%), providing a guarantee period, and customer service and process improvement.

Threatened by AI: Analyzing Users’ Responses to the Introduction of AI in a Crowd-sourcing Platform

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) solutions are being rapidly deployed, they increasingly compete with human labor. This study examines users’ responses to the introduction of an AI system for logo design in a decentralized crowdsourcing marketplace for design tasks. We focus on contestants (i.e., designers) who were active both before and after the introduction of the AI system. We find that designers who had primarily participated in contests for lower-tier, less-complex, logo-design contests continue to participate in these contests, while designers who had some prior exposure to more-complex logo-design contests and non-logo contests, increasingly switch to those contests after the AI launch. Using propensity score matching (PSM) with difference-in-differences methods (DiD) we find that the successful designers become more focused (i.e., they increase the number of re-submissions per contest) and more quality-oriented (i.e., they increase emotional content and complexity of their design submissions), after the AI launch. In contrast, the unsuccessful designers increase participation across multiple contests, but do not change the quality (emotional content and complexity) of their design submissions after the AI launch. These findings have important implications for research on the impacts of AI on participants’ behaviors and for the design of such crowdsourcing platforms.

Design of the Vertical Roundness Tester Machine Using the AHP Method (Analytical Hierarchy Process) Through the DFM Approach (Design for Manufacturing)

The Roundness Tester Machine is a tool used to take measurements that are shown to check the Roundness of an object or to find out whether an object is really round or not when viewed carefully using a measuring instrument. DFM (Design for Manufacturing) is a method for reducing production costs by estimating production costs through reducing component costs, assembly costs, and other production supporting costs based on design submission data without reducing product quality. AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method was chosen as a method to determine the optimal Vertical Roundness Tester Machine design based on a questionnaire given to the expert, to choose the best alternative decision. The questionnaire was created to get priority customer needs which was then used for the initial design. The next stage is selecting the optimal design using AHP which involves experts based on indicators of a product. The highest indicator value obtained on the Vertical Roundness Tester Machine is the accuracy indicator with a value of 48.52%. Then in choosing the optimal design in the DFM analysis, namely in alternative 3, where alternative 3 is the design with the lowest cost so as to minimize the cost of making a Vertical Roundness Tester Machine. The manufacturing cost for alternative design 3 is Rp. 4,173,000.

Design Evaluation in Architecture Education with an Affordance-Based Approach Utilizing Non-Virtual Reality and Virtual Reality Media

Virtual reality (VR) technology can help students conduct a design evaluation process on their architecture studio course submission. This study explores an architectural design evaluation method that uses an affordance-based design approach with two phases: “Non-VR (NVR) prior to VR” and “NVR followed by VR.” A game-engine-based VR system was developed for this research. The simulated VR system used information from building information modeling (BIM) models to provide information about the evaluated architectural design. Participants evaluated submissions by recognizing the affordances and then mapping them using an affordance structure matrix. All data were evaluated to compare the evaluation results between the two phases. Generally, the evaluation process helps identify perceived affordances in design submissions. The different media provide additional feedback for students.

Threatened by AI: Analyzing Users’ Responses to the Introduction of AI in a Crowd-sourcing Platform

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) solutions are being rapidly deployed, they increasingly compete with human labor. This study examines users’ strategies in response to the introduction of an AI system for logo design in a crowdsourcing design platform. While prior research has examined the impact of AI systems on employees within an organization, there are hardly any studies that examine the impact of AI on users in a decentralized marketplace. We focus on designers who were active both before and after the introduction of the AI system. We find that designers who had primarily participated in contests for lower-tier, less-complex, logo designs either leave the platform or continue to participate in these contests, while designers who had prior exposure to more-complex logo-design contests and contests in other non-logo categories, switch to those contests after the introduction of the AI system. Using propensity score matching (PSM) with difference-in-differences methods (DiD) we find that the successful designers become more focused (i.e., they substantially increase the number of re-submissions per contest) and more quality-oriented (i.e., they increase emotional content and complexity of their design submissions), after the AI launch. In contrast, the unsuccessful designers increase participation across multiple contests, but do not change the quality (emotional content and complexity) of their design submissions after the AI launch. These findings have important implications for the nascent research on the impacts of AI on users in a crowdsourcing platform and for the design of such platforms.

The Role of Problem Specification in Crowdsourcing Contests for Design Problems: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis

Problem definition : This paper studies the role of seekers’ problem specification in crowdsourcing contests for design problems. Academic/practical relevance : Platforms hosting design contests offer detailed guidance for seekers to specify their problems when launching a contest. Yet problem specification in such crowdsourcing contests is something the theoretical and empirical literature has largely overlooked. We aim to fill this gap by offering an empirically validated model to generate insights for the provision of information at contest launch. Methodology : We develop a game-theoretic model featuring different types of information (categorized as “conceptual objectives” or “execution guidelines”) in problem specifications and assess their impact on design processes and submission qualities. Real-world data are used to empirically test hypotheses and policy recommendations generated from the model, and a quasi-natural experiment provides further empirical validation. Results : We show theoretically and verify empirically that with more conceptual objectives disclosed in the problem specification, the number of participants in a contest eventually decreases; with more execution guidelines in the problem specification, the trial effort provision by each participant increases; and the best solution quality always increases with more execution guidelines but eventually decreases with more conceptual objectives. Managerial implications : To maximize the best solution quality in crowdsourced design problems, seekers should always provide more execution guidelines and only a moderate number of conceptual objectives.

Books Received

April 01 2020 Books Received Rachel Hellgren Rachel Hellgren Rachel Hellgren is a design educator and researcher with a background in visual communication and design management. Rachel provides pre-production consultation and quality control for cover design submissions to Design Issues. Currently, she teaches in the Arts Management program and Emerging Technology, Business, and Design department at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, while also maintaining a freelance business. Her research focuses on topics of compassion, improvisation, and character in relationship to equitable social systems, as well as on the future of the liberal arts and design education. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Rachel Hellgren Rachel Hellgren is a design educator and researcher with a background in visual communication and design management. Rachel provides pre-production consultation and quality control for cover design submissions to Design Issues. Currently, she teaches in the Arts Management program and Emerging Technology, Business, and Design department at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, while also maintaining a freelance business. Her research focuses on topics of compassion, improvisation, and character in relationship to equitable social systems, as well as on the future of the liberal arts and design education. Online Issn: 1531-4790 Print Issn: 0747-9360 © 2020 Massachusetts Institute of Technology2020Massachusetts Institute of Technology Design Issues (2020) 36 (2): 102–105. https://doi.org/10.1162/desi_r_00596 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Rachel Hellgren; Books Received. Design Issues 2020; 36 (2): 102–105. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/desi_r_00596 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsDesign Issues Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2020 Massachusetts Institute of Technology2020Massachusetts Institute of Technology Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Product Design Award Prediction Modeling: Design Visual Aesthetic Quality Assessment via DCNNs

A visual aesthetic is a crucial determinant of product design evaluation. Through the analysis of image features, not only can we evaluate the aesthetic level, but also we can reveal the whole quality of the design proposal. We assume that it could be a potential pattern to predict the ultimate success of the proposal in product design that a visual aesthetic can be a cue for award classification modeling. Consequently, we conduct investigation on a dataset of over 10,003 design submissions in a design competition held once a year from 2008 to 2018 in order to manifest the assumption. Due to the remarkable performance of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), we compare seven deep learning methods to explore an optimal model for design award prediction based on product image analysis. The result of the experiments indicates that the proposed method achieves comparative accuracy in design award classification result predication, with the optimal classification accuracy of 70.79% using the SEFL-ResNet (Squeeze and Excitation – Focal Loss – ResNet) method.

Experimental Based Teaching Approach and Architectural Students Performance

Architectural studies is one of the hardest carrier, students face different challenges during their journey up to graduation project. These challenges are mainly concentrated on the quality of their Architectural and execution design submissions. Architectural students usually feel unsatisfied with their assessment grades during the project follow-up. This is mainly because they can’t find or specify where are their problems or weak points and they cannot relate the staff theoretical comments into their projects upgrading. Experimental based teaching methods and the inspiring working environments have a great influence on the Architectural students psychology, which is reflected on the quality of their designs. Thus, this paper will explore the experimental based teaching approach

A Copycat Penalty: Micro Evidence From an Online Crowdsourcing Platform

Open innovation platforms that enable organizations to crowdsource ideation to parties external to the firm are proliferating. In many cases, the platforms use open contests that allow the free exchange of ideas with the goal of improving the ideation process. In open contests, participants (“solvers”) observe the ideas of others as well as the feedback received from the contest sponsor (“seeker”). The open nature of such contests generate incentives for imitating successful early designs by future solvers at the cost of the original solvers. As such, this creates the possibility of the platform unraveling when original solvers strategically withdraw from the platform, expecting their ideas will be copied without recompense. To investigate agent behavior in such a setting, we analyze publicly accessible micro-data on more than 6,000 design contests, submissions and participants from crowdsourced open ideation platforms and augment this analysis with field and online experiments. These data include the original image files submitted to the contests, which enable us to compare how similar one image is to another using a customized ensemble image comparison algorithm. We find that better rated designs are likely to be imitated by later entering solvers, thereby generating significant risk to early entrants that their ideas will be appropriated by later entrants without recompense. As a countervailing force, we document that seekers tend to reward original designs, and avoid picking as winners those that seem to be imitating and free-riding. Seekers perceive original designers as more competent, informing their design choice. These patterns suggest that market behavior on such platforms may have a self-policing component that disincentivizes excessive imitation, rewards originality and prevents unraveling.

The Role of Problem Specification in Crowdsourcing Contests for Design Problems: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis

This paper studies the role of seekers' problem specification in crowdsourcing contests for design problems. Platforms hosting design contests offer detailed guidance for seekers to specify their problems when launching a contest. Yet, problem specification in such crowdsourcing contests is something the theoretical and empirical literature has largely overlooked. We aim to fill this gap by offering an empirically-validated model to generate insights for the provision of information at contest launch. We develop a game-theoretic model featuring different types of information (categorized as “conceptual objectives” or “execution guidelines”) conveyed in problem specifications, and assess their impact on design processes and submission qualities. Real-world data is used to empirically test hypotheses and policy recommendations generated from the model, and a quasi-natural experiment provides further empirical validation. We show theoretically and verify empirically that, with more conceptual objectives disclosed in the problem specification, the number of participants in a contest eventually decreases; with more execution guidelines in the problem specification, the trial effort provision by each participant increases; and the best solution quality always increases with more execution guidelines, but eventually decreases with more conceptual objectives. We find that, to maximize the best solution quality in crowdsourced design problems, seekers should always provide more execution guidelines, and only a moderate number of conceptual objectives.

Hullform & Hydrodynamic Considerations in the Design of the UK Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF)

An overview is provided of the manner in which hydrodynamic and hullform-related design considerations were addressed in the development of the BAE SYSTEMS team’s design proposal for the UK Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF). It also outlines how broader design considerations such as aviation, survivability and supportability requirements influenced these aspects of the design. A summary is also provided of some of the more detailed requirements development, option assessment and performance evaluation work that has been undertaken. The aircraft carrier designs discussed in this paper correspond to the BAE SYSTEMS team’s final design submission as it stood in January 2003, at the time it was discontinued by the UK Ministry of Defence, in favour of the rival Thales / BMT team design that has since been developed into the UK Royal Navy’s new ‘Queen Elizabeth’ class aircraft carrier. This final BAE SYSTEMS design submission consisted of two distinct design variants - one configured to operate a CTOL-based air group, the other configured to accommodate a STOVL air group. Both variants were based on a common ‘core’ ship design. The discussion presented in this paper is applicable to both variants. This paper was originally written for presentation at the June 2003 Royal Institution of Naval Architects ‘Warships 2003 - Air Power at Sea’ Conference. However, it was withheld from publication at the request of the UK Ministry of Defence, due to sensitivity surrounding the UK Aircraft Carrier project at that time. Following re-appraisal in June 2016, the UK Ministry of Defence has now authorised publication of this paper in full. The paper is presented here in its original (2003) form, with Section 2 added to provide historical perspective (given the passage of time).

Journal Editors and “Results-Free” Research

Should journals review submissions based only on the research question and research design, independent of whether the results are statistically and substantively significant? This special issue is the first effort in political science (and perhaps across the social sciences) to publish articles based on submission of research designs alone. We offer our thoughts on the process.

Improving Synthetic Biology Communication: Recommended Practices for Visual Depiction and Digital Submission of Genetic Designs.

Research is communicated more effectively and reproducibly when articles depict genetic designs consistently and fully disclose the complete sequences of all reported constructs. ACS Synthetic Biology is now providing authors with updated guidance and piloting a new tool and publication workflow that facilitate compliance with these recommended practices and standards for visual representation and data exchange.

Simulation and Measurement of Through–Wall Residual Stresses in a Structural Weld Overlaid Pressurizer Nozzle

Full structural weld overlays (FSWOLs) have been used extensively as a repair/mitigation technique for primary water stress corrosion cracking in pressurizer nozzle dissimilar metal (DM) welds. To support an approved FSWOL design and safety submission for British Energy pressurized water reactor (PWR) nozzles, an in-depth evaluation was performed to assess the effects of a FSWOL on the through wall residual stress distribution in safety/relief pressurizer nozzles. Two safety/relief pressurizer nozzle mockups were fabricated based on British Energy’s PWR nozzle design. One mockup included the nozzle to safe-end DM weld and the safe-end to stainless steel weld, while the second mockup included the DM weld, the stainless steel weld, and a Westinghouse designed structural weld overlay. The mockups were fabricated utilizing materials and techniques that represented the plant specific nozzles as closely as possible and detailed welding parameters were recorded during fabrication. All welds were subsequently nondestructively evaluated (NDE). A thorough review of the detailed fabrication records and the NDE results was performed and several circumferential positions were selected on each mockup for subsequent residual stress measurement. The through wall residual stress profiles were experimentally measured through the DM weld centerline at the selected circumferential positions using both the deep-hole drilling (DHD) and incremental deep-hole drilling (iDHD) measurement techniques. In addition to experimental residual stress measurements, the through-wall residual stress profiles were simulated using a 2D axisymmetric ansys™ finite element (FE) model. The model utilized the application of temperature constraints on the weld elements to simulate the thermal welding cycle which greatly simplified the simulation as compared with detailed heat source modeling methods. Kinematic strain hardening was used for material modeling of the weld and base metals. A range of residual weld stress profiles was calculated by varying the time at which the temperature constraints were applied to the model. The simulation results were compared with the measurement results. It was found that the effects of the FSWOL were principally threefold. Specifically, the FSWOL causes a much deeper compressive stress field, i.e., the overlay shifts tension out toward the outside diameter (OD) surface. Furthermore, the FSWOL reduces tension in the underlying dissimilar metal weld, and finally, the FSWOL causes higher peak compressive and tensile residual stresses, both of which move deeper into the nozzle wall after the overlay is applied. Relatively good agreement was observed between the FE results and the measurements results.

RECONSTRUCTING THE IDEA OF PRAYER SPACE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPORARY PRAYING PLATFORM PROJECT OF 2ND YEAR ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS IN THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA (UKM)

<p><strong>A</strong><strong>bstract</strong></p> <p>God created human as caliph on this earth. Caliph means leader, care-taker and guardian. Therefore humans have an obligation to maintain, preserve and conserve this natural for future generations. Today we see a lot of damage that occurs in the earth caused by human behavior. Islam saw the whole of nature as a place of prayer that must be maintained its cleanliness and purity. Therefore as Muslims we need to preserve nature as we keep our place of prayer. The main objective of this paper is to re-questioning and re-interpreting the idea of sustainability in Islamic Architecture through a critical analysis of first project of 2nd year architecture student of UKM which is the “Temporary Praying Platform”. The discussion itself will be divided into three (3) main parts. The first part will be discussing contemporary issues in Islamic Architecture especially in the design of Mosques while the second part will expand the framework of sustainability in Islamic Architecture. The last part will be analyzing some sample of design submission by 2nd year students of UKM on the temporary praying platform project. It is expected that this paper can start a further discussion on the inner meaning in Islam and how it was implemented in the design of praying spaces in the future.</p> <p><strong>K</strong><strong>e</strong><strong>y</strong><strong>w</strong><strong>ords</strong>: Sustainability, Islamic Architecture, Temporary Praying Platform</p><br /><p><strong>A</strong><strong>bstrak</strong></p> <p>Tuhan menciptakan manusia sebagai khalifah di muka bumi ini. Khalifah berarti pemimpin, penjaga dan wali. Oleh karena itu, manusia memiliki kewajiban untuk memelihara, menjaga dan melestarikan alam ini untuk generasi mendatang. Sekaranginikitatelahmelihat banyak kerusakan yang terjadi di bumi yang disebabkan oleh perilaku manusia itu sendiri yang disebutkan sebagai khalifah di bumi. Islam melihat seluruh alam sebagai tempat beribadah yang harus dijaga kebersihan dan kemurniannya, oleh karena itu, sebagai umat Islam adalah perlu melestarikan alam seperti menjaga tempat ibadah mereka. Tujuan utama dari makalah ini adalah untuk mempertanyakan dan menafsirkan kembali gagasan keberlanjutan (sustainable) dalam Arsitektur Islam melalui analisis kritis tugas pertama dari mahasiswa arsitektur angkatan tahun kedua dari Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), yaitu tugas perancangan " tempat beribadah sementara "atau “<em>temporary praying platform</em>” . Kajiandibagi menjadi tiga bagian utama. Bagian pertama akan membahas isu-isu kontemporer dalam Arsitektur Islam terutama dalam desain masjid. Kajian kedua adalah kerangka keberlanjutan dalam arsitektur Islam. Bagian ketiga adalah analisis dari beberapa sampel pengajuan desain oleh mahasiswa. Diharapkan tulisan ini dapat memulai diskusi lebih lanjut tentang makna batin dalam Islam dan bagaimana penerapannya dalam desain ruang beribadah yang sustainable.</p> <p><strong>K</strong><strong>at</strong><strong>a kunci</strong>:Keberlanjutan, Arsitektur Islam, tempat beribadah sementara</p> <p> </p>