Submaxillary Gland Extracts Research Articles

Evidence for Increased Cytoplasmic Androgen Binding in the Submandibular Gland of the Mouse with Testicular Feminization

Abstract Utilizing density gradient centrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and equilibrium dialysis, the in vitro binding of [1,2-3H]dihydrotestosterone by cytoplasmic extracts of submandibular glands from normal mice was compared to that of mice carrying the X-linked gene for testicular feminization (Tfm). By these techniques it was shown that supernatant from Tfm animals (Tfm/Y) exhibit greater capacity and higher affinity for androgen binding than does supernatant from normal male mice. Since this high affinity binding was also demonstrable in preparations from heterozygous female (Tfm/X) but not from normal female mice (X/X), the abnormality appeared to be a valid and useful biochemical marker for the Tfm gene. Although the exact genetic mechanism that leads to this phenomenon is not clear, it is possible that the enhanced binding of androgen by submandibular gland cytoplasm may be involved in the pathogenesis of the male pseudohermaphroditism and the androgen resistance in the Tfm mouse.

Kallikrein, trypsin-like proteases and amylase in mammalian submaxillary glands.

1. The tissue concentration of kallikrein, trypsin-like proteases and amylase has been determined in the submaxillary glands of the cat, dog, rabbit, rat, hamster and guinea-pig.2. Submaxillary gland extracts of the six species showed a wide variation in kallikrein content. The esterase activity in the extracts, however, did not correlate with the kininogenase activity of kallikrein. Both activities in each of the six species were affected by proteinase inhibitors but not in the same way.3. Evidence is presented which indicates that trypsin-like proteases similar to those described in the rat, also occur in the hamster and cat submaxillary glands.4. An even greater spread of amylase activity was observed between the species.5. The assumption that mammalian submaxillary kallikreins are identical proteins is questioned.

Purification and Properties of Phosphoacetylglucosamine Mutase

Abstract Phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase was purified from extracts of pig submaxillary gland by ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose and DEAE-cellulose, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The preparation is homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, sedimentation analysis, and immunochemical tests. The enzyme required Mg2+, a diphosphate cofactor, and a metal chelator or sulfhydryl reagents for optimal activity.

Inhibitory action of submaxillary gland on thymus and lymphoid tissues of the mouse.

ARTICLESInhibitory action of submaxillary gland on thymus and lymphoid tissues of the mouseT Takeda, and A GrollmanT Takeda, and A GrollmanPublished Online:01 Dec 1968https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1968.215.6.1337MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByClinical significance of epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGF receptor, and c-erbb-2 in human gastric cancerCancer, Vol. 75, No. S6Endocrine control of the immunosuppressive activity of the submandibular glandBrain, Behavior, and Immunity, Vol. 6, No. 4Epidermal growth factor regulation of DNA synthesis in human colonic lamina propria lymphocytesDigestive Diseases and Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 3The correlation of epidermal growth factor with invasion and metastasis in human gastric cancerThe Japanese Journal of Surgery, Vol. 20, No. 3Immunohistochemical demonstration of epidermal growth factor in human gastric cancer xenografts of nude miceCancer, Vol. 65, No. 4The Effects of Submandibularectomy on the Thymus and T-cell System of Mice9 November 2016 | Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 68, No. 8Molecular species of epidermal growth factor carrying immunosuppressive activityJournal of Cellular Biochemistry, Vol. 25, No. 1Effects of submandibularectomy and castration on thymus and spleen weights in male miceExperientia, Vol. 39, No. 12Delayed-type hypersensitivity to rabies virus in mice: Immunosuppressive activity of salivary gland homogenateAnnales de l'Institut Pasteur / Virologie, Vol. 132, No. 1Submandibular gland-conditioned media suppression of mitogen induced T- and B-cells blastogenesisImmunology Letters, Vol. 2, No. 2Lymphomyelopoietic activity of submandibular gland-conditioned mediumImmunology Letters, Vol. 1, No. 4Wasting syndrome in neonatal mice after administration of salivary gland homogenateExperientia, Vol. 33, No. 6Immunosuppressive activity of submaxillary gland extracts of the mouse 1. Effect on antibody formation in response to sheep red blood cellsEuropean Journal of Immunology, Vol. 6, No. 8Epidermal growth factor in the submandibular salivary glands of congenitally athymic miceArchives of Oral Biology, Vol. 21, No. 4Quantitative morphology and carbohydrate histochemistry of the mouse submandibular gland following prepubertal castrationAmerican Journal of Anatomy, Vol. 144, No. 2The effect of salivary gland extracts on the histology of lymphoid organs and salivary glands in miceArchives of Oral Biology, Vol. 20, No. 8TESTOSTERONE METABOLISM: A NECESSARY STEP FOR ACTIVITY?Testosterone metabolism: A necessary step for activity?Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, Vol. 5, No. 8Steroid metabolism by mouse submaxillary glands. I. in vitro metabolism of testosterone and 4-androstene-3,17-dioneSteroids, Vol. 22, No. 2Isolation and activity of a thymocyte-transforming factor from the mouse submaxillary glandExperimental Cell Research, Vol. 57, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 215Issue 6December 1968Pages 1337-1342 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1968 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1968.215.6.1337PubMed5722993History Published online 1 December 1968 Published in print 1 December 1968 Metrics

Immunological studies of submaxillary saliva from patients with cystic fibrosis and from normal children

Submaxillary saliva as well as tissue extracts of submaxillary glands from patients with cystic fibrosis and normal controls were analyzed and compared by immunodiffusion methods. It was demonstrated that in submaxillary saliva the following plasma proteins are present: prealbumin, albumin, alpha antitrypsin, transferrin, and the 3 immunoglobulins, IgA, IgG, and IgM; albumin and IgA were the main components. All protein fractions were present in similar amounts in submaxillary saliva from normal individuals and patients with cystic fibrosis. The only exception was IgA, which was significantly elevated in submaxillary saliva as well as in the serum of patients with cystic fibrosis. Ten specific components were identified in submaxillary gland tissue. One of them was shown to be alpha amylase. Of the 9 other tissue antigens found in submaxillary gland extracts, 4 were considered to be gland specific. The submaxillary saliva antigens as well as tissue antigens were demonstrated to be immunologically identical in the 2 groups and no antigen specific for cystic fibrosis was found.

Studies on the toxic effects of mouse submaxillary gland extracts.

E stata studiata l'azione tossica di estratti di ghiandola sottomascellare di topo. La tossicita dell'estratto totale appare la risultante di varie componenti alcune delle quali di natura proteica. Mediante gel-filtrazione, e stata isolata e parzialmente purificata una frazione che a dosi subletali provoca una marcata atrofia del timo in topolini neonati ed adulti.

Some biological properties of proteins of the mouse submaxillary gland as revealed by growth of tissues on electrophoretic acrylamide gels

Direct explantation of tissues on to longitudinal slices of acrylamides gels, in which various proteins have been separated by electrophoresis, has enabled the identification of a number of growth-regulating substances from the mouse submaxillary gland. The properties of the Nerve Growth Factor have been determined using isolated neuroblasts: thrombin has been shown to be an effective mimic of NGF. A thymolytic factor, which destroys mature lymphoid cells of thymus and mesenteric lymph node has been demonstrated—it is suggested that this may be the substance responsible for runting induced in vivo by administration of crude submaxillary gland extracts. Another protein in this gland appears to promote differentiation of cells of the early chick neural tube. Finally the mesenchyme stimulating agent has been studied, and shown probably to be acid mucopolysaccharide: its action is mimicked by heparin.

Submicroscopical study of chick embryo neural tube experimentally reopened "in vitro".

Chick embryo neural tubes experimentally reopened by culturing in a medium containing submaxillary gland extracts (SGE) were studied under the electron microscope. While in control explants the neural tube cells are in close contact whith each other, in SGE treated explants they appear widely separated. However, in the apical zones, cells remain in contact by means of tight junctions and desmosomes, thus forming a continuous surface. Neural tube cells in control and SGE treated explants have abundant free ribosomes, scanty endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria; SGE treated explants have in addition well developed Golgi complexes and abundant microtubules.

Effects of whole human saliva and the extracts of bovine parotid and submaxillary glands on serum calcium levels in mice.

Effects of whole human saliva and the extracts of bovine parotid and submaxillary glands on serum calcium levels in mice.

Testosterone induction of estero-proteolytic activity in the mouse submaxillary gland

Testosterone injections sharply increase the estero-proteolytic activity in submaxillary gland extracts of female and of adolescent mice. A major form of hormone-dependent enzyme has been isolated and purified from male gland extracts. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 32000 and appears to be a peptide hydrolase with strong esterolytic activity. A specific antiserum to the purified enzyme was prepared and used for immunochemical titrations. The results indicate that the increased enzyme activity in the gland following testosterone treatment is due to an increased concentration of enzyme molecules. Incorporation studies gave additional evidence that the hormone stimulates the rate of the enzyme synthesis in the gland.

DEMONSTRATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE SALIVARY ANTIBACTERIAL FACTOR (S.A. FACTOR) IN HUMAN SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND

In previous reports, Zeldow, Matsumura et al., and Kerr and Dogon have reported that an antilactobacillus factor, which required thiocyanate as a cofactor, is present in whole and pure saliva of human beings. Zeldow has referred to this system as the “lactobacillus bactericidin”, whereas Matsumura et al. have termed it the “salivary antibacterial factor or S.A. Factor”. Kerr and Dogon have called it the“antibacterial factor in parotid secretion”.The data suggesting the origin of the S.A. Factor have been described in our laboratory. The activity of the S.A. Factor was observed not in human and some mammalian sera, but in human parotid and submandibular saliva. The similar activity was also demonstrated in the extract of salivary glands of rat, guinea pig and cow. These results suggest that the S.A. Factor may be produced by the salivary gland. The origin of the S.A. Factor, however, is obscure.This paper is concerned with demonstrating the activity of the S.A. Factor in human submandibular glands which was resected surgically from the 8 patients with oral cancer other than salivary gland.Five ml of saline was added to one gram of the minced gland. After homogenization, the homogenate was centrifuged at 13, 000 × g for 30 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was used as the glandular extract.From the experiments the followings were clarified.:1. The activity of the S.A. Factor was not observed in the human submandibular gland extract alone. The content of thiocyanate in the extract was not sufficient (mean value 27 μg/ml) for demonstrating the activity of the S.A. Factor. Moreover, the amount of sulfhydryl groups which depresses the activity of the S.A. Factor was contained in the extract mean value 2.0 × 10-4M).2. When the sufficient amount of thiocyanate (1 mg) was added to the extract, the activity of the S.A. Factor was apparently demonstrated in all cases. Specific activity of the extract was lower (mean value 0.7 × 103) than that of the whole saliva (mean value 2.3 × 103). Furthermore, on addition of subtoxic amonunt of CuSO4 (final concentration 4 × 10 -5M) as a -SH group reagent, the activity of the S.A. Factor was increased twice as much as the activity without CuSO4.

The Sialic Acids: VIII. SIALIC ACID 9-PHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE

Sialic acid 9-phosphate synthetase, an enzyme that condenses phosphoenolpyruvate with N-acyl- d -mannosamine 6-phosphate to yield sialic acid 9-phosphate and inorganic phosphate, was purified approximately 800-fold from extracts of hog submaxillary gland. The enzyme was specific for the indicated substrates, and the available data suggest that a single enzyme catalyzes the condensation reaction with either N-acetyl- or N-glycolyl- d -mannosamine-6-P. The equilibrium constant of the reaction exceeds that of the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate kinase, and the two reactions could be coupled. The synthetase was detected in a variety of animal tissues.

Mucoid alteration effects on synthetic calculus formation

A bovine submaxillary gland extract was altered by chemical and enzymatic methods. The effect of these alterations were investigated on the formation of calculus, in vitro, by a dipping method; and on the calcium binding capacity of the altered extract. The results indicate that alterations affecting the carboxyl function exerted the greatest inhibition of deposit formation, with the same pattern noted in calcium binding.

Action of rat submaxillary gland extracts on neural tube growth in organ culture

ABSTRACT Organ cultures of portions of chick embryo neural tube together with surrounding tissues, were made in order to test the action of other tissues in nearby culture, and of organ extracts added to the medium. Expiants four somites long, dissected from embryos at Stages 11 to 13 (Hamburger & Hamilton), developed and differentiated normally in vitro. Pieces of limb bud from older embryos, added to the expiants, fused with them and differentiated as usual. The addition of the limb bud pieces did not influence the size of the cultured neural tube. The addition of submaxillary gland extract to the medium produced during the first 6 hours of culture a dorsal opening of the neural tubes and, thereafter, an exuberant and irregular growth of them. Other organ extracts, purified ‘nerve growth factor’ and iodine treated submaxillary gland extract failed to produce the same action. The presence in submaxillary extracts of an active factor independent of ‘nerve growth factor’ and protease activity is deduced from our results.

STUDIES ON IMMUNE RESPONSES OF RABBITS TO RABBIT SUBMAXILLARY ANTIGENS.

SummarySome rabbits immunized with 2 M ammonium sulfate precipitable fraction of rabbit submaxillary gland extract in Freund adjuvant developed complement fixing and precipitating antibodies and a cutaneous hypersensitivity of the delayed type, specific for immunizing antigen. Sera which yielded salivary gland specific precipitation and complement fixation reactions also yielded comparable reactions with rabbit saliva. Studies of the complement fixation and precipitation reactions pointed to the presence of distinct auto- and isoantibodies in different immune sera. The relevant observations may be summarized as follows. 1. Autoantibodies. Some rabbit antisera fixed complement and yielded lines of precipitation in Ouchterlony plates with extracts and globulins of submaxillaries of all rabbits tested including the antibody producing rabbits' own submaxillaries and saliva. 2. Isoantibodies, a) Some rabbit antisera yielded precipitation reactions with pooled rabbit submaxillary globulins and with antigens pre...

Immunochemical studies of the homogeneity of bovine submaxillary mucins

1. 1. Immunochemical methods were used to study the homogeneity and immunological relationships of bovine submaxillary mucin preparations isolated according to the methods described by Gottschalk 1 and by Pigman 2 and their collaborators and disgnated BSM-G (“described by Gottschalk” and BSM-G (“described by Pigman”), respectively. 2. 2. Antisera suitable for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis were obtained after intravenous and subcutaneous (with Freunds's adjuvant) injections into rabbits of submaxillary gland extracts and mucins. Antibodies directed against the principal mucin components were produced after injection of BSM-P; this was demonstrated by the quantitative precipitation of sialic acid upon addition of BSM-P to anti-BSM-P. 3. 3. Neither BSM-G nor BSM-P were homogenous by precipitin-curve analysis. Immunoelectrophoresis showed that BSM-G preparations contained from four to nine components, three of which were glycoproteins. BSM-P did not contain extraneous proteins, but it consisted of at least two glycoproteins. Two of the glycoproteins in BSM-G formed confluent arcs with BSM-P. 4. 4. Further fractionation 2 BSM-G afforded a fraction which was indistinguishable from BSM-P and which corresponds to approx. 60% of the dry weight of BSM-G.

Carbonic Anhydrase in a Bovine Submaxillary Gland Extract

Carbonic Anhydrase in a Bovine Submaxillary Gland Extract

Serologic Studies of Rabbit Antibodies to Rabbit Submaxillary Glands.

SummarySera of rabbits immunized with pooled rabbit submaxillary gland suspensions were studied by complement fixation and tanned cell hemagglutination technics. 1. Some of these antisera (3 out of 7) fixed complement in presence of rabbit submaxillary gland extracts. 2. Complement fixing activity of 2 of the 3 sera studied in detail was specific for submaxillary gland extracts within the limits of antigens tested. One of 3 serologically active sera (#1565) cross reacted with parotid gland extracts. 3. The globulin fraction of submaxillary gland extracts contained virtually all the material in the extract which was reactive with rabbit submaxillary gland antibodies. Some activity was also found in the microsome fraction. 4. Extracts of the submaxillary glands of the antibody-producing animals themselves reacted just as strongly as those of other rabbits, indicating the autoantibody nature of the antibodies elicited by isoimmunization. 5. Most of the rabbit antisera (6 out of 7) agglutinated tanned red cel...

Über ein blutdrucksteigerndes Prinzip in Extrakten aus der Glandula submaxillaris der weißen Maus

Extrakte aus der Submaxillaris der weißen Maus verursachen nach i.v. Injektion bei Hund, Ratte und Maus eine sehr starke, lang anhaltende Blutdrucksteigerung. Wiederholte Injektionen führen rasch zur Tachyphylaxie. Bei dem wirksamen Prinzip dürfte es sich um eine bisher unbekannte Substanz von Eiweißcharakter und sehr hoher spezifischer Wirkung handeln.

Studies on The Salivary Gland Hormones

I studied on the influence of the salivary gland hormones upon the blood sugar, pyruvic acid and lactic acid in dogs, studied the relation between the salivary gland hormone and thyroid hormone and found the following facts.1) Both parotin, the parotid gland extract, and the submaxillary gland extract have the similar action, that is, decrease the blood sugar, and the salivary gland hormones also have some influence upon the carbohydrate metabolism. This action is slight, slow and prolonged.2) I think, parotin acts upon the pancreas through the parotid gland decrease the blood sugar.3) The dogs extracted of their salivary glands are less resistant against the alloxan diabetes than the healthy dogs.4) The thyroid homone acted cooperatively, with the salivary gland hormones, and promoted earlier and more remarkably the blood sugar decreasing action of tde salivary gland hormones.